History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

US.2 – Geography

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Created by Kate Green

US History II: 1865 to Present – Notes & Study Guide – US.2 – Geography physical features: The student will use maps, globes, photographs, pictures, or tables for 2a) explaining how physical features and climate influenced the climate: movement of people westward. How did people’s perceptions and use of the Great Plains change after the Civil War? perception: During the nineteenth century, people’s perceptions and use frequent: of the Great Plains changed.  1850-1890 Physical features and climate of the  Before 1860, Great Plains most people who went  Flatlands that rise gradually from past the Mississippi River east to west did not stop in the Great  Land eroded by wind and water Plains because it was extremely difficult to  Low rainfall survive there.  Frequent dust storms

Great Plains Challenges  winters – bitterly cold,  few trees, few rivers/streams,  Low Rainfall – Dust Storms and Drought, Strong winds that eroded the Plains.  The land was VERY hard and dry – difficult to farm on

How did people adapt to life in challenging environments? Technological advances allowed people to live in more challenging environments. Because of new technologies, people saw the Great Plains not as a “treeless wasteland” but as a vast area to be settled. Inventions and adaptations 1. Barbed wire 2. Steel plows 3. Dry farming 4. Sod houses 5. Beef cattle raising 6. Wheat farming 7. Windmills 8. Railroads 9. Reaper **

technological advances: treeless wasteland: challenging environments: goods:

Uses for Inventions & Adaptations: 1. Invention: Protection of Livestock and Properties 2. Invention: Strong metal to dig deep into the tough soil 3. Adaptation: to farm using water resources wisely. - Farmers learned they could grow crops on the dry soil if they plowed deeply, breaking up the tough sod using the steel plow. 4. Adaptation: using resources to make shelter - packed dirt held together by roots and cut into squares. 5. Adaptation: Great place to raise Cows because of the land – High Demand 6. Adaptation: Great location to grow wheat – it liked dry land 7. Invention: Used to bring water up from the ground & provide power 8. Invention: Aided in moving people westward - Moving of raw materials and finished goods - “Transcontinental Railroad”

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

US.2 – Geography

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The student will use maps, globes, photographs, pictures, or tables for 2b) explaining relationships among natural resources, transportation, and industrial development after 1865.

Industrial Development:

How did advances in transportation link resources, products, and markets?

Products:

Advances in transportation linked resources, products, and markets.

National Markets:

Transportation resources  Moving natural resources (e.g., copper, lead) to eastern factories  Moving iron ore deposits to sites of steel mills (e.g., Pittsburgh)  Transporting finished products to national markets What are some examples of manufacturing areas that were located near centers of population? Manufacturing areas were clustered near centers of population. Examples of manufacturing areas  Textile industry: New England  Automobile industry: Detroit  Steel industry: Pittsburgh

Example of a National Market on the Great Plains

Created by Kate Green

Transportation: Natural Resources:

Centers of Populations:

Transportation of resources  Railroads made it possible to reach land that use to be unreachable.  In 1840, the US had about 30,000 miles of tracks and by 1860, the US had about 300,000 miles of tracks. Moving natural resources (e.g., copper and lead)  The trains made it possible to ship natural resources like lead, copper, iron ore, were shipped to Eastern Factories).  Other Raw Materials were shipped to factories too – cattle, crops, dairy, etc.  Then once products were produced they were shipped to National Markets (Stores) Moving iron ore deposits to sites of steel mills (e.g., Pittsburgh)  In the mid-1800s, huge, collection of iron ore was discovered in several Midwestern states.  Iron ore is needed for the production of steel, so iron ore was shipped by rail to Pittsburgh.  By 1860 Pittsburgh became the center for the new steel industry. The need for weapons and ammunition in the Civil War significantly helped this Industry. Transporting finished products to national markets Producers used the railroads to ship raw materials to factories and to send manufactured goods from factories to markets around the U.S.

Moore’s General Store – Moore Texas Textiles – making cloth to

Ford – Automobile

make clothes and other items

Plant

US.2 – Geography

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

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Created by Kate Green

The student will use maps, globes, photographs, pictures, or tables for 2c) locating the 50 states and the cities most significant to the historical development of the United States. What is one way of grouping the 50 states? A state is an example of a political region. States may be grouped as part of different regions, depending upon the criteria used.

political region:

States grouped by region  Northeast: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania  Southeast: Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas  Midwest: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota  Southwest: Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona  Western, Rocky Mountains: Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho  Pacific: Washington, Oregon, California  Noncontiguous: Alaska, Hawaii

What are some examples of cities that historically have had political, economic, and/or cultural significance to the development of the United States? center of trade: economic: Cities serve as centers of trade and have political, economic, and/or cultural significance. political:     

 

Important Cities Northeast: New York, ___, Boston, ___, Pittsburgh & Philadelphia, ___ Southeast: Washington, D.C., Atlanta, ___, New Orleans, ___ Midwest: Chicago, ___, St. Louis, ___, Detroit, ___ Southwest: San Antonio, ___, Santa Fe, ___ Rocky Mountains: Denver, ___ Salt Lake City, ___ Pacific: San Francisco & Los Angeles, ___, Seattle, ___ Noncontiguous: Juneau, ___, Honolulu, ___

cultural significance:

New York City - By 1850, already the most populated American city. Most immigrants arrived at Ellis Island. Many remained in NYC and many moved to other parts of the U.S. Boston – Where the American Revolutionary War Began with Paul Revere’s Ride – “The Red Coats are Coming” Pittsburgh - Steel manufacturing center Philadelphia – home of the Liberty Bell and the Signing of the Declaration of Independence Chicago - Center of meat packing industry Detroit - Center of automobile industry St. Louis – The “center” of the United States – East/West Coast separation – “Gateway to the West” DC – District of Columbia – nations capitol Atlanta – Important Turning point City during the Civil War New Orleans – Hurricane Katrina destroyed the city in 2005

Shipping Iron-Ore -> Santa Fe - Capital of New Mexico - During the 1850's, many people headed west on the Santa Fe trail which stretched from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe. From Santa Fe, other trails took travelers on to California and elsewhere. Major Cattle Hub. San Antonio - Texans here staged a revolt against Mexican rule, but was slaughtered by Mexican General Santa Anna at the Alamo. With the battle cry "Remember the Alamo", Texans eventually captured the Mexican dictator and Texas became an independent republic. Salt Lake City – Named after its inland “salt” lake – Makes it easy to float Denver – Great Skiing location Seattle – Home of Starbucks Coffee San Francisco – Home of the Golden Gate Bridge & Angel Island Los Angeles – “City of Angels” Juneau - Capitol of Alaska Honolulu – Capitol of Hawaii

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

SOL USII.2a

US.2 – Geography

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Created by Kate Green

The Push West The Great Land Grab Before the Civil War, people feared moving to the West because the land was an unsettled, open plain with rough climate conditions. Why do YOU think people feared moving West before the Civil War?

Draw a picture to show each physical features and climate of the Great Plains.

Mastering the Plains Because the West had very few trees, come up with a plan on how people could build a house if they moved West without wood.

US.2 – Geography

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

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Created by Kate Green

Westward Expansion Name: _______________ Date: _________ Bell: _______

Westward expansion occurred because people’s perceptions and uses of the Great Plains changed. What are the physical features and climate of the Great Plains? 1. 2. Land eroded by wind and water 3. 4. With new technologies, people saw the Great Plains not as a “treeless wasteland” but as a vast area to be settled.

The new technologies included these inventions and adaptations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

US.2 – Geography

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

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Created by Kate Green

So new opportunities and technological advances led to westward migration. What were the reasons for increased westward expansion? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How did advances in transportation link resources, products, and markets? 1. 2. 3. Examples of manufacturing areas include: 1. 2. 3.

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

US.2 – Geography

Horizontal Lines are Latitude Lines

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Created by Kate Green

Vertical Lines are Longitude Lines

Coordinates are written like this Always – Latitude, Longitude #°N, #°W

Color the Latitude Lines Blue. Color the Longitude lines Red. Your Coordinates will always read like this: 40°N, 90°W Find Hampton Roads, Virginia ___________________________

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

US.2b Put a Star on the map for Each Location of a Major Industry of the late 1800’s.

Steel - ___________________

Textiles - _________________

Automobiles - ______________

Transportation Resources -> _____________

Label the Regions that would be in each direction.

US.2 – Geography

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Created by Kate Green

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

US.2 – Geography

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Created by Kate Green

SOL USII.2c Westward Migration, New Ideas, and Growth After 1865: Looking at the States and Cities In spite of several challenges, the country grew and developed immensely throughout the 1800s. The United States today has 50 states, which states have you visited? Which state is your favorite? Which state would you like to live in?

Match the Region to the appropriate group of states. 1. _____ Northeast A. Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona 2. _____ Southeast 3. _____ Midwest 4. _____ Southwest 5. _____ West/Rocky Mnt. 6. _____ Pacific 7. _____ Non-contiguous

B. Alaska, Hawaii C. Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania D. Washington, Oregon, California E. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota North Dakota, F. Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Montana Wyoming, Idaho G. Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, N. Carolina, S. Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas

Label the Key

Color the Regions

Circle all the Major Cities

Directions:

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

US.2 – Geography

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Created by Kate Green

US.2 – Geography

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

Northeast - Orange Maine Vermont New Hampshire Connecticut Pennsylvania 9 States Southeast-Yellow Maryland Delaware West Virginia Virginia Kentucky Tennessee North Carolina 14 States Midwest-Purple Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota 12 States Southwest-Blue

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Rhode Island

Significant Cities New York, NY

New York New Jersey Massachusetts

Boston, MA Pittsburgh, PA Philadelphia, PA

South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Arkansas

Iowa Missouri Kansas Nebraska North Dakota South Dakota

Texas New Mexico Oklahoma Arizona 4 States Western/Rocky Mountain-Red Colorado Montana Utah Wyoming Nevada Idaho 6 States Pacific-Green Washington Oregon California 3 States Noncontiguous-Green/White Stripped Alaska Hawaii 2 States

Significant Cities Washington, D. C.* Atlanta, GA New Orleans, LA

Significant Cities Chicago, IL St. Louis, MO Detroit, MI

Significant Cities San Antonio, T X Santa Fe, NM Significant Cities Denver, CO Salt Lake City, UT

Significant Cities San Francisco, CA Los Angeles, CA Seattle, WA Significant Cities Juneau, AK Honolulu, HI

Created by Kate Green

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

US.2 – Geography

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Created by Kate Green

1. Do lines of latitude run east-west or north-south? _______________________________________ 2. Name three states that extend below latitude 30 degrees N (in the contiguous US), and label them on the map. ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Name one US state that is mostly east of longitude 70 degrees W, and label it on the map. 4. Name three US states (shown on this map) that extends west of longitude 120 degrees W, and label them on the map. ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. Is the location 45°N latitude, 82°W longitude on land or under water? On the map, mark it with a red X. 6. Name the state that is located entirely between 40-45 degrees N latitude and between 90-100 degrees W longitude, and label it on the map. _______________________________________ 7. What industry is located at 42°N, 79°W? _________________________________ 8. What industry is located at 43°N, 83°W? _________________________________ 9. What city is located at 38°N, 91°W? _________________________________ 10. What city is located at 41°N, 114°W? _________________________________

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

USII.2c

US.2 – Geography

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Created by Kate Green

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

US.2 – Geography

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Created by Kate Green

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

US.2 – Geography

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Created by Kate Green

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

US.2 – Geography

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Created by Kate Green

US.2 – Geography

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

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Created by Kate Green

NFL Team Cities

Identify the Team, City, State and Region for each circle/square. (Regions are grouped below) 1.

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History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

US.2 – Geography

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Created by Kate Green

Use the following charts to create flash cards for US.2.

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

GREAT PLAINS

"TREELESS WASTELAND"

TECHNOLOGIES

THAT HELPED SETTLE THE GREAT PLAINS

US.2 – Geography

flatlands; eroded by wind and water; low rainfall; frequent dust storms

view of the Great Plains NORTHEAST before Civil War REGION, Barbed wire; steel plows; dry farming; sod houses; beef cattle raising; wheat farming

NEW ENGLAND

textile manufacturing area

DETROIT

center of the automobile industry

PITTSBURGH

7 POLITICAL REGIONS OF THE U.S.

center of the steel industry

SOUTHEAST REGION,

MIDWEST REGION,

SOUTHWEST REGION, WEST, ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION,

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Created by Kate Green

Northeast; Southeast; Midwest; Southwest; Rocky Mountain; Pacific; Noncontiguous

Maine; Vermont; New Hampshire; Maryland; Delaware; West Virginia; Virginia; Kentucky; Tennessee; North Carolina; South Carolina; Georgia; Florida; Alabama; Mississippi; Louisiana; Arkansas Ohio; Indiana; Illinois; Michigan; Wisconsin; Minnesota; Iowa; Missouri; Kansas; Nebraska; South Dakota; North Dakota

Texas; Oklahoma; New Mexico; Arizona Colorado; Utah; Nevada; Montana; Wyoming; Idaho

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

US.2 – Geography

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Created by Kate Green

US.2 – Geography

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE

PACIFIC REGION,

Washington; Oregon; California

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Created by Kate Green

SAN FRANCISCO & LOS ANGELES

California cities

NONCONTIGU OUS STATES

Alaska; Hawaii

ST. LOUIS

city in Missouri

PHILADELPHIA , PITTSBURGH

Pennsylvania cities

SANTA FE

city in New Mexico

BOSTON

city in Massachusetts

SAN ANTONIO

ATLANTA

city in Georgia

SEATTLE

NEW ORLEANS

city in Louisiana

SALT LAKE CITY

city in Texas

city in the state of Washington

city in Utah

CHICAGO

city in Illinois

JUNEAU

city in Alaska

HONOLULU

city in Hawaii

DETROIT

city in Michigan