How to intensify animal production in a respectable way

How to intensify animal production in a respectable way Prof. E. Decuypere 20/5/2014 CONTEXT THE CHALLENGE: TO PROVIDE FOOD, RAW MATERIALS AND ENERG...
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How to intensify animal production in a respectable way Prof. E. Decuypere 20/5/2014

CONTEXT THE CHALLENGE: TO PROVIDE FOOD, RAW MATERIALS AND ENERGY TO MORE THAN 9 BILLION PEOPLE IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY

- More than 800 million are chronically underfed. - The world population will increase above 9 billion in 2050 The problem is not just production (social inequality etc.) but efficient production can and will help certainly in view of land use for feed/food production

These challenges are reinforced by: + The environmental impact of our industrial society and climate change

+ The bio-based economy: competition between food, enery and raw material needs

+ Increased wealth going together with increased consumption of animal products Now: 35% of crop production used for animal feed

Goals for sustainable food security

Foley et al., (2012). Nature 478, 337–342. Solutions for a cultivated planet.

Important strategies (1) Limit the extension of agricultural land at the expense of forest, especially in tropical areas (2) Increasing food supply by reducing waste and equitable distribution and perhaps also by the diet gap (3) Increasing the efficiency of water use and nutrient use for crops production (4) Increasing total production as well as production efficiency of crops: A. Optimalization in using genetic potential of crops B. Increasing genetic potential of crops

BIOTECHNOLOGY as part of a second “green revolution”

- GMO CROPS 180

160

WHERE?

Area in milllion hectare

140 120 100 80

60 40

Total totaal Industrial countries Industrielanden Ontwikkelingslanden Developing countries

20 0

1 2 3 4 1996 1997 1998 1999

5 6 7 8 2000 2001 2002 2003

9 10 11 2004 2005 2006

12 13 14 15 2007 2008 2009 2010

16 17 2011 2012

Country

Area of crops (Mha)

Country

Area (Mha)

WHAT? Area in million hectares

90 80

Soja Soja

70

Corn Maïs

60

Cotton Katoen Rape Koolzaad

50 40 30 20 10 0

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

180 Area in million hectares

160 conventional

140

gmo

120

100 80 60 40

81% 35%

20 0

81% Soja

Soja

Katoen

Cotton

30% Maïs

Corn

Koolzaad

Rape

From: Livestock’s long shadow, FAO, Rome, 2006

From: Livestock’s long shadow, FAO, Rome, 2006

Demand • In 2050: 9 billion people • Changing consumption pattern

Demand • Opinion 1: population pressure contributes to hunger and poverty

• Opinion 2: population pressure does not contribute: o o

There is enough food, but unfair distribution Population growth is stimulating for development

Supply • Opinion 1: solving hunger with modern technologies o

More food without areal expansion → saving environment

• Opinion 2: no green revolution and other modern technologies o Green revolution ≠ sustainable agriculture o Increases the gap between the poor and the rich o Too much animal production

Animal production/consumption • Increasing per-capita incomes → increasing consumption of animal products • 90% of world cereal consumption is local

• Increasing demand for Feed → increasing local cereal production necessary

Animal production/consumption

Changes in agricultur in developing worlds, 1961 to 2000, showing annual changes in cropland (A), permanent pasture (B), mean crop yields for te 23 main food crops (C) and per capita and total meat production (D). Filled symbols are for developing world, open are developed.

In (D), circles are for per capita meat production, diamonds for total meat production

Consumption animal products Meat and milk consumption trends for developed and developing regions 1 Region

Per capita

Total

% World Total

Consumption, kg 1983 1997 2020

Consumption, MMT 1983 1997 2020

Consumption 1983 1997 2020

27 29 16 74 195

23 28 22 76 195

25 29 28 84 203

32 34 19 88 233

30 36 28 99 254

34 39 38 114 276

67 63 64 64 66

52 44 49 47 56

40 33 36 35 43

5 6 3 14 35

6 10 7 25 44

9 13 11 35 61

16 20 10 50 122

27 46 29 112 198

52 80 67 213 372

33 37 34 36 34

48 56 51 53 44

60 67 64 65 57

Developed countries

Beef Pork Poultry Meat Milk Developing countries Beef Pork Poultry Meat Milk

Source: Delgado (personal communication) 1 Meat is uncooked bone-in-weight, including mutton and goat as well as beef, pork and poultry. Milk is liquid milk equivalent weight, including milk products but not milk fed to calves. Million metric tons (MMT) and kg are three-year moving averages centred on year shown.

Efficiency • Increasing demand, but limited production capacity: water, fertilizer, soil, ecosystem ‘Earth’

Efficiency = ratio of numbers

Efficiency Energy inputs and outputs per unit of land area in food production - world

Efficiency Energetic efficiency %

Protein efficiency %

Dairy cows (incl. replacement stock)

12

23

Dual purpose cattle

11

20

Meat cattle

5

6

Sheep

2

3

Pigs

17

12

Broilers

10

20

Laying hens

11

18

Efficiency

Efficiency by Van Es (1975) Available Energy

Digestable Energy

X

XX

X

XX

0.22 0.17 0.24 0.26 1.2

0.29 0.23 0.40 0.28 2.4

0.32 0.30 0.21 0.31 1.4

0.43 0.40 0.34 0.33 2.7

0.21 0.7

0.41 1.3

0.44 1.3

0.94 2.7

1.2 0.4 X = food shortage XX = plenty of food

2.4 0.8

1.3 0.4

2.6 0.8

Broilers Laying hens Pigs Veal Dairy cows Meat cattle Intensive Extensive Lamb Pasture Stable

Efficiency • Ruminants, a lot of advantages : o

o o o

Conversion of unsuitable materials for humans (e.g. grass, NPN) Manure for soil improvement Grass is necessary in crop rotation Large areas worldwide are only suitable for (extensive) grazing

Sustainable animal production = livestock farming with care Principles:    

Health and safety of animals and man: one health Customised care: ensuring robustness, dignity and integrity No nuisance from environmental and societal perspective Credible performance (from socio-economic perspective)

“Implementation of concrete measures is a challenge; should be in relation to the different types of animal husbandry practiced in developed and developing countries “ (from Scholten et al.; NJAS 2013)

What is “careful” livestock farming? • Ethical concept • “Layered” meaning theory of moral circles • Chance or opportunity to reach caring, sustainable farming (Nijland et al. NJAS, 2013)

Layers of increasing inclusivity of care on basis of social and temporal dimensions.

Selection limits for growth and feed efficiency? Reached because of: • Exhaustion of genetic variability quantitative nor molecular genetics give indication • Unwanted correlated responses associated with continued selection for production efficiency EXAMPLE: unidirectional selection in broiler production

Robustness Selective breeding in terms of production + traits related to health and welfare  improve “robustness” Robustness = •

production potential



resilience to external stresses



physiological ability to maintain or re-establish homeostatic state or balance

From: Livestock’s long shadow, FAO, Rome, 2006

Future • Animal use and human-animal-relationship o o

o

o

Human-animal-relationship differs a lot: cultural influences and sometimes ‘inconsistent’ (e.g. tame rat vs. ‘vermin’) Artificial difference between species without fundamental biological difference (emotion, pain)

‘Agricultural animal’ or ‘useful animal’ : important for food production, but also ecologically (soil improvement) or agricultural (traction power) Next to ‘useful’ often also a cultural role (holy cow, aversion of pig meat…)

Future • Sustainable agriculture: o

o o

Increasing demand for animal products and cereals versus vulnerability and bearing capacity of ecosystem ‘Earth’ 75% of human food exists of cereals, direct or indirect Production and distribution?

→ Need for mondialisation of ethical principles with respect for socio-cultural and religious values