Name Tuesday, January 17

How Does the Outgoing President Leave on Inauguration Day? By Jennifer Kenny Caption: Inauguration of President John F. Kennedy on east portico of U.S. Capitol, January 20, 1961 Inauguration Day is about a new president taking office. The day is filled with ceremony. Of course, there's a celebration, too. What happens, though, to the one leaving office that day? That's an old question. How old? It goes way back. George Washington was there as John Adams took over, but it was still awkward. People were paying a lot of attention to Washington. However, it was not his special day! After that, leaving presidents tried to keep a low profile. In 1837, Andrew Jackson was the one leaving. Martin Van Buren was the president-elect at the time. They figured a way to work it out. They took the ride to the ceremonies together. In the early 1900s, some leaving presidents took the new president back to the White House after the ceremony. Some departing presidents and new presidents stayed and watched the parade together. Sometimes the outgoing president would host a lunch for the new leader and then quietly leave. Do you want to hear a bit of trivia? Have any outgoing presidents ever not gone to the new president's swearing-in? Absolutely, it's happened! John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Johnson, and Richard Nixon did not attend the ceremonies for the president who came after them.

In more recent times, the retiring president and vice president would stay for the ceremony. Then the new president and vice president have walked out with the former leaders. First, the new vice president and old vice president walked out of the Capitol. Then the new and old presidents do the same. Typically, a helicopter flies the former president and first lady away. After the quiet and dignified departure, the new leaders return for a very special luncheon. What to do with the retiring president on the new leader's Inauguration Day is an age-old question. A book on manners from 1889 described a need for little ceremony. It suggested having close friends and family nearby. That way the moment is meant as a respectful gesture as the former president moves on with his life. In the meantime, the new leader begins to run the nation. How Does the Outgoing President Leave on Inauguration Day?

Questions 1. The day a new President takes office is called his ______. A. Inauguration B. Retirement C. Beginning D. Capitol Hosing 2. When George Washington stayed to see John Adams become President, ______. A. John Adams left B. George Washington was rude C. people protested D. people paid a lot of attention to George Washington 3. Andrew Jackson and President -Elect ______ rode to the Inaugural ceremonies together. A. Marin Van Buren B. George Washington C. Jimmy Carter D. John Adams

Name Tuesday, January 17 4. In the past, the retiring President and new President might ______. A. go back to the White House together only B. watch the parade together only C. attend a luncheon only D. all of the above were possibilities. 5. In recent times, the old Vice President and new Vice President, followed by the old President and new President have walked out of the Capitol and left. A. True B. False 6. Name one retired President who did not attend the ceremony for the new President who followed him.

Create a plan for a ceremony that includes a thank you to the departing President.

Name Wednesday, January 18

Projecting the World By Trista L. Pollard Years after agreeing that the Earth is a sphere, cartographers and scientists continue to map its surface. Early mapmakers relied on information from sailors and explorers. Today, they use computers, satellites, and cameras to get information about Earth. One tough task still remains. How do you make an accurate flat map out of a sphere? Gerdhaus Mercator had the right idea. He introduced one of the first map projections. Map projections are pictures of the Earth that are drawn on flat maps. The Earth is a three-dimensional object. Cartographers use projections to draw this sphere on a two-dimensional surface, which is the paper. If you could place a projector light inside a globe, the image you would get would be a projection. This image would be projected onto a flat screen. Move the projector and the image changes. Mercator was the first geographer to use a projection. He designed his map in 1569. This is when the Mercator projection was made. Mercator designed the spaces between the meridians and parallels so that they could be drawn as straight lines. These lines were called rhumb lines. This was amazing since Earth was curved. Mercator also did not use a light projector! Sailors could use a compass that was set to a specific straight line. This straight line was connected to their home and to their destination. The sailors also had to adjust their compasses so that they could find the true magnetic north. Just like Mercator's projection, map projections are based on our geographical grid. Geographers have to change this grid that is on a globe so that it can be accurate on a flat map. As they change this grid, they pay attention to four different concerns: area, direction, distance, and shape. When cartographers draw maps, they have to pay attention to the size of land features and water regions. Area focuses on the measurements of these features in relation to each other. Cartographers compare cardinal directions-north, south, east,

and west-with their true locations on our geographic grid. Scale is another way to make sure that the distance between map locations is in relation to the true distances on Earth. Finally, they are also concerned about the shape of land and water. Cartographers want to make sure that the shapes of these features are close to their shapes on Earth. Cartographers choose map projections based on the map features that need to be the most accurate. The projections they use will show these features more accurately than others. If a map is needed for measuring distances between places, then a cartographer will use a projection that shows the size of land and water accurately. These features are also drawn to scale. There are five basic projections: Conic, Interrupted, Mercator, Polar, and Robinson. Cartographers have used other projections; however, these are the most common. A Conic projection is used when the cartographer wants to show large areas of the Earth's surface. If you were to put a cone-shaped hat on top of one of the globe's poles, the image you would get is this projection. The map may include a specific continent and water region. Since the area on the map is relatively small, it is easier to make certain features more accurate. On Conic projections, distance, direction, and shape are drawn accurately. Interrupted projections are also called equal area projections. The area and shape of land masses are drawn accurately. However, the cartographer needs to adjust the map for distance. This is done by drawing the oceans on maps as pie-shaped pieces or interruptions. Having these interruptions on maps helps to adjust for the distances between land features. We talked about Mercator's projection before. It is also called a cylindrical projection. If you were to look at his map, you would see horizontal and vertical lines that have different widths between them. As you move toward the center of the map, the width between the lines becomes smaller. Towards the north and south ends of the maps, the width becomes greater. His projection shows direction accurately. However, land masses closer to the north and south poles are distorted or out of shape. Polar or azimuthal projections are used when cartographers want to map the Earth's hemispheres, but not the entire Earth. Imagine placing a paper on top of one of the poles and projecting a light through the opposite pole of the globe. That is an azimuthal projection. The lines of meridian meet at the pole. As you move farther away from the pole, the meridians take on a triangular shape. This projection shows accurate distance and direction. Since the focus on the drawing is on a particular hemisphere, areas outside of the hemisphere are distorted in size and

Name Wednesday, January 18 shape. In fact, as you move toward the edges of this map, the distortion becomes greater. The last projection is the Robinson projection. It is also called an oval projection. The entire map is shaped like an oval. You may see this type of map when all of the continents are drawn on the map. The size and shape of the continents are accurate. However, the water regions are stretched to fill in the extra space on the map. Throughout the years, certain projections have been used more often than others. Today the most popular projection is the Winkel Tripel projection. The National Geographic Society has used this projection since 1998. It is similar to the Robinson projection. However, the oval is not as stretched out. The Winkel Tripel replaced the Robinson projection.

3. The ______ projection shows the size and shape of continents accurately, but distorts water areas. A. Robinson B. Mercator C. Interrupted D. Conic 4. Equal area projection maps are also called ______ projection maps. A. Polar B. Mercator C. Robinson D. Interrupted 5. Describe Gerdhaus Mercator's map projection.

Take a look at the maps in your classroom. See what projections are used for the flat maps. You may be surprised at how our world is projected. 6. Based on context clues, what does the word resemble mean? Projecting the World

Questions 1. Polar map projections show accurate shape and size. A. True B. False 2. Describe some of the advantages and disadvantages of using map projections.

7. ______ projections are used when cartographers want to show accurate distance and direction of hemispheres. A. Robinson B. Polar C. Interrupted D. Mercator 8. The Winkel Tripel projection replaced the Robinson projection in 1998. A. True B. False

Name Wednesday, January 18

Daniel Webster - The Great Orator By Phyllis Naegeli Do you have a fear of public speaking? You're not the only one. Daniel Webster was afraid to speak in public. He wrote wonderful speeches, but in his younger years, he froze in front of an audience. In time, he overcame this fear and became a great orator. Some of Webster's speeches have gone down in history as the greatest ever delivered. Daniel Webster was born in Salisbury, New Hampshire, on January 18, 1782. His family lived on a small farm where they raised livestock and grew their own food. The land had been given to Daniel's father, Ebenezer, for his service in the French and Indian War. Daniel was born in a special time in American history. Just six years before his birth, the United States declared its independence from England. Ebenezer was a strong patriot who remained involved in politics throughout his life. He was even involved in New Hampshire's campaign to ratify the U. S. Constitution. The Constitution played an important role in Daniel Webster's life. As a young boy, his father shared the principles of this document with his son. Daniel desired to have his own copy so that he could read it for himself. This was difficult to do in the eighteenth century because books and published documents were not widely available. However, after much searching, Daniel found a copy written on a handkerchief in a small store. He purchased it and began to memorize the text. Daniel's education was very important to his parents. He attended Phillips Exeter Academy for a time. This was a disaster for Daniel. He was required to speak publicly in order to pass certain classes. However, he was paralyzed with fear whenever he faced an audience. Daniel left the academy after only nine months. He continued to write and practice speeches in private. Eventually, he began to attend Dartmouth College. It was here that Daniel conquered his fear of

speaking in public. One day during a class, a student made remarks against the Constitution. Daniel was outraged. He stood up and delivered an eloquent speech in defense of his beloved Constitution. Daniel's time as a great orator had come. Shortly after his graduation, he delivered his first public speech on Independence Day at the request of the town of Hanover. In 1801, Webster graduated from Dartmouth and began working as a lawyer's apprentice. He studied diligently under Thomas Thompson and Christopher Gore. In 1805, he passed the bar and opened his own law office in Boscawen, New Hampshire. It wasn't long before his prominence grew. Even though his career kept him busy, he found time to go courting. In 1808, he married Grace Fletcher. She was a tremendous help to her husband in his legal profession. Together, they had one son, Charles. In 1812, Daniel Webster began his political career when he was elected as a United States Representative. He served two terms as a representative from New Hampshire. In 1816, he left Congress, moved to Boston, and opened a law firm in the city. He defended his alma mater, Dartmouth College, in a case that went all the way to the Supreme Court. After the state of New Hampshire took over the college without compensation, Dartmouth leaders fought the action. Daniel Webster delivered an exceptional appeal before the Supreme Court, and Dartmouth won the case. A few years later, Webster was back in the political realm. In 1822, he was elected as a representative to Congress from the state of Massachusetts. In 1826, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died on July 4. Daniel Webster was asked to deliver a speech in honor of these patriots. In 1827, he ran for and won a seat in the U. S. Senate representing Massachusetts. It was during his time as a senator that he delivered one of the most famous speeches ever given in the U.S. Senate. Following a debate over a tariff bill, he argued his side. The bill had caused dissension in the southern states, and Webster felt that union among the states was primary. As a boy he had learned "In union, there is strength." Now came the time to tell this to the nation. He uttered the famous words, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable." His political career continued as he served as Secretary of State under Presidents Harrison and Tyler. As Secretary of State, Daniel was able to pursue unity among the states. This theme continued throughout the remainder of Daniel's career. In 1845, Daniel returned to the U. S. Senate. At this time, America was expanding and feeling the pains of growth. The southern states were talking about seceding from the Union. In 1850, Daniel

2. What happened six years before Daniel Webster was born? Name Wednesday, January 18 delivered another powerful speech in the Senate. He supported the Compromise of 1850, a group of legislative acts that set a delicate balance among free and slave states. It was also in 1850 that Daniel began his third term as Secretary of State under President Fillmore. His works during this time include supporting the Fugitive Slave Act and helping to avert secession of the southern states. However, his political career was cut short. He died on October 24, 1852, after suffering head injuries from a fall off his horse. So, are you afraid to speak in public? Daniel Webster overcame his fear because he believed in what he was saying. His skills as an orator gave him the opportunity to serve his country in many ways. However, one honor is often attributed to Daniel incorrectly - that of author of Webster's Dictionary. That distinction belongs to his cousin, Noah Webster. Webster's well-known oratory skills are portrayed as he argues a case before the devil in the short story, later made into a fictional film, "The Devil and Daniel Webster." Today, his legacy continues in the colleges named for him in Nashua, New Hampshire, and Webster, New York.

3. Which historical document was very important to Daniel Webster?

4. Which of the following political positions did Daniel Webster not hold? A. U.S. Representative B. U.S. Senator C. president D. Secretary of State

Daniel Webster - The Great Orator

Questions 1. Daniel Webster was able to overcome his fear of public speaking because.....

5. Daniel Webster made his first public speech in honor of Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. A. false B. true 6. Why was it difficult for Daniel to obtain a copy of the U.S. Constitution?

Name Wednesday, January 18 7. Daniel Webster's first elected position was ______. A. U.S. Representative for the state of New Hampshire B. Secretary of State C. Senator for the state of Massachusetts D. U.S. Representative for the state of Massachusetts 8. Daniel Webster was a lawyer and represented Dartmouth College in a case that went to the Supreme Court. A. true B. false 9. Daniel Webster is the author of Webster's Dictionary. A. false B. true 10. Choose one word to describe the political life of Daniel Webster.

Explain what "In union, there is strength" means to you.

Name Thursday, January 19

Baron von Steuben By Jane Runyon Not everyone who fought in the Revolutionary War was a colonist. In those days, many people would travel over the world fighting for anyone who needed them. Baron von Steuben was from Germany where he was born in 1730. He spent most of his life from birth to age ten with his father, a military man, stationed in Russia. When he was ten, his family returned to Germany where Friedrich attended school. At the age of 17, he was commissioned as an officer in the Prussian army. Friedrich was an avid student of military strategy. He fought courageously with the Prussians until he was thirty-three years old. In 1763, von Steuben was discharged from the army having attained the rank of captain. History is a little cloudy about the reasons for his discharge. The greatest skill he mastered in the army was that of a drillmaster. He believed that discipline and drill were the main ingredients needed to produce a successful army. After his discharge from the army, von Steuben became a part of the royal court. He was given the title of Baron. Unfortunately for him, he did not have the money he needed to support the lifestyle he enjoyed living. He tried unsuccessfully to sell his services as a military man to several European countries. During the summer of 1777, he traveled to Paris. He had heard that the American envoy, Benjamin Franklin, was there. He believed he might be able to convince Franklin that his talents were needed to help the American colonial army. Franklin was impressed. He was also wise enough to realize that sending a foreign captain would not impress the American army. A trick was arranged with the help of the French military, Franklin, and von Steuben. Baron von Steuben was introduced to General George Washington as a Lieutenant General in the King of Prussia's army.

In September of 1777, von Steuben reached the American coast and began his time in the colonial army. He began his duty with George Washington at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, in February of 1778. His job was to train the disorganized militia into a disciplined army. He spoke no English at all. He spoke enough French that he could communicate with some of the other officers on Washington's staff. It must have been quite a sight to see the baron yelling and screaming at the troops in German and French. They couldn't understand a word he was saying. He had to assign an officer just to do his yelling for him in English. Baron von Steuben changed the way an army was trained. Some of his techniques are still practiced today. He also changed the way an army camp was set up. When he arrived, there was little thought given to sanitation or its effect on the men. This changed. Tents were now set up in an organized manner. Kitchen and latrine (bathroom) areas were set up away from the living areas. Latrines were positioned so that the waste would run downhill, away from the camp. In the 1700's, war was fought differently from today. Most of the battles were fought with the sides standing fairly close to each other, face to face. The success of winning the battle was determined by which side could load their rifles the fastest, shoot off a volley, and reload to shoot again. Von Steuben drilled his men until they could accomplish this action in a very short time. They counted to eight and used fifteen motions in a rapid style. This may sound like a lot to do, but it was less than most other armies used. Baron von Steuben was recommended for the post of Inspector General of the American forces in April of 1778. He fought with Washington throughout the rest of the war and was one of the commanders at Yorktown in 1781. After the Revolutionary War, von Steuben was given American citizenship. The state of New York awarded him an estate of almost 16,000 acres. He didn't have any money to keep the estate going, however. He had never been paid for his service in the Continental Army. In 1790, the United States finally decided to recognize the service he had given and established a $2,500 annual pension. He died just four years later, a bachelor who had given his whole life to the military he loved.

6. How were battles fought in the 1700's? Name Thursday, January 19 Baron von Steuben

Questions 1. Friedrich von Steuben was commissioned in which army? A. Russian B. German C. American D. Prussian

7. How much did Baron von Steuben get paid for fighting in the Revolutionary War?

2. What happened to von Steuben when he was thirty-three years old? 8. In what two areas did von Steuben make the biggest changes for the better in the military? A. Sanitation and training B. Drill and yelling C. Sanitation and drill D. Shooting and training 3. Baron von Steuben married at a very young age. A. False B. True 4. What American sent von Steuben to the colonies? A. George Washington B. The King of Prussia C. Benjamin Franklin D. He sent himself. 5. What did von Steuben think was an important skill a soldier could master? A. Face to face fighting B. Quick rifle loading C. Close order drill D. Disciplining

Name Thursday, January 19

Edgar Allan Poe By Jane Runyon Long before there were chainsaw massacre movies or television detectives, there was Edgar Allan Poe. Poe was one of the most influential writers of his time. His influence is still apparent today. He wrote what is considered to be the first detective novel ever written. He was also a poet. He believed that the words of his poems should create a musical feeling for the reader. His short stories and poetry are still read all over the world. Poe was the only son of an actor father and an actor mother. He was born on January 19, 1809, in Boston, Massachusetts. His father deserted his mother before he was even born. His mother died before his third birthday. He was taken in by a wealthy tobacco merchant from Richmond, Virginia. The man's name was John Allan. John Allan insisted that Edgar be baptized with the name Edgar Allan Poe. You might see Poe's middle name spelled Allen, but it should be Allan after John Allan. Edgar led a pleasant early life with the Allans. He even studied in England for five years when he was young. He entered the University of Virginia in 1826. He soon found that college life was not for him and dropped out. His adopted father cut off all ties with him because of this. Edgar tried to support himself in many ways. Gambling was not one of his successful endeavors. He got himself deeply in debt. Poe decided to join the army to escape his debts. He used the name Edgar A. Perry while in the army. Poe wrote his first book while serving in the army. It was a collection of poems called Tamarlane and Other Poems. After two years in the army, Poe reconciled with John Allan. Mr. Allan arranged for Edgar to be appointed to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Poe didn't like the academy and purposely broke enough rules to be dismissed from the school. That was the last time Poe saw or heard from John Allan.

The one good thing which came from Poe's stint at West Point was his second attempt at writing a book of poems. His fellow cadets took up a collection and gave it to Poe. They asked him to use it to pay to have his poems published. Poe left Virginia and moved to Baltimore, Maryland. He moved in with his widowed aunt and her daughter, Virginia. He needed to support himself, so he got a job writing fiction and editing for a literary magazine. In 1836 he married his cousin Virginia. The fact that she was his cousin was strange enough. The fact that she was only thirteen years old was even stranger. Poe and his new wife moved to Philadelphia in hopes of finding better circumstances. In 1839, Poe published two of his first signature mind twisting stories, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque. He also became the assistant editor of another magazine. In 1842, Virginia became ill with a disease common to the time, tuberculosis. Poe moved her back to New York. He eventually became the editor of the Broadway Journal. The stress of Virginia's illness caused Poe to succumb to bouts of drinking. Some say that his bouts of depression led to some of his best works. In 1845, Poe published what is arguably his most famous poem, The Raven. Perhaps you've heard parts of it before. It begins: Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. " 'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door; Only this, and nothing more." The magazine Poe was editing closed down in 1846. Poe moved Virginia to a cottage in the Bronx outside New York City. It was here that Virginia died in 1847. After her death, Poe could not control his drinking or depression. His moods became darker which was witnessed in his writing. Poe used mind tricks to highlight his mysteries. He used language in his poetry which dug into the soul of the reader. The rest of Poe's life was not happy. He tried suicide but failed. He tried to rekindle a romance with an old flame. That also failed. In October of 1849, Poe was found lying on a street in Baltimore. He was disoriented, delirious, and not even wearing his own clothes. He was taken to a nearby hospital. He died there four days later.

Name Thursday, January 19 The cause of Poe's death was never known. Some say it was from alcohol abuse. The doctor who attended him said he found no signs of alcohol on Poe. Some say he died of rabies. Some say it was other diseases that there were no tests for. His cause of death will remain a mystery. It is sad to say that most of what people believe about Edgar Allan Poe was written by a man named Griswold who wrote Poe's obituary. It is hard to say whether Griswold's stories of Poe's wild and violent behavior are true or not. It seems that it was later found that Poe had criticized some of Griswold's early works in literary magazines. Many people feel Griswold's less than flattering biography of Poe was a form of revenge. Yet, many people believed him.

3. What did Poe do to support himself and his wife? A. He was in the army. B. He edited magazines. C. He didn't have to work. D. He wrote novels. 4. How did Poe get out of attending West Point?

5. Why do you think Poe kept moving from place to place working for a while here and a while there?

Poe was a very complex man. Read The Pit and the Pendulum or The Tell Tale Heart if you want to have your heart racing. Read Annabelle Lee or The Bells if you want to have the words of the poem roll off your tongue like musical notes. Poe's tortured soul is on full display in his work. Edgar Allan Poe

Questions 1. Edgar Allan Poe wrote poems and stories. A. False B. True 2. Where did the young Poe call home? A. New York B. Philadelphia C. Baltimore D. Virginia

6. What did Poe want the reader to hear in his poems? A. The idea B. The music of the words C. The beat D. The story 7. What event sent Poe "over the edge" into depression? A. His wife died. B. He lost his job. C. His book was rejected. D. He moved away. 8. How did Poe die? A. He had an aneurysm. B. He had a heart attack. C. No one knows for sure. D. He had tuberculosis.

Name Friday, January 20

Inaugural Parades By Brenda B. Covert Did you know that there is an inaugural parade once every four years in our nation's capital? Since 1937, it has been set on the twentieth of January following a November presidential election. The president-elect may lead the parade. Otherwise, he may see it from his place on a viewing stand built at the White House. No two parades have been alike. Read on to learn about some of the different inaugural parades hosted by the United States. In our nation's infancy (that's a fancy way of saying "when the USA was brand new"), the parade was more like a scheduled stroll. It included all kinds of government officials and friends. They would escort the president-elect to the Capitol; there he would take the oath of office. Our first president, George Washington, was escorted to Federal Hall in New York City. At that time, Washington, D.C. did not yet exist. The tradition of the long walk grew, and the custom of walking the president back to his home at the White House was included. That is the part of the event that evolved into the Inaugural Parade. In 1809, James Madison, our 4th president, was escorted by the cavalry in his parade. That marked the first use of military presence in an inaugural parade. Andrew Jackson, our 7th president, chose to walk to his ceremony. The year was 1829, and he was the first "poor boy" to become president. The man whose face graces our twenty dollar bills was escorted by a group of Revolutionary War veterans. They were joined by thousands of well-wishers who had turned out to see the new president. His informal parade made a strong and positive impression on the people.

William Henry Harrison was our 9th president. In 1841 he was the first president-elect to arrive in Washington by train. The weather for the parade was chilly and wet. Harrison rode unprotected from the elements on a white horse and acknowledged his many supporters. This inaugural parade was full of government officials as well as military bands and militia units. It was also the first parade to include floats. President-elect Harrison's speech lasted almost two hours! Perhaps he should have worn a hat, coat, and gloves. One month later, he died from pneumonia. Twenty years later, Abraham Lincoln, our 16th president, needed protection during his first parade. Trouble was brewing in the South. Lincoln rode surrounded by soldiers bearing weapons. The parade included a float with 34 girls dressed in white to represent each of the 34 states. For his second parade four years later, two companies of freed slaves marched. In 1869, Ulysses Grant, our 18th president, was the first president to watch the parade from a reviewing stand on Pennsylvania Avenue after he had taken his oath of office at the Capitol. Almost any group that came dressed in uniform was allowed to march, including firemen, Union veterans, and a variety of members of men's clubs. Grant's 14-year-old daughter, Nellie, watched the parade with her father. In 1877, Rutherford Hayes, our 19th president, saw the parade established as a separate event from the oath of office ceremony. Ten thousand lantern bearers marched up Pennsylvania Avenue. They sang campaign songs and set off fireworks around the White House. James Garfield, our 20th president, ushered in more firsts to our nation's 1881 inaugural parade. His mother was the first mother of a president-elect to see her son assume the role of president. For the first time the parade participants marched down concrete pavement that had been laid on Pennsylvania Avenue. John Philip Sousa led the full Marine Band, and General William T. Sherman of Civil War fame was the grand marshal. Benjamin Harrison was elected as our 23rd president in 1889. He was escorted by his old Civil War Regiment, the 70th of Indiana. Besides the usual military units, his parade also featured the famous Buffalo Bill as well as flaming torches. The parade was so long that the sun went down before it had ended, and some units left the parade without making it to the end!

War, and security was tight. Name Friday, January 20 Re-elected to office, our 25th president, William McKinley, viewed his second inaugural parade in 1901. It was the first time soldiers from Puerto Rico, wearing U.S. uniforms, marched in the parade. In 1905 our 26th president, Theodore Roosevelt, enjoyed a colorful inaugural parade. During the parade, thirty Rough Riders and a Negro Cavalry rode up to the White House portico on horses. From horseback they shook hands with President Roosevelt. William Howard Taft, our 27th president, rode with his wife in the inaugural parade. It was the first time a First Lady participated in the inaugural process. Though ten inches of snow had fallen the night before, the Tafts rode with the top of their carriage down so that they could be seen by the people who had braved the cold to witness the event. The year 1917 witnessed the first time women were allowed to march in the parade. It was the inaugural parade of our 28th president, Woodrow Wilson.

Jimmy Carter walked in his inaugural parade with his wife Rosalynn and daughter Amy. For the first time in the history of inaugural parades, participants were chosen by each state's governor. Each state was allowed up to two entries in the parade. In 1997, the inauguration of our 42nd president, Bill Clinton, was the first one carried live in cyberspace. The inauguration of 2001 welcomed George W. Bush, our 43rd president. It also marked the first time that people hoping to watch the parade had to pass through security checkpoints and be searched. This was due to the controversy surrounding the election results, and the need to prevent an outburst of violence. The inauguration of 2009 welcomes our nation's first African-American president, Barack Obama. 2009 is also the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln. The theme chosen for President Obama's inauguration is "A New Birth of Freedom"-- words from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. What other "firsts" await us in future inaugural parades? Time will tell. When will America see its first woman president? We'll just have to wait and see.

In 1921, President Warren Harding, our 29th president, was the first president-elect to ride in a car in an inaugural parade. Inaugural Parades Because of U.S. involvement in WWII, there was no parade for Franklin Roosevelt's 4th inauguration. Our 32nd president instead had an inauguration ceremony on White House property. You needn't feel sorry for him. He is the only president to be elected four times, and he had participated in earlier parades in his honor. In 1949, President Harry Truman led his inauguration parade himself, renewing a tradition from which our presidents-elect had fallen away. Our 33rd president's parade included an old-fashioned calliope. It followed at the rear of the parade playing the tune, "I'm Just Wild about Harry"! Flash forward to 1961. John Kennedy, our 35th president, was the first to have his inaugural parade televised in color. Our 37th president, Richard Nixon, was the first to watch the parade from behind a bullet proof glass windshield on his reviewing stand. Soldiers lined the streets. America was in the midst of the Vietnam

Questions 1. Choose the best answer. When does an inaugural parade generally occur? A. during the late afternoon hours B. after the president-elect is sworn into office C. on a cold day in the winter D. before the president-elect is sworn into office 2. Which president stayed out in the cold too long, got sick, and died one month after his inauguration? A. William McKinley B. Benjamin Harrison C. William Howard Taft D. William Henry Harrison

9. In what year was Abraham Lincoln's inauguration? Name Friday, January 20 3. Which of these would most likely not appear in the parade? A. senators B. military bands C. the candidate who lost D. famous celebrities 4. A ______ brought up the rear of Harry Truman's parade. A. cavalry B. calliope C. marching band D. group of women 5. Whose inauguration was the first to be shown in cyberspace? A. George Bush B. Bill Clinton C. Ronald Reagan D. George W. Bush 6. In what year were women first given the opportunity to march in the parade? A. 1945 B. 1917 C. 1900 D. 1865 7. Who was the first president to walk in his inaugural parade? A. Ulysses S. Grant B. Andrew Jackson C. George Washington D. James Garfield 8. Whose parade fizzled out before it ended? A. Benjamin Harrison's B. Franklin Roosevelt's C. Abraham Lincoln's D. Rutherford Hayes'

10. List two presidents who needed extra protection during the inaugural process.

Name Friday, January 20

Participating in Class By Patti Hutchison Your palms are sweaty. Your heart is racing. Your face is turning red. You want to take part in this class discussion. Or maybe you have a question to ask. Maybe the teacher has asked you to answer a question. Class participation can be a big part of your grade. But you don't want to make a fool of yourself in front of all your peers. What should you do? Relax! Participating in class will be a breeze. Just follow a few important tips. In order to speak intelligently in class, you must first listen. Listen to everything that is being said. Make sure you understand what is being discussed. Try to remember what has already been said. If you listen carefully, you will be less likely to make a point that has already been brought up. You will be able to form a good comment, question, or answer about the subject. Always think before you speak. Try to state your question or comment in a way that everyone will understand. If your teacher or classmates don't understand what you are saying, allow them to help clarify it. Don't be offended by this. They are not trying to make you feel stupid. Comments you make in class often include your opinion about the topic. You may also want to give your opinion about something someone else has said. Remember to use the "Golden Rule." Treat others as you would like them to treat you. Don't attack someone with words. Don't call them names or tell them that they are dumb. You wouldn't want someone to do that to you. Instead, say politely, "I disagree with you because..." Then give your reasons. Expect that they will have more to say about your opinion. Agree to disagree. Don't worry if someone makes a rude comment about what you've

said. Some people just lack manners. Don't be one of them by sending a rude comment back to them. Simply ignore them. Let your teacher manage the classroom. Keep your comments short and to the point. Explain what you are saying, but don't keep talking on and on. Don't be a floor hog. Don't try to show off by taking over the discussion. Allow others to have their say also. When you want to ask a question about something, don't be afraid. Chances are, if you need to have something explained, other students do, too. Always make sure your question deals with the topic. Also, don't ask a question that has an obvious answer just to show that you are participating. Teachers don't care for this, and neither will your classmates. If you are called on by the teacher to answer a question, first take a deep breath. Try to quickly think of an answer. Many teachers use "wait time." They pause before calling on someone so that students will have time to formulate an answer. Use this time wisely. Hopefully, you have been paying attention. You have read about the topic and completed the homework. This is the best way to make sure you are ready to answer questions in class. You will not be caught unprepared. Don't worry if your answer is not right. If someone laughs at your answer or is rude, let the teacher handle it. Make sure you listen to and remember the correct answer. If you truly don't know the answer when you are called on, don't be afraid to admit it. Then vow to study harder or pay closer attention so that you can answer a future question. Participating in class doesn't just help your grade. It is a way to keep yourself actively thinking. You will be learning interesting things you didn't know. It is a chance to get answers to questions you have. With a little practice, you will gain more self-confidence. Your participation will also show your teacher that you care about learning. Speak up in class!

6. What should you do if you don't know the answer to a question your teacher has asked?

Name Friday, January 20 Participating in Class

Questions 1. Before you speak in class, you must first: A. listen B. think of what you are going to say C. both A and B 2. You should be offended if someone tries to help clarify your comment or question. A. true B. false 3. If you want to state your disagreement with someone's opinion, you should remember: A. the "Golden Rule" B. to be rude C. to yell at him 4. What should you do if someone makes a rude comment about something you have said?

5. Asking a question, even if the answer is obvious, is a good way to show you are participating in class. A. false B. true

You have a classmate who is constantly raising his hand. He asks questions that have obvious answers. He repeats things that have already been said. He is a floor hog. Write a friendly note to him telling some things you have learned about participating in class.

Polar Bears Name Friday, January 20

Polar Bears When we are busy taking pictures of glaciers, icebergs, and walruses in the Arctic, we may encounter the world's largest meat-eating animals on land - polar bears. Wearing white fur coats, polar bears blend perfectly into the landscape full of snow and ice all year round. Even though polar bears can weigh more than 1,000 pounds, they are not clumsy at all! They walk quietly on ice, so other animals cannot hear them approaching. They can swim for at least 60 miles without rest, and their top running speed is 40 miles per hour! If we do encounter polar bears outside of a zoo, we don't stand a good chance of survival! Therefore, it is fair to conclude that polar bears are not the animals that we want to bump into in the Arctic. Many people may think that polar bears hibernate during the cold winter months. They actually don't - not in a true definition of hibernation, anyway. In fall, pregnant female polar bears eat a lot and start building snowy dens. Once they finish the construction of their winter homes, they stay in and take a long nap. So far, this sounds just like hibernation, right? Well, animals that undergo true hibernation experience significant drop in their heart rates. Their body temperatures also plunge to near the freezing mark (32 degrees Fahrenheit). The Arctic squirrel is a good example of true hibernators. When polar bears nap in winter, their body temperatures do decline but maintain a consistent temperature around 98 degrees Fahrenheit. Hence, scientists don't consider polar bears true hibernators. Around November or December, pregnant female polar bears give birth to two cubs inside their dens. Both mother polar bears and their cubs continue staying in their winter homes until spring arrives. Other polar bears also build snowy dens but they don't live there for the entire winter. They only check in to rest for a short period of time when the food supply is scarce.

Questions 1. Where do polar bears live? A. Amazon rain forest B. Rocky Mountains C. The Arctic D. Sahara desert 2. What is the world's largest meat-eating animal on land? A. Lion B. Polar bear C. Leopard D. Brown bear 3. Which of the following about polar bears is true? A. Polar bears experience true hibernation. B. All polar bears stay in their snowy dens for the entire winter. C. Polar bears live in the Arctic. D. Polar bears make squeaky sound when they walk on ice. 4. Which of the following about polar bears is NOT true? A. Polar bears can swim for 60 miles non-stop. B. Polar bears are the world's largest meat-eating animals on land. C. Female polar bears give birth to two cubs around November or December. D. Polar bears can run at 40 kilometers per hour. 5. Which of the following animals is a true hibernator? A. Human B. Polar bear C. Arctic squirrel D. Elephant

Name Friday, January 20 6. What do animals experience when they are in true hibernation? A. Their body temperatures drop to about 98 degrees Fahrenheit. B. Their hearts stop beating. C. Their body temperatures drop to about 32 degrees Fahrenheit. D. Their heart rates increase.