Santa Rosa Jr. College Shone Farm January 27, 2016 Presented by: Joyce Torrigino Virgilio Neto
Horse Management Guidelines
Contents INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................Page 2 FACILITIES .............................................................................................................................................Page 3 BEHAVIOR..............................................................................................................................................Page 7 STRESS ................................................................................................................................................Page 14 IDENTIFICATION..................................................................................................................................Page 16 NUTRITION...........................................................................................................................................Page 17 MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Health) .................................................................................................Page 28 MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Illness & Injury) ....................................................................................Page 62 MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Horse Use) ..........................................................................................Page 70 CLASSES (Lab Preparation) ................................................................................................................Page 86
SHONE FARM HORSE GUIDELINES
INTRODUCTION Shone Farm has an Equine Science Program that emphasizes proper care and maintenance of the horse by teaching anatomy, physiology, nutrition, reproduction, business and management. The Equine Science Program also has riding classes dedicated to teaching and improving upon student equitation skills as opposed to training horses. The Equine unit at Shone Farm is a combination of equine only facilities, such as the indoor and outdoor arenas, the round pen, hot walker and pipe panel stalls, and shared stalls and pastures. We typically have up to 20 horses, with the majority of them owned by college and the balance leased from the Boy Scouts of America. Horses donated to Shone Farm go through an evaluation and selection process: after the donor fills out a donation form that provides the farm with information regarding the horse, the Equine Technician determines whether or not the horse fits our program. If the horse is determined to fit our program, the Equine Technician visits the horse, has the owner ride it and then either test rides it or observes as a student exercise rider rides it. Horses enhance our Equine Science program by allowing us to offer a wide range of classes including beginning, intermediate and advanced riding as well as for students to gain hands on, practical experience in the health management of horses in our lab classes. We do not currently breed our horses. We are currently in the process of establishing an previous Equine Community Education @ Shone Farm program. The goal of this program is to fully utilize the resources that are associated with the equine program and to offer our community members access to equine events, workshops, clinics, trail rides, camps and lessons. The Shone Farm Equine Maintenance Calendar at the beginning of this section is a good reference for most of the annual operations. All husbandry and health practices are coordinated by the Livestock/Equine Technician under the direction of the Shone Farm Manager. Special attention is paid to horse health, nutrition, stress, injury prevention and handling techniques. This document has sections titled Standard Operating Procedures which are written in red. These serve as guidelines for the program and we print them out separately to create management guidelines to train staff and students.
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FACILITIES Equine Unit: The Shone Farm Equine Unit consists of a barn, several stalls, pens, working areas, an exam area and pastures.
The stalls are available to contain horses that may be sick or injured. The stalls are sufficient in size (standard 12’x12’) for a horse to get up and down. Bedding is provided and kept clean (stalls are cleaned at least once within in a 24 hour period), stalls are well ventilated. The pens provide relief to each individual animal from direct sunlight, wind, precipitation and any other discomforts to the animals. This is designed and to promote the optimum health, well-being and good performance of horses throughout all stages of their lives.
Pastures allow horses to graze as needed. Pasture fences are maintained to provide safety and injury prevention while allowing plenty of exercise to the horses. Horses are out to pasture with other livestock (cattle, sheep, llama, burros). In addition, pastures contain trees to provide proper shelter when not in stalls. Iodized salt blocks and mineral supplements are available to supplement specific nutrient deficits that are not obtained from feed. To prevent gastrointestinal health conditions (colic, impaction, etc); horses are monitored closely while at pasture, especially during high-risk periods (seasonal changes, introduction of new horses, etc.). Application of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and manure to pastures are carefully planned to minimize risk to grazing horses and the environment. Finally, pastures are inspected on a regular basis for poisonous plants and over grazing.
Hay feeders are provided in stalls and in dry pastures where groups of horses are housed and where there is not sufficient grass to graze. Trough style automatic waterers are provided in all pastures and pens and are cleaned on a regular basis. Any troughs that are at least a foot deep, contain “mosquito” fish to control the mosquito population (per Vector Control). Bowl style automatic waterers are provided in all stalls.
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FACILITIES - continued Fences consist of 3’-4’ Field Fencing with 2-3 strands of barbed wire stretched above the Field Fencing, Board Fencing, and Board Fencing covered with 1” x 2” Non-Climb wire. All perimeter fences shall be “Lawful Fences” – (“FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL CODE SECTION 17121-17128 A lawful fence is any fence which is good, strong, substantial, and sufficient to prevent the ingress and egress of livestock. No wire fence is a good and substantial fence within the meaning of this article unless it has three tightly stretched barbed wires securely fastened to posts of reasonable strength, firmly set in the ground not more than one rod apart, one of which wires shall be at least four feet above the surface of the ground. Any kind of wire or other fence of height, strength and capacity equal to or greater than the wire fence herein described is a good and substantial fence within the meaning of this article. The term "lawful fence" includes cattle guards of such width, depth, rail spacing, and construction as will effectively turn livestock. While the interior fences may be of lower standard. Fences are in place to protect the horses, people, and property from any kind of accidental damage that may be caused. There are two types of governmental restrictions to protocols for fencing livestock; the laws are “open” or “closed” range operations. The Californian government will determine whether it will be “open” or “closed” range, most California counties have closed range laws.”)
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FACILITIES - continued 1. G.K. Hardt Barn: a. 2 stalls b. Tack Room c.
Feed Room
d. Lab e. Equine Technician Office
2. Stalls: a. Pipe Corrals b. 18 stalls (1 is used as a feed stall) c.
Rubber mat flooring and breezeways
d. Hay feeders e. Automatic Waterers
3. Porter Barn Paddocks (Exterior Pens): a. Pipe corrals and split rail b. Pens are attached to barn (approximately ¼ of pen is covered) c.
Exam area with stocks
d. Bull Pen
4. Exam Area a. Horse Stocks
5. Pastures: a. Richard Thomas “RT” (“Stage” for classes) b. Hill Pasture c.
Coyote pasture
d. West Pasture e. Lot Pasture f.
Camp Field pasture
g. Football Field pasture is in “Camp Field” (“Stage” for classes) h. Road Field pasture
6. Working Facilities: a. Outdoor Arena b. Indoor Arena c.
Round Pen
d. Hot Walker e. Tie Rails
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~ Stall and Paddock Maintenance
1. Morning a. Stalls: Sweep bedding, manure and urine out from under the feeder first so that any hay dropped on the ground by the horse during eating, isn’t soiled b. Remove all bedding, manure and urine from the stall by sweeping it into the breezeway c.
All soiled stall contents should be swept out in such a way that it does not remain in front of the stall door awaiting pick up
d. Place clean bedding in the middle of the stall after cleaning is complete e. Pick up all manure from Porter Barn Paddock/Pens f.
Soiled stall contents left in the breezeways and picked up from the Paddocks should be put into the RTV or Wheel Barrows
g. Dump soiled stall contents from the RTV or Wheel Barrows onto the garden compost pile
2. Afternoon a. Pick out manure and wet shavings and put it into the breezeway b. Leave dry bedding in the stall c.
Sweep bedding into a pile in the middle of the stall
d. Soiled stall contents left in the breezeways and picked up from the Paddocks should be put into the RTV or Wheel Barrows e. Dump soiled stall contents from the RTV or Wheel Barrows onto the garden compost pile
3. Classes (morning) a. Stalls: Sweep bedding, manure and urine out from under the feeder first so that any hay dropped on the ground by the horse during eating, isn’t soiled b. Remove all bedding, manure and urine from the stall by sweeping it into the breezeway c.
All soiled stall contents should be swept out in such a way that it does not remain in front of the stall door awaiting pick up
d. Place clean bedding in the middle of the stall after cleaning is complete e. Class students should pick up soiled stall contents left in the breezeways and manure from the Porter Barn Paddocks/Pens and put it into the RTV or Wheel Barrows f.
Shone Farm staff will dump soiled stall contents out of the RTV and onto the garden compost pile
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BEHAVIOR Knowing your horse: Observing and assessing behavior patterns in horses is important in determining good health or stress due to pain or other outside influences. Regular observation of horses (ie: during feeding) allows for recognition of what is normal behavior of each individual horse and for illnesses and injuries to be noticed quickly so that proper care can be taken, thereby avoiding more serious issues that may occur if unnoticed. Handling & Herd Stress reduces immune and digestive function, therefore, proper handling and understanding typical and atypical behavior in horses in general, as well as in the herd, is paramount to minimize animal stress and injury and to assure safe and efficient interaction between horses and handlers. Horses always think in terms of dominance: someone is always above or below them in hierarchy status – either leading them, or being led by them. Handlers must always be the leader in the Horse’s mind – not feared but totally respected. Horses depend on handlers to keep them safe and to communicate clearly. Timid and communicatively unclear handlers create horses that are dangerous because they will be nervous, unsure, insecure, fearful, aggressive and undisciplined. Understanding the way horses think and why they react the way they do, can help the handler persuade them to perform a task safely and calmly. With understanding, a handler can often predict how any given horse or herd will react in a situation and be able to anticipate and plan, thus having fewer problems. In handling horses properly, they will willingly go where you want them to go and will move quietly and naturally when properly guided. They can be trained to come when called and will readily follow a handler if they know there is a positive outcome in the end. Understanding body language and subtle cues is extremely important in order to safely work around a horse. Observing the body language allows the rider or handler to be better prepared for any sudden behaviors from the horse and may prevent any actions that will result in a dangerous situation for the horse, handler and other horses. Features to pay attention to include, but are not limited to, head carriage, ear position, eyes (open-wide, pupil size, etc.), nostrils (flaring, snorting) and mouth. Pawing at the ground, continuous movement (trotting in place), head tossing, ears pinned back against the head, attempts to bite, rearing up and striking are all signals of potential danger to the handler or others.
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BEHAVIOR- continued Indicators and their meanings:
Tail:
Normal: Lies flat and relaxed – moves freely and swats flies.
High tail: Excitement. Dock is held very high with the tail hairs flowing away from the horse.
Hook tail: Mild interest. Mild form of high tailing. Commonly seen in horses which are meeting one another. Mares in estrus often show the “hook tail”.
Flat tail: Relaxation (could indicate a medical condition). Tail hangs loosely down behind the hindquarters.
Tail lashing: Annoyed or Irritated. Frequent movement of the tail.
Legs:
Normal: Slightly spread for balance – sometimes a foot is cocked and relaxed
Pawing: Frustration, investigating, behavioral.
One front-leg is lifted: Threat (possible strike), anticipation but also normal when eating.
A back-leg lifted: Defensive threat (usually seen at feeder).
Stomping: Threat or protest (also when bugs and insects are on leg).
Head & Face:
Normal: Bright eyes, relaxed lids (open), neck is loose and moves freely, eyelids are smooth and free of worry lines, ears are forward or moving easily with sounds.
Head held high: Worried, scared, heightened anxiety and alert.
Pricked ears: Alert and focused: ears are stiff with openings pointed directly forward.
Ears flat back: Angry and possibly threatening.
Ears moving around rapidly: Nervous
Ears angled backward, front, and sides: Listening to environment or commands.
Neutral Ears: Ears are held loosely upward, openings facing forward or outward.
Eyes wide open: Scared, Excited, Nervous.
Eyes dull: Checked out
Nostrils flaring/snorting: Scared, Excited or Angry, elevated respiration due to fear, pain.
Nose wrinkling: Annoyed, when this is combined with ears pinned back; the horse is in “fight” mode. When the nostril is flared or raised backwards (so you can see the wrinkle).
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BEHAVIOR- continued Indicators and their meanings:
Snapping: This is seen in foals showing submission to an older horse. They drop their ears, stretch the neck, retract and pull back lips, and expose teeth.
Teeth Grinding: pain
The Flehmen response: Reaction due to intense or unusual smell, usually in stallions when they sense a mare in heat. Nose held high with upper lip curled over the nose.
Droopy lips: Relaxed. Bottom lip appears to just hang down.
Bobbing or Weaving: Distressed, anxious
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BEHAVIOR- continued
Senses: Horses are considered prey animals; and rely on their senses (sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch) for their survival against predators, and will have either a fight or flight response. “Fight or Flight” is a deeply ingrained instinctual response in order to survive when they fear something strange or new that they do not understand. How they perceive their environment governs their response to it. Horses can distinguish between a minimal amount of colors, have primarily monocular vision and have 2 distinct blind spots: directly in front and directly behind them. They rely on their vision to recognize herd mates and handlers and to interpret signals given by both – conveyed by postures: head, facial and body positions. Horses have more sensitive hearing than humans and can move their ears to improve their acuity of hearing. Threatening and non-threatening information is passed between horses via hearing and vocalizations, therefore, a sudden or unexpected loud noise may startle the horses. This is an important safety consideration when handling horses. Horses may become adapted to loud, consistent noises in their environment once they realize it is not life-threatening. Smell and taste are important for establishing feed preferences and locating preferred food. Horses usually will not eat poisonous plants as long as there are plenty of other appropriate food sources available for them to eat. Tactile Stimulation (touch) signals the horse’s central nervous system to trigger physiological and behavior changes. Signals of heat, cold, pressure or pain may cause an animal to respond by changing their body position or behavior to conserve or avoid heat or to flee its immediate environment.
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BEHAVIOR- continued Types of Behaviors:
Contactual Behavior:
Behavior related to seeking affection, protection or other benefits by contact with other animals. Communication behavior (see the section on communication) is sometimes considered as a separate category.
Ingestive Behavior:
Behavioral activities associated with eating and drinking.
Eliminative Behavior:
Behavioral activities associated with defecation and urination.
Sexual Behavior:
Behavior related to mating between males and females.
Fillies reach puberty ~20 months of age.
Estrus: frequent urination in the presence of a stallion, squatting, standing, and squealing.
Di-estrus: unwilling to stand for male, possibly aggressive towards male.
Intact males reach puberty much younger than fillies.
Become more aggressive, may paw ground, kick, squeal, and display Flehmen response.
Epimeletic Behavior:
The concern of one horse for another’s need.
Ex. Mare care for her foal, and will fight other horses to protect them.
***Stallions seldom exhibit Epimeletic behavior.
Behavior related to giving care and attention, most common between a mare and foal, but also between other horses, such as horses standing together under shade and “switching” flies from one another.
Allelomimetic Behavior:
Behavior related to mimicry; contagious or infectious behavior such as when one horse copies the behavior of another. If one horse starts running, for example, others are likely to join in. This may be a defense maneuver that is typical of wild horses.
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BEHAVIOR- continued
Types of Behaviors: Investigative Behavior:
Behavioral activities associated with curiosity; the exploration of the surroundings or objects. Horses are noted for using all their senses to thoroughly “check out” any new item, horse or place with which they are presented.
Agonistic Behavior:
Aggressive and conflict-related actions:
Fighting, spooking, pacing, submission, escape attempts, facial expressions, postures, vocalizations, locomotor patterns that signify dominance, submission, or some intermediate status, or signify an escape pattern.
Dominance \ Submission in the herd:
Behavioral activities often referred to as “pecking order,” because the early behavioral work in this area was done with poultry. Dominance hierarchies are extremely prevalent in the social order of horses and are established by aggression.
***Dominance is generally established through agonistic behavior, and may be extremely violent (such as fighting between stallions) or as simple as threatening looks (ear pinned back, squeals, sudden moves in the direction of the submissive animal). If the lower-ranked (submissive) animal has room to escape, there will often be no contact, and the hierarchy is therefore established or maintained with little or no fighting.
Learning Behavior:
Although horses can be taught many different tasks and have the ability to learn them, they generally excel in those that are athletic in nature.
Research shows that horses have a good capacity for pattern discrimination learning (the process by which they learn to respond differently to different stimuli).
Results of a study conducted at *Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department and W. K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center and +Behavioral Science Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona 91768 by B. F. Sappington*J and L. Goldman’ demonstrates “complex pattern discrimination ability in horses, and suggest that they may also have the ability to form and use concepts in problem solving.”
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BEHAVIOR- continued
Types of Behaviors: Learning Behavior:
Good or bad, once a horse has learned a task – especially one that is easy – it will be remembered for years. This is due to their ability to learn temporal patterns very quickly (a single result produced by a succession of stimuli. For instance: if a horse is always fed a treat when it paws the ground, they are taught to exhibit that behavior. Or, if a horse is left alone or allowed to rest after a desired result, they will repeat that behavior). Because of this, the handlers must create consistency and have a purpose and a plan in order to give the horse direction and leadership – something a horse thrives. It is not uncommon for people to confuse fear with respect and it is not uncommon for many people to believe a horse only responds to fear. When teaching a horse a task, fear inhibits learning.
Herd Interactions: Horses use a wide variety of behaviors in order to communicate with each other but it breaks down into two categories: vocal and body language – with body language being the most sophisticated and subtle. They snort, scream, blow, nicker, whinny, paw, posture, flatten ears, bite, kick, etc. to convey a message. When horses are allowed to live in a herd situation, there is always a hierarchy or “pecking order” where horses position themselves in order to live in harmony with each other.
Daily Behavior Pattern: Horses are creatures of habit and thrive on consistency in their routine. It is important to create accommodations or situations where they can develop a comfortable routine and this should include, but not be limited to: feeding times; rest times; turn out times.
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BEHAVIOR- continued
Types of Behaviors:
STRESS Stress in a horse can manifest itself in many different forms that run the spectrum of obvious to very subtle. Often owners don’t know that their horse is stressed because the outward signs are so subtle. The reason for this is because horses are prey animals and have been conditioned through evolution to avoid showing illness or injury. Sick and injured animals attract the attention of predators, therefore, horses can be very stoic. In order to prevent stress, care should be taken to create an environment that is “horse friendly” by utilizing the information below. In order to treat stress, horses should be observed often and in all situations. Stress is part of life, therefore, horse owners are not able to prevent it all of the time. Stress and stressful situations can be managed, however, with routine checks and awareness.
Stress: four different categories for horses:
Psychological (Behavioural)
A stressed horse may show signs of agitation: laying his ears back and swishing his tail. All of the following attributes together contribute to more awareness and may explain why horses occasionally spook and sometimes without warning. Horses see the world differently than we do: monocular and binocular vision Because they are prey animals and have eyes off to the side, they can see objects on each side of their head better than humans Horses have a blind spot directly in front of them Horses hear much better than humans
Mechanical (Injury)
Stress can be created when the horse suffers some type of structural injury. Lameness Inflammation Heat Pain
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BEHAVIOR- continued Types of Behaviors:
STRESS
Metabolic (Digestive and Nutrition)
Due to a horses’ digestive tract being designed to handle frequent meals and perform with a slow rate of passage, grazing contributes to maintaining ideal health.
Metabolic issues relating to nutrition: 1.
Colic
2.
Laminitis
3. Tying Up
To encourage a healthy digestive tract and reduce stress: Feed proper portions of roughage Do not under or over feed Feed as close to the same schedule as possible on a daily basis
Immunological (Disease & Parasites)
Disease and/or Parasite related stress can be anywhere on the spectrum from minor discomfort to death.
Maintaining vaccination and deworming schedules aid in the defense against diseases and parasite infestation
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IDENTIFICATION Shone Farm Horses are identified by name, color and markings. Boy Scout Horses are identified by name, color, markings and in some cases, BSA brands. . Picture pages of horses are created upon which names are placed by each horses’ picture. Special care is taken to capture the horses’ face and markings. Picture pages are made available for staff to refer to so that all horses can be identified by all staff.
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NUTRITION Horses are non-ruminant herbivores (hind-gut fermenters). In an average-sized horse of 1000lbs, the small equine stomach has a capacity of only 2 to 4 gallons. Their small stomach limits the amount of feed intake a horse can handle at one time, therefore, horses have evolved as grazers. They graze up to 16 hours per day if kept out on pasture. Nutritional requirements that need to be met in order to survive are: Water; fats; carbohydrates; protein; vitamins and minerals. Shone Farm Horses should be looked at closely at each feeding time (a minimum of 2 times per day) and any other time staff is interacting with them in order to assess their condition. Horses are fed based on their Body Condition Scores (BCS), age, condition of their teeth, overall health, advice of a Veterinarian and their place in the herd. Generally, the horses are separated by gender – with a few exceptions – with the Leased horses blending in where appropriate. Horses are fed a minimum of 2 times per day if not grazing on pasture. In general, the mares that are easier to keep graze on seasonal pastures in order to maintain their weight. The seasonal pastures where the mares graze is not enough to sustain them, therefore, the mares are supplemented with Orchard hay. In general, the geldings graze on irrigated pastures where they are monitored for excessive weight gain. The irrigated pastures sustain the geldings for most of the year, however, supplementation with grass hay in Fall is often necessary. When the geldings are staged in the Football Field for classes, they are supplemented with grass hay. Geriatric and hard to keep horses are supplemented with additional grass hay, alfalfa hay, irrigated pasture and/or a Senior Equine complete feed with or without protein or fat additives. Horses that are easy to keep and are housed in the stalls or pens for classes are given 1 – 2 flakes of grass hay twice per day. Horses housed in the stalls or pens due to special circumstances (illness, injury, quarantine, etc) are often given supplementation in addition to the 1 – 2 flakes of grass hay because they are often stressed and need more feed to properly maintain them. Initially, alfalfa hay will be used as a supplement and a complete feed will be added if the BCS of the horse warrants it. Fresh water and Salt blocks are available for all horses.
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NUTRITION - continued
Minerals: Mineral requirements for horses include: Calcium; Phosphorus; Sodium; Potassium; Chloride; Magnesium and Sulfur. The ideal ratio of Calcium and Phosphorus is 2:1 and never less than 1:1. Horses will receive the required minerals in pastures and premixed rations. Salt blocks are available for horses at all times.
Vitamins: Fat-Soluble (Vitamin A, D, E and K) and Water-Soluble (Vitamin C and B-Complex). Most vitamins are obtained from green, leafy forages. Vitamin D is obtained from sunlight so if a horse is stalled out of sunlight 24 hrs a day, supplementation is necessary. The amount of Vitamin E decreases in forages with plant maturity and is destroyed during long-term storage. Gut microbes produce Vitamin K and B-Complex and Vitamin C is produced naturally by the liver.
Protein Supplements: Soybean, Beet Pulp, Cottonseed Meal. Fat Supplements: Corn Oil, Rice Bran.
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NUTRITION continued Feeding horses according to activity level: o
Maintenance
o
Geriatric
o
Special Diet
In order to feed the correct amounts of nutrients to the horse’s activity level, we must know the horse’s body weight.
Calculating Body Weight o
Use a weight tape
o
(heart girth x heart girth x body length) / 330 = Body Weight
Equine Feeding Calculator o
http://horse.purinamills.com/products/feedingcalculator/
Measure feed by weight, not volume: o
All feedstuffs have a different weight.
o
A coffee can or measuring cup will have different weights between oats and corn.
o
Cans and measuring cups will have a constant volume, but different in weights.
Grain: o
Horses have a very small stomach in relation to its total size.
o
Feeding too much grain in one meal can cause a colic, or laminitis (founder).
o
RULE OF THUMB: do not feed more than 0.5% of the horse’s body weight in grain per meal.
Feed adequate roughage: o
Horses require 1-1.5% of their body weight per day of roughage in their diets.
o
Feeding high quality roughage can prevent digestive disturbances.
o
There are commercial complete feeds that include the proper amount of roughage.
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NUTRITION continued Feed at the same time every day: o
Horses that are fed on a consistent schedule are less likely to go off their feed or develop undesirable stall habits (vices).
o
Horses that are fed on inconsistent schedules may get hungry and bolt their feed, possibly resulting in digestive disorders or choke.
o
Also, spacing meals evenly throughout the day is healthier for the horse’s digestive tract (it provides a continuous slow rate of passage).
Properly manage group-fed horses: o
If horses must be fed as a group, use individual feeders spread far apart, put out extra feeders, and make provisions for timid horses (low in the pecking order) to ensure that they have the opportunity to eat adequately.
o
The only way to ensure that each individual meets its nutritional requirements is to feed separately.
Provide clean, fresh water: o
Horses should have access to clean, fresh water at all times, except when the horse is extremely hot.
o
The hot horse should receive plenty of water, but only a few swallows at a time until the horse is cool.
Allow Exercise regularly (arena turn out, pasture turn out, lunging or riding) : o
Daily exercise helps maintain regular eating habits, desirable stall behavior and general health.
o
Daily exercise aids in digestion.
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NUTRITION continued Check teeth regularly: o
Horses need routine dental care.
o
Sharp points can develop on the teeth, which can cause problems with eating and also performance, as they may interfere with the action of the bit.
o
Horses with teeth problems may not accept the bit so that the use of a nose band in an attempt to correct the behavior, in this case, can exacerbate behavioral problems.
o
Loose or missing teeth can also affect feed intake.
o
Horses needing dental care may not readily accept the bit.
o
The veterinarian can remove the sharp points by floating (rasping) the horse’s teeth.
Refer to “Dental Care” of “Equine Action Protocol” for addition information.
Practice parasite control measures: o
Many digestive disturbances are caused by parasite infestation.
o
Horse operations should practice parasite control measures such as a proper de-worming program, harrowing, dragging and/or rotating pastures, proper manure disposal, etc.
Refer to “Common Parasites” of “Equine Action Protocol” for addition information.
Keep an eye on horses' feces (herd management/health): o
Changes in consistency, color, odor or composition, amount of feces may indicate a digestive disorder.
Impaction or intestinal parasites.
Insufficient amount of water intake.
o
Treat the herd for certain issues
o
Locate and identify if it’s an individual horse with a concern
Prebiotics and Probiotics:
http://www.pioneerequine.com/pdf/probiotics.pdf Prebiotics and Probiotics are supplemented as needed.
Feed Requirements
Feed requirements for horses 800-1,350 pounds (360-610kg).
All values are per 100 pounds (45kg) body weight.
TO DETERMINE THE TOTAL NEEDED: o
MULTIPLY THE VALUE IN THE CHART BY THE HORSE’S BODY WEIGHT
o
DIVIDE BY 100
o
Consult with the veterinarian for customize feeding or special diets
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NUTRITION continued
STATUS OF THE ADULT HORSE
ENERGY Mcal/100lb BW
CP (g)
LYS (g)
Ca (g)
P (g)
Mg (g)
K (g)
Vit. A (1,000 IU)
Maintenance
1.50
60
2.00
2.10
1.27
1.00
2.27
1.40
Light Work
1.90
75
2.60
2.72
1.64
1.10
2.84
2.00
Moderate work
2.20
89
3.00
3.20
1.90
1.20
3.40
2.00
Hard Work
3.00
119
4.20
4.30
2.64
1.37
4.54
2.00
KEY: CP=Crude Protein, LYS=Lysine, Ca=Calcium, P=Phosphorous, Mg=Magnesium, K=Potassium, Vit. A= Vitamin A
Winter feeding: o
Make sure that horses go into winter in good flesh.
o
Rule of thumb: you can feel the ribs, but not see them.
FEEDING ON COLD NIGHTS: Rule of thumb: increase the hay ration by 10% for every 20F (10C) below freezing.
o
Feed at least twice per day.
o
Make the last feeding the largest one, to provide food over the night.
o
Feed plenty of hay: the fiber is utilized as energy to help create warmth.
o
Horses on winter pasture need extra feed if it gets muddy and degrades the pasture.
WATER: If the horses are on hay, pellets, or grain, they need more fluid for digestion and metabolism. Horses tend to drink less water on cooler days
Spring feeding: o
If the horse is on controlled turnout, limit access to rapidly growing grass.
Increasing gradually over a couple of weeks.
o
Feed a vitamin/mineral supplement with magnesium.
o
If the horse is on regular turnout, they will adjust to the grass naturally.
o
At this time of year, protein is particularly important to a healthy coat that sheds out properly.
Horses need carbohydrates for energy, protein for cell function, and fats for energy storage, as well as vitamins A, D, E, C, K, and B complex.
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NUTRITION continued Summer feeding: o
Evaluate the condition of the grass and the horses.
o
Feed hay if the grass is poor and the horse is losing weight.
o
Always provide plenty of water to avoid impaction from eating the dry hay.
o
Provide fresh water at all times, especially in hot weather.
o
Large amounts of protein can make horses susceptible to heat stress:
o
Grass is better than alfalfa.
Offer free access to salt and supplement with electrolytes if the horses are working hard and sweating heavily.
Fall feeding: o
If a mild fall produces a final surge of grass growth, feed additional magnesium if needed.
o
Gradually increase the amount of hay as the grass dies and weather turns colder.
o
For older horses and hard keepers (horses that have trouble maintaining weight) in colder climates:
o
Feed a little extra as fall transitions into winter.
This will help the horses have a better chance of staying in good flesh.
Shelter:
Horses need a dry shelter area during cold or wet weather.
Regular grooming helps to keep the horse well maintained, and make it easier to notice any abnormalities.
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~ Nutrition Feeding: Stalls
Feed according to directions given by Equine Technician
Sweep soiled stall bedding and manure out or away from underneath the feeder
Place hay in feeder
Hay is to be fed a minimum of 2 times per day
Decrease number of flakes if there is hay left over by the next feeding
Increase number of flakes if horse consumes his meal and is still obviously hungry
Pens
Feed according to directions given by Equine Technician
Pick up manure out from underneath the feeder or away from the feed bowl
Place hay in feeder
Hay is to be fed a minimum of 2 times per day
Decrease number of flakes if there is hay left over by the next feeding
Increase number of flakes if horse consumes his meal and is still obviously hungry
Staging
Feed according to directions given by Equine Technician
Place hay in feeders and clean areas on the ground
Hay is to be fed a minimum of 2 times per day
Decrease number of flakes if there is hay left over by the next feeding
Increase number of flakes if horse consumes his meal and is still obviously hungry
Supplementation
Supplementation is given to horses on an as needed basis
Supplementation should be added to the diet slowly – not all at once
Follow the directions on the board in the GK Hardt Barn and in the feed room
Supplementation is to be fed a minimum of 2 times per day
Increase supplementation if condition of horse does not improve
~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~ Nutrition Evaluating Body Condition Score:
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Poor (1): Extremely emaciated: spinous processes, ribs, tailhead, tuber coxae (hip joints), and ischia (lower pelvic bones) projecting prominently; bone structure of withers, shoulders and neck easily noticeable; no fatty tissue can be felt.
Very Thin (2): Emaciated: slight fat covering over base of spinous processes; transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae feel rounded; spinous processes, ribs, tailhead, tuber coxae (hip joints) and Ischia (lower pelvic bones) prominent; withers, shoulders and neck structure faintly discernible.
Thin (3): Fat buildup about halfway on spinous processes; transverse processes cannot be felt; slight fat cover over ribs; spinous processes and ribs easily discernible; tailhead prominent, but individual vertebrae cannot be identified visually; tuber coxae (hip joints) appear rounded but easily discernible; tuber ischia (lower pelvic bones) not distinguishable; withers, shoulders and neck accentuated.
Moderately Thin (4): Slight ridge along back; faint outline of ribs discernible; tailhead prominence depends on conformation, fat can be felt around it; tuber coxae (hips joints) not discernible; withers, shoulders, and neck not obviously thin.
Moderate (5): Back is flat (no crease or ridge); ribs not visually distinguishable but easily felt; fat around tailhead beginning to feel spongy; withers appear rounded over spinous processes; shoulders and neck blend smoothly into body.
Moderately Fleshy (6): May have slight crease down back; fat over ribs spongy; fat around tailhead soft; fat deposit beginning along the side of withers, behind shoulders and along sides of neck.
Fleshy (7): May have crease down back; individual ribs can be felt, but noticeable filling between ribs with fat; fat around tailhead soft; fat deposited along withers, behind shoulders, and along neck.
Fat (8): Crease down back; difficult to feel ribs; fat around tailhead very soft; area along withers filled with fat; area behind shoulder filled with fat; noticeable thickening of neck; fat deposited along inner thighs.
Extremely Fat (9): Obvious crease down back; patchy fat appearing over ribs; bulging fat around tailhead, along withers, behind shoulders, and along neck; fat along inner thighs may rub together; flank filled with fat.
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Nutrition Evaluating Body Condition Score:
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NUTRITION - continued
Calculating Weight: Reference Guide
SHONE FARM – HORSES
Girth (in)
Weight (lbs)
32
100
40
200
45
275
50
375
55
500
60
650
62
720
64
790
66
860
68
930
70
1,000
72
1,072
74
1,140
76
1,210
78
1,290
80
1,370
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Health) Health and well-being of the herd: Horses are observed for Body Condition and any signs of Poor Health or Injury on a regular basis. Regardless of where horses are being held (pastures, pens, stalls), they are checked on daily basis – feeding is an ideal time. Unscheduled checks are also encouraged: while checking fences and pastures, checking on other livestock, etc. Any time a staff member is in the vicinity of the horses, the staff member should take the initiative to check on the animals’ well-being. Horses should be alert, calm, eating, drinking be able to rise, lay down and to move about. If a sick or injured animal is observed, either the Livestock Technician or Farm Manager should be contacted immediately. See “Management Practices (Illness or Injury)” for a detailed description of how to proceed with a sick or injured animal.
Tools and Equipment
Flashlight & Fresh Batteries
Scissors
Weight Tape
Stethoscope
Thermometers
Petroleum Jelly
Sheet Cotton or bandaging material
Stretchy Adhesive Wrap
Duct Tape
Protective Boot
Disposable Razors
Syringes
Squirt Bottles
Plastic Jars
Twitch
Scale
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~
Observation Vital Signs: You don’t need to check the horse’s vital signs every day, but should the horse show any signs of illness, you will have important information to reference and give to the veterinarian. The normal range for a horse’s temperature is 99-100.5 °F. Always check with the veterinarian if the temperature is significantly higher or lower than normal. a. Tie or have someone hold the horse. b. Use one hand to move the horse’s tail to one side (rather than lifting it up). c.
Using a thermometer, attach a string from the thermometer and an alligator clip, attach the alligator clip to the tail of the horse, apply a small amount of lubricant jelly to the tip of the thermometer (keeping in mind that the lubricant jelly can slightly affect the temperature).
d. Insert and push the tip of the thermometer gently inward and upward. (Do not rush or force the thermometer). e. Do not insert the thermometer all the way; the contact of warm feces will give an incorrect reading. f.
Carefully move the tail back to its normal position, and wait until the thermometer beeps, then check the temperature.
The normal range for a horse’s pulse is 28-44 beats per minute. To take the horse’s pulse, try to keep the horse quiet and at rest, (using a stethoscope, maxillary artery, or digital artery) count for 15 seconds and multiply that number by 4 to get beats per minute (BPM).
Heart: use a stethoscope to listen by placing the bell of the stethoscope on the horse’s chest, just behind the left elbow.
Maxillary Artery: hold the halter with one hand, use the other hand to locate the artery on the inside of the jawbone. Lightly press your fingertips against the artery (do not use your thumb, because you will read your own pulse).
Digital Artery: by running your hand down the inside or outside of the horse’s limb, just below the fetlock, feel for throbbing. Once located, press your fingertips gently against the artery.
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~
Observation (cont) Vital Signs: The normal range for a horse’s respiration is 8-20 breaths per minute. To take the horse’s respiration: use a stethoscope; watch the horse’s flank; feel for air coming out of the nostrils and then count for 15 seconds and multiply that number by 4 to get breaths per minute (BPM).
While the horse is at rest, quiet, and not eating, firmly press the bell of the stethoscope against the underside of the horse’s neck (trachea) about 4 inches below the throatlatch.
The horse’s breath can be counted as one in and out movement of the horse’s flank.
The horse’s breath can also be counted by holding a flat palm close to the nostrils and feeling for air.
It is important to notice any difficulty breathing such as increased breathing rate and effort.
Auscultation of the abdomen:
Intestines should have regular mixing contractions and propulsive contractions of sounds.
Mixing contractions are weak - low to moderately pitched. Propulsive contractions are large, deeper sounding contractions that occur less frequently. Abnormal sounds include: ‘pings'; increased, frequently high pitch sounds; complete lack of sounds; rubbing sounds.
In general, trends in sounds are more important than a slight increase or decrease at any point in time, with the exception of a complete lack of sounds.
Lack of gut sounds often indicates an impaction. (should be evaluated by veterinarian)
Excess gut sounds may be a sign of gas, hyperactive gut, or diarrhea. (should be evaluated by veterinarian)
Gut sounds increase after eating.
To listen, place your left hand on the horse’s back, stand closely to his side, firmly press the stethoscope to the side of the abdomen. (Move the stethoscope to the upper and lower left to listen to the colon, upper right to listen to the large intestine, and lower right to listen to the small intestine).
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~
Observation (cont) Vital Signs: Hydration “Pinch Test”
In the shoulder or neck area, pick up a fold of the horse’s skin between your thumb and forefinger. Pull it away from the horse’s body.
Release the skin and observe how long it takes to return to its normal flat position.
In a normal hydrated horse, the skin will return back to a flat position almost immediately (during colder weather it will take slightly longer, but no more than 2 seconds).
A “tent” of skin after 3 seconds indicates that the horse has suffered fluid loss.
If the horse still has a “tent” after 5-10 seconds, the horse has suffered moderate to severe fluid loss and should be evaluated by a veterinarian.
Capillary Refill
Gently lift the top lip of the horse upward
Using one finger, push on the horse’s gums until the gums turn whitish
Release finger pressure
Count how many seconds it takes for the gums to return to normal color
A prolonged capillary refill time of greater than 2 seconds indicates poor circulation and dehydration.
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~ Observation Equine Daily Checklist:
Appetite:
A normal appetite is indicative of a healthy horse.
A lack of appetite could signify an illness or injury.
Water (feeder/trough):
Horses often flush out their mouths when they drink; this allows you to see if there is any loose hay or grains floating in the water.
Large amounts of feedstuff in the water can be signs of dental problems or obstruction.
Attitude:
A normal horse should be bright, alert, and responsive. Little to no clear nasal and ocular discharge is normal.
A moderate to large amount of discolored nasal or ocular discharge may indicate an upper airway infection, sinus infection or tooth infection.
Limbs:
As part of a daily physical examination of the horse, it is important to check each limb for heat, swelling, wounds, blood or lameness.
If any of the above is noticed on the limb, this could be due to trauma/injury.
Skin and Hair:
Run your hands all over the horse’s body, parting the hair to check for any lumps, bumps, cuts, flaky skin, sensitive areas, and any other abnormalities.
Pay special attention to the appearance of the mane and tail: are they clean, full, and lying in the appropriate direction, or are they dirty, patchy, or sticky?
Manure:
Normal fecal balls should be well defined, with some coarse roughage in them, and moist enough to retain their shape in a pile.
Loose and unformed manure suggests that the horse’s feedstuff has passed through too quickly; this could be a result of sudden change in feed, viral or bacterial infection of the gastrointestinal tract or stress.
Dry and flaking manure balls indicate that a horse has not had enough water to drink.
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~
Observation (cont) Skin Abnormalities: 1. Carefully check the horse’s body, mane and tail, for skin problems (Be sure to apply more pressure to the body in the winter, when the horse’s coat is thick) Run your hands over the horse’s body. When you encounter an abnormality, move the hair aside (splitting the hair) with your fingers and take a closer look. Monitor any bumps or lumps and let the Equine Technician know (so the veterinarian could be called) if you suspect a problem. Carefully examine the mane and tail. Bald patches on the dock are often caused by tail rubbing (a natural response to dirty skin and parasites). Also, be sure that the horse is dewormed and that the tail is properly cleaned.
2. Wound assessment and treatment: a. Deep lacerations or torn skin/flesh
Contact the Equine Technician
Contact the Veterinarian
Follow directions of the Veterinarian (do not attempt to clean or medicate the wound without advice of the Veterinarian)
b. Superficial wounds (cuts and abrasions)
Wash any dried blood or serum away with a good antiseptic soap and some warm water
Pat dry the wound, and apply appropriate topical medication, if needed
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Health) – continued Preventative Treatment
Horses receive dental care as a regular routine once a year as well as on an as-needed basis. The Veterinarian dentist treats all Shone Farm horses and some of the Boy Scout horses (horses treated are determined each year) and is scheduled to facilitate Equine Science Class Labs. Dental Care:
Dental Care: the most common dental problems
Irritation of the gums: frequently caused by rough feed or sharp seeds, food caught in gaps of teeth, swelling, or irritation from equipment.
Tartar buildup: the most common site for buildup of tartar is on the canine teeth. Pellets and mash cause more tartar accumulation than hay and pasture roughage.
Tongue injuries: cuts and bruising, such as from a bite or from biting its own tongue, can be serious and bleed profusely (AWAYS CONSULT THE VETERINARIAN)
Retained caps: when the caps (aged baby teeth) do not detach properly as permanent teeth grow in, it causes the gum to become inflamed, painful, and can cause sinus problems.
Uneven wear and sharp ridges: sharp points on the horse’s molars jab into flesh in the mouth. Regular floating eliminates the problem.
Lost tooth: occasional tooth loss happens with age but can create a problem. The deteriorated tooth may fall out on its own, or be taken out by a veterinarian.
Signs to look for when a horse has a dental problem:
Wads of feed (especially hay) dropped while eating. This is called “Quidding”
Large amounts of hay or grain in the water bucket.
Drooling.
Horse holds its head at an odd angle while chewing.
The horse refuses to eat.
Poor body condition score (BCS).
Mouth has a bad odor.
Horse tosses or shakes head when wearing a bridle – a noseband will exacerbate this.
Horse pushes his nose into the air when pressure is applied to the reins.
Horse resists turning in one or both directions.
Horse flinches from touching in the mouth.
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~
Dental Care Check Teeth:
First a) Loosen up the horse’s halter so that the horse could open the mouth wider. b) You want to notice the general appearance of the horse’s tongue, sores, lacerations, or any discolorations.
Second a) Stand to the side of the horse with one hand on the halter to control the horse’s head. b) Use the free-hand to find the interdental space or bars (this is the natural space between the horse’s incisors and premolars) by inserting two fingers just before the corner of the horse’s lips. c) BEWARE OF FINGER PLACEMENT!
Third a) While your fingers are still in the horse’s mouth, turn your hand so that the palm faces the horse’s ears; insert your index finger between the horse’s teeth and cheek. b) Gently pull the cheek tissue outward, and away from the horse’s molars. c) Once the horse has closed his jaw, relax the tension on the cheek tissue and bring your finger toward the edge of the molars.
Fourth a) Turn your palm outward and use your forefinger to check for sharp edges on the molars. b) Move slowly and carefully, being alert of any chewing motions (could severely injure your hand). c) Also, beware of teeth that have not been floated before in a while.
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Health) – continued Preventative Treatment
Sheath Cleaning Gelding sheaths are cleaned on an as needed basis throughout the year, during classes when teachers request it for lab and/or when they receive dental care. General observation can be made when geldings urinate in order to assess the need for cleaning. Observing geldings when they urinate will also indicate if there is a “bean” present that needs to be removed from the end of the urethra. A “bean” is a build-up of smegma that forms a ball in the end of the urethra which can create difficulty in urination. Periodic cleaning of the sheath and removing any “beans” present will help to avoid health problems such as bacterial infections or other issues resulting from a blocked urethra. A good time to clean a horse’s sheath is on a warm day after a workout. The horse will be slightly tired and relaxed and less likely to fuss or retract his penis. Whenever a horse is uncooperative and indicates he may kick, a veterinarian should be called to sedate the horse.
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~ Sheath Cleaning
First a) Wear a clean pair of exam gloves. b) Stand at the horse’s left flank, facing the rear. c) Place your left (arm/hand) over the horse’s back. d) First run the water on the horse’s belly (warm water, if possible). e) Using the hose, fill the sheath with water, inserting the hose 2-3 inches into it to rinse well. f)
The sheath will fill up like a balloon.
g) Allow water to empty then repeat filling the sheath again. h) Allow the horse to relax so that his penis will “drop” or at the very least, so that you can reach into the sheath in order to clean. i)
Put a small amount of liquid dish soap on your hand then either clean the dropped penis or reach into the sheath to clean.
j)
Gently work the soap in – do not scrub.
Second a) Chunks and sheets of smegma (a dark, foul-smelling combination of fatty secretions, dirt, and dead cells) will be released as you work. b) Allow the debris to fall to the ground. c) Also clean the gelding’s belly where there may be a collection of smegma
Third a) To rinse the sheath, use a hose with warm running water. b) First run the water against the horse’s belly. c) Using the hose, fill the sheath with water, inserting the hose 2-3 inches into it to rinse well.
Fourth a) NOTE: A HORSE UNACCUSTOMED TO SHEATH CLEANING MAY KICK UPWARD WITH HIS HIND LEG. TO AVOID INJURY TO YOUR HAND, HOLD IT AS HIGH UP AGAINST THE HORSE’S BELLY AS POSSIBLE. b) Once the horse has lowered his penis, hold it with your left hand while GENTLY rolling the skin at the tip, near the opening, back and forth. c) Check for the bean (a ball of hard, waxy smegma that can interfere with urination.
Fifth a) Rinse the penis with warm water.
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Health) – continued Preventative Treatment
Foot Care: Foot & Hoof Care: Proper foot and hoof care is paramount for the health and welfare of a horse. Horses are said to have 5 hearts: 1 in each foot and the traditional heart. A horse’s feet need to be balanced and properly trimmed or shod in order to maintain proper circulation – every time a horse steps and puts pressure on the frog of that foot, blood is pushed back up toward the heart and every time that foot is lifted, blood is forced back down into that foot from the heart. Improper circulation can cause laminitis and death to foot tissues (necrosis) and eventual death of the horse. Farrier: The farrier is scheduled so that each horse is treated on a regular basis – between 5 and 10 weeks, generally, depending on the level of care needed for each horse. The farrier arrives at Shone Farm once per week (more if needed and less if all horses have been treated within their individual time frames) and treats from 1 to approximately 6 horses each visit.
About the horse’s foot:
The hoof is a horny shell that covers bones, blood vessels, and nerves. The outer shell is a unique covering that grows continually to compensate for wear and tear.
The Laminae connects the outer, hard hoof to the sensitive internal structures of the hoof.
It supports thousands of body weight over a relatively small area.
Minor hoof ailments can blossom into lameness if allowed to go unchecked.
Practice good hoof maintenance, and you will go a long way toward giving the horse many sound years.
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Health) – continued Preventative Treatment
Foot Care: Checklist for a healthy foot: a. Handle the horse’s feet
So that the horse grows accustomed to it.
This will make the horse much easier to deal with during trimming, shoeing, or treating problems.
b. Clean the hooves daily
Picking out rocks and other small objects that can lead to bruises and corns.
Removing manure and mud buildup will prevent the development of infections such as thrush.
c. Use your hands to check
For any areas of swelling and heat in the lower legs and hooves; these may signal an injury or infection.
d. Noticed the overall condition
Of the hooves.
Do they appear healthy and strong, or brittle and weak?
Are there any cracks, nicks, or bruises present?
Also pay attention to hoof length.
As hooves grow, they may split or impair the horse’s normal movement.
e. In winter and Spring
Be extra diligent in cleaning the hooves, as thrush can be problematic if pens and pastures are wet and muddy.
If your horse’s hooves tend to collect ice balls during cold weather, apply a light coating of petroleum jelly before turning the horse out.
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Health) – continued Preventative Treatment
Foot Care:
Foot-Care Kit:
Hoof Picks
Small, Stiff Brushes (for cleaning)
Shoeing Hammer
Clinch Cutter
Pulling Nippers (aka “pull-offs”)
Crease Nail Puller
Rasp
Sponge Applicators or small paintbrush (for medicine or sealers)
Duct Tape (for wrapping hoof)
Diapers – size 2 or suitable Bandaging items
Soaking Boots (Davis Boot) & EZ Boot
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~
Foot Care
Picking Up A Foot: Most horses will readily lift their feet with just a little pressure.
First a) To pick up a front foot, stand at the horse’s shoulder, facing to the rear. b) Press your fingertips just above the fetlock joint. c) If the horse resists lifting the foot, press your shoulder against his shoulder and pinch the indentation between the tendon and cannon bone. d) The front foot can be held in one hand or between your legs.
Second a) To pick up a hind foot, stand beside the horse’s hindquarters, facing the rear. b) Place the hand closest to him against the horse and lean gently toward him. c) This will help the horse to shift his weight. d) Run the hand down the back of his leg and pinch the back tendon.
Third a) Once you have picked up the hind foot, rest it against your thigh for examination and cleaning. b) Keep your upper arm or shoulder in contact with the horse and use at least one hand to brace the foot against your leg.
Fourth a) If the horse tries to jerk a hind foot away while you are working, bend the fetlock joint by firmly pulling the toe upward (The horse will not be able to kick or move the foot as easily with this joint flexed). b) You can now use a hoof pick to clean the horse’s foot.
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~
Foot Care
Cleaning A Hoof: Pick out hooves daily and before working horses to keep them clean and disease-free and to uncover any problems in their early stages.
First a) Use one hand to support the hoof from underneath. b) With the other hand, insert the hoof pick point near the bulbs of the heel.
Second c) Angle the hoof pick in the commissures and work downward to remove debris. d) The most sensitive area of the foot is the frog – work gently around it.
Third e) Scrape away any debris around the inside edge of the shoe. A stiff brush can be used to brush towards the center of the hoof.
Fourth f)
SHONE FARM – HORSES
CAREFULLY pick under the heels of the shoes, near the end of the commissures.
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~
Foot Care Checking A Foot: Check for irregularities once you have cleaned the horse’s hooves.
First a) Feel for any unusual bumps or cracks. b) Look for any sole bruising. c) Look for cracks or chips in the hoof wall d) Make sure that the clinches are smooth.
Second a) If you notice sole bruising, stall the horse and notify the Equine Technician. b) If you notice any cracks or chips in the hoof wall and the horse isn’t lame, notify the Equine Technician and put a note on the board for the farrier. c) If you notice any loose clinches, the shoe may be shifting or coming off. Notify the Equine Technician to have the farrier tighten or reset the shoe.
Third a) Sometimes the hoof will grow over the edge of the shoe. The farrier will be called to reset overgrown shoes.
Fourth a) Small rocks or other objects can get caught between the heel of the shoe and the horse’s heel. A hoof pick should be used to carefully dislodge the object(s).
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~ Foot Care
Removing A Loose Shoe: Loose or bent shoes are common but they are also dangerous and can cause punctures of the sole and cuts to the opposite leg from loose nails, and tearing of the hoof wall if the shoe is stepped on and pulled off.
Remove loose or bent shoes immediately and protect the hoof until the farrier can trim and reshoe the horse.
First Step a) Pick up the leg and brace the foot against your leg. b) Place the chisel end of a clinch cutter against the clinches on the outside of the hoof and tap with a hammer to open the clinches.
Second Step a) If the shoe has a crease on the bottom, use a crease nail puller to pull the nails out. b) If any nail heads protrude from the bottom of the shoe, use pull-offs to extract them.
Third Step a) If the nails can’t be extracted individually, loosen the shoe by grabbing the heel that is most firmly attached and prying it toward the tip of the frog. b) Repeat with the other shoe heel.
Fourth Step a) Remove shoe: grasp one side with the pull-offs and pull it toward the tip of the frog. b) Repeat at intervals around the shoe. c) DO NOT PRY TOWARD THE OUTSIDE OF THE HOOF.
Fifth Step a) If any nails remain in the hoof, use the “pull-offs” to straighten the nails, then pull them straight out. b) DO NOT PULL AT AN ANGLE, OR YOU MAY DAMAGE THE HOOF.
Sixth Step a) Keep the horse confined on soft, dry footing until the farrier arrives.
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~
Foot Care Treating A Foot: Feet may occasionally require treatment with medicine, sealers, or dressings. Applying a Hoof Dressing a) A daily application of dressing will soften dry, cracked heels. b) Use your fingertips to thoroughly rub it in. c) DO NOT overuse. d) Try to find one made with natural ingredient bases.
Treating an Abscess a) If the abscess has ruptured: Put horse in a stall Use a low-sided rubber bucket Mix hot water, a cup of Epsom salts and “Betadine” to make it a tea color Soak the horse’s foot for 20 minutes or as long as possible Pat entire foot dry If the abscess ruptured out the Coronary Band, leave foot unwrapped o Soak daily until any evidence of pus is gone o Keep wound clean and dry in order to heal If the abscess ruptured out the Heel Bulb or Sole, wrap foot o Soak daily until any evidence of pus is gone o After soaking, place a diaper or similar bandaging item on the bottom of the foot and covering the open wound o Wrap diaper (bandaging) in place with duct tape b) If the abscess hasn’t ruptured: the horse will be extremely lame Soak foot as described above Apply “Icthamol” to the area the abscess is likely to rupture Cover with a bandage Wrap diaper in place with duct tape Keep wrap in place until it falls off or abscess ruptures After abscess ruptures, follow directions above Thrush
a) Applying a Commercial Remedy
Thrush can also be treated with a variety of commercial remedies.
After cleaning the hoof, apply product deep into the cleft of the frog and commissures.
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Health) – continued Preventative Treatment
Foot Care:
COMMON TYPES OF LAMENESS:
Lameness is characterized by the horse’s inability or reluctance to bear weight on a limb or foot, or by any abnormality in movement of the foot or leg.
In general, if the horse is “lame,” inform the Equine Technician. The Equine Tech will determine whether or not to consult a veterinarian for advice and treatment.
1. ABCESSES: Pockets of pus on the horse’s hoof that form following a puncture wound when surface tissues heal over and trap infected material inside.
2. ACUTE INFECTIONS: Are characterized by canker and thrush, gravel, and pastern dermatitis on the hoof. 4. BOWED TENDON: May resemble
3. BONE AILMENTS: Arthritis, ringbone, fractures, bone spavin, and other degenerative diseases.
5. BRUISES AND CORNS: Inflammation of the hoof caused by the pressure of a foreign object and subsequent fluid buildup.
7. LIGAMENT STRAIN: Characterized by swelling, heat, and tenderness in the affected limb.
ligament strain, with lameness, heat, and pain. Arched, “bow-like” appearance of the tendon on the back of the leg.
6. LAMINITIS: Results in stance changes, including shifting weight onto hind legs and stretching out front legs, heat, and sensitivity in hooves.
8. MUSCLE STRAIN: Horse limps and flinches away from firm hand pressure.
9. NOVICULAR SYNDROME: Caused
10. TUMOR/CYST: Growth on or near a
by poor foot confirmation. Results in intermittent limping and a choppy gait.
bone, tendon, or ligament. May require radiographs or ultrasound to diagnose. ***Rare in horses.****
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Health) – continued Preventative Treatment
Foot Care: FOR TREATING HOOF AILMENTS: THRUSH. A bacterial or fungal infection of the frog. It causes the hoof tissues to rot, which causes a black discharge with foul odor. In its earliest stages, thrush can be eradicated with treatment. If it has progressed to the point of lameness, consult with the veterinarian.
ABSCESS. This is the result of a puncture that has healed over and has trapped bacteria inside. Soak the foot in a rubber tub filled with 3 gallons of warm water, ½ cup of Epsom salt, 2 tbsp of betadine solution, and repeat for 7-10 days. Wrap the foot with gauze and vet wrap. Consult with the veterinarian.
SPLIT HOOF WALL.
If the hoof is exposed to overly dry conditions, or it becomes too long, the wall can split upon concussion. Deep cracks that bleed or have “puslike” discharge, or extend into the coronary band, NEED VETERINARY ATTENTION.
GRAVEL.
SHONE FARM – HORSES
This occurs when bacteria invade the sole or white line of the foot through a puncture or crack. The foot fills with pus and the infection erupts on the coronary band. Soak the hoof daily in a rubber tub filled with 3 gallons of warm water and ½ cup of Epsom salts.
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CORN.
KINDS OF CORN. DRY CORNS indicated by red spots
on the hoof and caused by bleeding inside the sole, are usually minor. MOIST CORNS are characterized by seeping fluid beneath horny tissue that has been severely injured. SUPPURATING CORNS have become infected and abscessed.
SHONE FARM – HORSES
A bruised area on the sole of the foot can be caused by improper shoeing, leaving shoes on too long, or stepping on sharp rocks or gravel. If the horse is limping because of the corn, call the veterinarian.
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Health) – continued Preventative Treatment
Foot Care:
RECOGNIZING LAMINITIS:
Also called founder, laminitis is one of the most complicated and most common conditions affecting horses.
It is a metabolic disorder which blood flow to the feet is reduced, causing damage to the laminae that bonds the hoof wall to the coffin bone.
This allows the coffin bone to rotate.
Laminitis may be acute or chronic, but always requires prompt treatment.
Signs of acute laminitis: o
High fever and chills
o
Sweating
o
Diarrhea
o
Fast pulse and rapid heavy breathing
o
Hot and painful feet
o
Standing “Camped Out”
CAUSES OF LAMINITIS:
Obesity
Overeating of feed or rich pasture/forages
Bacterial toxins in the bloodstream o
May occur with uterine infection, or when a horse overeats grain
Drinking too much water while overheated
Foaling
Fever
Infection or inflammatory conditions o
Such as enteritis or colitis
Strenuous work on a hard surface
Hypothyroidism
Severe lameness in the opposite limb
Trimming hooves too closely
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~
Foot Care Laminitis:
ALLWAYS CALL THE VETERINARIAN o
This is a complicated condition and must be treated for best chances of recovery.
Ways to prevent laminitis o
Always feed a well-balanced ration
o
Introduce new feeds gradually overall several days and never overfeed
o
Condition horses to their work gradually
o
Never work horses to the point of exhaustion
o
Cool horses off properly after work.
o
Only allow horses to drink cold water after they have been cooled
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Health) – continued Preventative Treatment
Foot Care:
FOUNDER RINGS:
In horses with chronic founder, the laminae separate from the hoof wall and the sole drops, becoming almost flat. The hoof wall spreads out and forms rings or ridges, which extend the width of the hoof. In serious cases: hoof wall completely separates from the laminae and the horny shell peels off. Horses with chronic founder need corrective trimming and shoeing for the rest of their lives. Until the veterinarian arrives: o It is very important to apply something cold to the feet to reduce inflammation, heat, and pain. This is an early important step in treating laminitis Have a second person hold the horse while you hose off each affected hoof Stand horse in cool sand Apply cold packs to the feet. Secure the ice pack with vet wrap. Allow the ice pack to remain on the feet for several minutes, or as per the veterinarian.
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Health) – continued Preventative Treatment
Vaccination: Equine vaccination programs are an important component of a herd health program. Our Vaccination protocols are designed with specific management systems and production goals in mind. Horses are generally vaccinated twice per year: 4-way in the Fall and Rabies/WNV in the Spring. When possible, Equine Vaccinations facilitate Equine Science Class Labs. Vaccination sites are in the neck and hindquarters. Rabies is a live vaccine and must be administered only by a veterinarian. WNV is prevalent in the Spring/Summer, therefore it is administered in the Spring by the veterinarian at the same time as the Rabies vaccination.
GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTING & MINIMIZING DISEASE:
VACCINATE ALL HORSES against diseases that are prevalent in the area.
KEEP HORSES IN A HEALTHY, SAFE, STRESS-FREE ENVIROMENT. a) Severe or prolonged stress can lead to illness. b) Limit unaccustomed noise, crowding, temperature (extremes), lack of water, strenuous exercise, exhaustion, and other factors that add to stress.
DO NOT ALLOW HORSE TO DRINK: a) From water tank or trough used by other horses without proper quarantine protocols.
KEEP FEED AND WATER SUPPLIES CLEANED AND UNCONTAMINATED AT ALL TIMES.
ISOLATE ANY NEW HORSES in a separate pen with no direct contact with other horses for two weeks, or until you are sure that the new horses are healthy.
QUARANTINE ANY HORSE THAT BECOMES ILL with any disease and take precautions not to spread infection to the healthy horses.
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Health) – continued Preventative Treatment
Shone Farm horses are vaccinated annually for the following as appropriate: a. Rabies b. West Nile Virus c. Influenza d. Rhinopneumonitis e. Eastern, Western, Venezuelan Encephalomyelitis f. Tetanus
Boy Scout horses are vaccinated annually for the following as appropriate: g. Rabies h. West Nile Virus i. Influenza j. Rhinopneumonitis
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~ Deworming
Administering Dewormer:
Paste
First a) Adjust the dosage according to the horse’s weight and lock the plastic ring on the syringe in place. b) While standing on the horse’s near (left) side, hold the halter in your right hand and the syringe in your left hand. c) Insert the tube a few inches into the mouth at the corner, using an upward angle.
Second a) Insert the tube between the horse’s cheek and premolar and dispense the paste by pushing down on the plunger of the syringe.
Third a) Grasp the horse’s chin and hold his head up to allow the paste to dissolve in the mouth and to prevent the horse from spitting it out. b) NOTE: the paste will dissolve quickly.
Top Dressing
First a) Read directions on the container for proper dosage and frequency of administration b) Measure out proper dosage in provided cup
Second a) Pour dewormer over the top of small amount of grain or complete feed b) Offer to horse
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~ External Parasites
Parasite Control: Bots
USING A BOT KNIFE: a) Safely tie the horse. b) Look on the horse’s lower legs for yellowish Bot eggs. c) Lay the Bot fly knife against the hair and scrape downward to remove the eggs. d) DO THIS ONLY IN AREAS THAT THE HORSE DOESN’T EAT, OR THE HORSE WILL BECOME REINFECTED BY ACCIDENTALLY INGESTING THE FALLEN EGGS.
USING A BOT BLOCK: a) Safely tie the horse. b) Look on the horse’s lower legs for yellowish Bot eggs. c) Lay the block against the hair and scrape downward to remove the eggs. d) When used repeatedly, the pores of the block will fill and up the edges will be blunted, making it less effective. e) Sharpen the block by running it across a hard edge, such as that of a board.
Flies
To prevent adult botflies from laying their eggs on a horse, spray or wipe the horse with fly repellent.
To minimize fly irritation, spray or wipe the horse with fly repellent.
To treat sores caused by flies (primarily the sternum area of the horse), apply an ointment (“SWAT”) liberally on the sores.
Each horse should be provided with a fly mask.
a) The spray should be applied all over the body, with an extra coating on the lower legs, where botflies often lay eggs. b) NEVER SPRAY A HORSE’S FACE WITH INSECT REPELLENT. c) Always use a soft cloth or small sponge to treat sensitive areas and avoid the eyes entirely. d) Fly repellent creams and roll-ons are especially used for the face.
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Health) - continued Toxic Plants: http://lbemc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/ToxicPlants.pdf
PLANT
TOXIN
ORGAN
Dogbane/Indian hemp
Cardiac glycosides
Heart
Fiddleneck
Pyrrolizdine
Liver
Foxtails
Physical
Mouth, eyes, skin
Oleander
Cardiac glycosides
Heart
Starthistle
Lactones
Nervous
Arrowgrass
Cyanide
Blood, all organs
Avocado
Persin
Vascular
Chokecherry
Cyanide
Cell poison, all organs
Cocklebur
Glycosides
Cell poison, all cells
Curly dock
Oxalates, nitrate
Kidney, blood
Deathcamas
Alkaloids
Nervous
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SIGNS Sudden death, diarrhea, weakness, irregular heartbeat Chronic appetite loss, weight loss, walkabout disease, head pressing, rectal straining. Ulceration and lesions in the mouth, tongue, gums, and eyes Sudden death, depression, salivation, weakness, irregular heartbeat, diarrhea Weight loss, chewing disease, yawning. Sudden death, salivation, heavy breathing Mastitis, heart failure Sudden death, salivation, heavy breathing Sudden death, salivation, depression, weakness,incoordination, muscle tremors, coma Sudden death, weakness, inappetance, incoordination, muscle spasms, convulsions, coma Sudden death, excessive salivation, decreased temperature, staggering, weakness, coma
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Greasewood
Oxalates
Kidney
Groundsel
Pyrrolizidine
Liver
Horsetail
Thiaminase
Nervous
Locoweed
Alkaloids
Nervous
Milkweed
Cardiac glycosides
Gastrointestinal, heart, nervous
Nightshade
Alkaloids
Gastrointestinal
Poison hemlock
Coniine (alkaloids)
Nervous, reproductive
Summer pheasant’s eye
Glycosides
Gastrointestinal
Toyon
Cyanide
Cell poison, all organs
Water hemlock
Alcohols
Nervous
Western bracken fern
glycosides
Bone marrow, bladder
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Sudden death, depression, incordination, weakness, coma Chronic: appetite loss, weight loss; walkabout disease, head pressing, rectal straining Thiamine deficiency, depression, unsteady gait, incoordination, weakness, seizures Depression, stiff gait, incoordination, staring, excitability; difficulty eating, exaggerated mouth movement Depression, incoordination, trembling, seizures Gastrointestinal upset, constipation or diarrhea, drowsiness, salivation, weakness Sudden death, birth defects, nervousness, trembling, weakness, coma Gastrointestinal disturbance, diarrhea, decrease gut motility, sudden death Sudden death Sudden death, muscle spasm, teeth grinding, severe convulsions. Thiamine deficiency, depression, unsteady gait, incoordination, weakness, and seizures
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Health) - continued Infectious Diseases: DISEASE
CAUSES
EFFECTS
PREVENTION/TREATMENT
Spore-forming bacterium found in the environment, especially in the soil.
Irreparable nerve damage if not treated immediately.
Vaccines are helpful in preventing; discard any rodentor bird-contaminated feed or silage.
EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS (EPM)
Protozoan called Sarcocystis neurona that lives in opossums and possibly birds.
Inflammation of the spinal cord and nerve cell damage leads to vague lameness or weakness and incoordination.
Prevent by keeping grain covered, buying heat-processed feed, and reducing the opossum population. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent permanent crippling.
EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYLITIS (SLEEPING SICKNESS)
Three different viruses in mosquitoes spread three different types: Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan.
Usually very serious, but each strain has a different prognosis.
Easily prevented through a combination vaccine, which protects against one or more different strains of the virus. Consult your veterinarian for the appropriate treatment.
BOTULISM
IINFLUENZA
Viral infection.
PIROPLASMOSIS
Protozoa found in tropical climates and spread by blood-sucking insects.
PNEUMONIA (BACTERIAL)
Bacteria in the lungs.
PNEUMONIA (VIRAL)
Virus in the lungs.
POTOMAC HORSE FEVER
Microorganism; thought to be spread by insects.
RABIES
Spread by saliva of infected animals or by biting, by licking
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Respiratory disease with fever, highly contagious and does not respond to antibiotics. Fever, loss of appetite, depression, weakness, and anemia. Rapid, shallow breathing; coughing; abnormal wheezing or rattling noises in the lungs; may have fever, nasal discharge, and foul-smelling breath. Similar to bacterial pneumonia. High fever, low blood pressure, low blood count, extremely painful colic and diarrhea. Symptoms vary widely and can be mistaken for many
A vaccination is available. Treat promptly and vigilantly according to the veterinarians instructions. There is no vaccine, but infected horse may be treated over the course of several weeks.
Quarantine an affected horse in a warm barn, out of the elements, with fresh, clean water and light, nourishing feed; if caught early, it can be successfully treated.
Similar to bacterial pneumonia. A vaccination is available, but if diagnosed early, can be treated with intravenous antibiotics. Mortality rate is high. A vaccination is available and is very effective.
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wounds or lesions on the skin of an infected animal.
RHINOPNEUMONITIS
Equine herpes virus (EHV)
DISEASE
CAUSES
SALMONELLOSIS
Feces of infected animals.
STRANGLES
Bacteria.
TETANUS
Toxin produced by a bacterium present in the digestive tract of many animals and in soils rich with animal manure.
VESICULAR STOMATITIS
Spread by contact with saliva from affected animals and by biting insects.
WEST NILE
Mosquitoes carry the virus from birds and other animals.
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other illnesses, but two common signs are difficulty swallowing and drooling. Can cause respiratory disease, abortion, and nervous system disorders. EFFECTS May not cause problems unless the horse is stressed by another, primary disease; inflammation of the intestine and chronic diarrhea contribute to a high mortality rate. Inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and swollen lymph nodes that often abscess and rupture. Kills by destroying the nervous system and paralyzing breathing muscles. Blister in the mouth and on the tongue, lips, nostrils, teats, and feet; these rupture to reveal painful ulcers. Nonfatal. Only a small percentage show symptoms, including fever and inability to control their muscles; can be fetal.
Highly contagious; if a horse is exposed to many different horses on a regular basis, have the veterinarian come out and vaccinate the horse. PREVENTION/TREATMENT Fluids, electrolytes, and antibiotics are often administered to reduce the effects of the pathogens and strengthen the horse until he develops resistance; recover animals can still spread it to other animals.
Highly contagious; sick horses should be quarantined and their quarters disinfected. Treatment can be difficult; ask veterinarian about vaccination.
Annual vaccination.
No treatment except to prevent secondary infection where the blisters have broken; mild antiseptic mouthwashes and ointments help alleviate pain and speed recovery, which usually occurs in 2 to 3 weeks.
Talk to veterinarian about vaccine and treatment.
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Health) - continued
Common Parasites PARASITE Bloodworms
Bots
DESCRIPTION Blood-sucking parasites also called “Large Strongyles”; ingested blood-worms migrate extensively throughout the body, then eggs are passed in the manure of the host horse. Botflies lay their eggs in clusters of yellow specks on the front legs and flanks of the horse; the horse licks or scratches these spots and the bots make their way to the mouth and eventually the stomach.
EFFECTS
PREVENTION/TREATMENT
Anemia and blocked or damaged arteries and intestines.
Ask the veterinarian what dewormer rotation is appropriate for the area.
Irritation and even perforation of the stomach wall.
Administer ivermectin 1 month after the first botflies appear and every 2 months thereafter during the season; use a bot knife or block to remove eggs from the coat.
Coughing, lung irritation, and difficult breathing.
Ask the veterinarian what dewormer rotation is appropriate for the area.
Lungworms Donkeys and burros are natural hosts for this worm, and they can pass it to horses.
Pinworms
Roundworms
Small Strongyles
SHONE FARM – HORSES
Common in horses younger than 18 months, the worm lives in the large intestine and the eggs appear as a white to yellow, crusty mass near the anus. Also called “ascarids,” they resemble an earthworm in shape and grow up to 12 inches (30.5cm) long. Another type of blood sucker; they live in the intestine and
Intense irritation of the large intestine and possible damage to the horse’s tail (if rubs it to relieve itching around anus and rectum) where the worms deposit their eggs. Serious respiratory problems, because larvae penetrate intestinal wall, enter the bloodstream, and then travel to the lungs. Irreparable damage to the intestines and fatal hemorrhaging if
Easily eradicate by using any good deworming drug; be sure to also thoroughly clean the horse’s stable area or pen, as eggs may stick to walls, floors, and bedding.
Deworm mares with ivermectin right after foaling and keep udder, flanks, and belly free of manure, which may harbor roundworms. Ask the veterinarian what dewormer rotation is appropriate for the area.
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ulcerate the mucous lining.
Tapeworms
allowed to get out of control.
Most common in warm climates; eggs are present in the manure of affected horses and are then ingested by the mites, which infest pasture grass and are subsequently picked up by horses.
Nutrient depletion.
Fenbendazole, given several days in a row, will kill tapeworms, as will the dewormer praziquantel.
Grubs (fly larvae) burrow under the horse’s skin.
Sores and irritation, especially in the saddle area of the horse’s back; cattle grub are not deadly.
Treat nearby cattle for grubs every fall and deworm regularly with ivermectin to kill the immature grubs.
Warbles
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Illness & Injury) Illness and Injuries are not uncommon with horses – some are considered emergencies and require a Veterinarian’s care and some can be taken care of in house with minimum to moderate care. If an illness or injury is suspected or observed, contact the Equine Technician or, in the Equine Technician’s absence, contact the Farm Manager. For an emergency, either the Equine Tech or Farm Manager will call a Veterinarian or direct staff to do so. When in doubt, the Equine Tech or Farm Manager will call the Veterinarian for advice or direct staff to do so. When a horse is discovered injured or appears to be ill and can walk on its own, the horse should be brought into a stall and the Equine Technician notified. In the absence of the Equine Technician, the Farm Manager should be notified. Although the initial illness or injury may be obvious, often there is more than one, therefore, the entire horse should be examined for further problems. Regardless of whether the issue is emergent, or not, the horse should be made comfortable and calm as soon as possible so that he/she doesn’t injure itself further and/or secondary issues don’t occur, such as shock. If the situation is an emergency, no medication should be given to the horse and wound care should not occur without the Veterinarian’s direction. Lacerations should be left alone and no salves or ointments should be applied without the Veterinarian’s direction. Before a Veterinarian is called, the person making the call should be prepared with the proper information to share with the vet: temperature; respiration; bounding pulse; type of injury; location of injury, etc.
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Illness & Injury) - continued Wound Care & Medical Supplies Wound Dressing and Salves
Fura-Zone
Scarlet Oil
Blue Kote
Triple Antibiotic
A&D Ointment
Zinc Oxide
Cortisone Cream
Thrush Medications
Clay Poultice
Icthamol
Disinfectant/Cleansing Solutions
Chlorhexidine (Nolvassan)
Iodine
Betadine (Scrub & Solution)
Alcohol
Oral Medications
Phenylbutazone (Bute) tablets or powder
Banamine paste
Bandaging
Sterile nonstick wound dressing
Sterile nonstick pads
Gauze
Sheet Cotton
Vet Wrap
Syringes & Needles
Various sizes for injectables
Flushing wounds
Oral medications
Thermometer
Digital
Standard (mercury)
Scissors
Bandage
Other
Stethoscope
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Illness & Injury) - continued Top five reasons to call the veterinarian:
INJURY/ILLNESS
DESCRIPTION
WHAT TO DO
1. BURNS
A serious skin injury that can have detrimental secondary effects, such as shock and infection, burns require immediate first aid.
Apply cold packs or hose the burned areas with cold water to stabilize the horse, and then contact the veterinarian. Diligently monitor the horse for any signs of shock.
2. CHOKING
When food or foreign objects become lodged in the esophagus, the horse may choke. As long as the horse can breathe, the horse is not in immediate danger, but the problem still needs medical attention.
Encourage the horse to stand with his head down and massage the throat area. 1. Keep the horse quite. 2. Call the veterinarian. 3. Don’t let the horse eat or drink.
3. COLIC
A term used for abdominal distress, colic has myriad causes.
4. FRACTURES
ANY TYPE OF LEG FRACTURE REQUIRES EMERGENCY TREATMENT.
5. WOUNDS
Surface abrasions and small cuts can usually be handled without a veterinarian. But, profuse bleeding or bleeding that does not stop after several minutes should be assessed by a veterinarian.
SHONE FARM – HORSES
If a horse is showing signs of colic, make note of his symptoms, take pulse, check capillary refill time, perform a pinch-test, and listen to gut sounds. Call the veterinarian and give the horse’s vitals. NEVER LEAVE A COLICKY HORSE UNATENDED FOR LONG. 1. Stabilize the affected bone. 2. CONTACT THE VETERINARIAN. 3. Keep the horse calm and still, DO NOT ADMINISTER ANY PAIN OR ANTIINFLAMMATORY MEDICATION UNLESS ADVISED TO DO SO BY THE VETERINARIAN. Apply a pressure bandage to stop the bleeding and CONTACT THE VETERINARIAN. Because of high risk of infection, puncture wounds on the limbs, body or head should always be treated by the veterinarian.
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Illness & Injury) - continued Colic is a term used for abdominal pain and can have a variety of causes and symptoms. Mild cases will sometimes resolve on its own but colic is a serious problem. Improper treatment can lead to death, therefore, any horse showing obvious signs of gastrointestinal distress should be assessed by a veterinarian as soon as possible.
Causes:
Restricted water intake
Rapid feed change
Gas
Sand
Enteroliths
Twisted Intestine
Unknown reasons
Symptoms:
Repeated rolling
Sweating
Elevated pulse rate
The horse frequently lies down and rises
Turns head towards belly (looking at belly).
The horse lowers his head and repeatedly paws the ground with a front leg.
The horse stands with both front and hind legs stretched forward, with stiff muscles.
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Illness & Injury) - continued TYPES OF COLIC: TWISTED INTESTINE: May be the result of violent rolling due to abdominal pain from severe gas or impaction, or other unknown reasons. A twisted intestine (gastric torsion) exerts so much pressure on the blood vessels, thus restricting blood flow and causing tissues to become necrotic. Endotoxic shock may occur when blood supply to that part of the gut is shut off and can be fatal. ENTERITIS: When a horse develops inflammation of the intestines. The horse cannot absorb fluids traveling down the gut. Pain and diarrhea may result. Enteritis may be triggered by parasite overload, toxin ingestion, or ingestion of sand.
SPASMODIC COLIC: Intermittent cramps sometimes caused by overexcitement or nervousness. Could be a result of eating spoiled or moldy feed, a sudden change in diet, or if the horse consumes a large amount of water when overheated from exertion.
FLATULENT COLIC: Excessive gas in the digestive tract may be caused by highly fermentable feeds.
CONSTIPATION & IMPACTION: Lack of water, or exercise, overly dry feed, and eating bedding are the main culprits of constipation. Extremely dry feed or partially chewed food may not pass through the intestines properly and become impacted. INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION: If a horse eats materials such as hay twines, rubber fencing material, or fabric, a blockage or inflammation of the intestine can result.
SHONE FARM – HORSES
SAND COLIC: A horse sometimes unintentionally ingests sand with his feed. If it accumulates over time, it can lodge in the lower intestine and can be fatal.
WHAT TO DO WHEN A HORSE HAS A COLIC: CALL THE VETERINARIAN and ask what you should do until he arrives. Try to keep the horse as calm and quiet as possible. Discourage the horse from rolling. Monitor the horse’s pulse rate and gut sounds.
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~ Shock
1. Recognizing Shock: Shock can occur as the result of a serious injury. The horse’s body reacts to the trauma by shutting down the circulation in the smaller blood vessels and capillaries. Call the veterinarian immediately. THE SOONER THE SHOCK CAN BE TREATED, THE BETTER THE CHANCE FOR RECOVERY.
A) HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK: a) Shock that is due to excessive blood loss. b) Apply a pressure bandage, blanket the horse and apply leg wraps to keep warm. c) If the bandage bleeds thru, do not remove the bandage – add another one over the top. d) Call the veterinarian as soon as possible. e) The veterinarian will treat the horse with intravenous fluids or blood transfusions, and medications. f)
DO NOT MOVE THE HORSE.
B) SECONDARY SHOCK: a) When there is no blood loss, but circulatory failure is triggered by the pain or tissue damage from conditions such as colic, severe injury or burns. b) Fluid from the bloodstream seeps into other tissues, and the mucous membranes become pale from lack of circulation. c) Call the veterinarian.
2. Signs of shock:
Pale mucous membranes.
Decreased blood pressure.
Restlessness, anxious, dull, or depressed.
Decreased body temperature.
Weak but rapid pulse.
Cold, clammy skin.
Shallow respiration.
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Illness & Injury) - continued
Eye Problems are not uncommon with horses and if they are treated quickly and properly, most outcomes are positive. If an eye injury or problem is observed, a Veterinarian should be called. Many outside influences affect horse’s eyes: flies; sun, trees, bushes so minimizing these helps to keep horse eyes healthy and prevent problems. Limbing up trees, cutting back bushes, using fly masks and fly spray and frequent cleaning of the eyes are strategies used at Shone Farm.
Common Signs of Eye Problems
Squinting or keeping the eye closed
Swelling of the eyelids
Tears or pus (ocular discharge)
Constriction of the pupil
Discoloration behind the cornea (transparent membrane covering the visible part of the eye)
Damage to the cornea
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~
Eye Problems Treating an Eye:
Ointment or Drops
First a) Hold the medication in your right hand. b) With your left hand, gently pat the side of your horse’s face and slide your hand up toward his eye.
Second a) Use your forefinger to carefully press open his upper eyelid. b) Use your thumb to carefully press open his lower eyelid.
Third a) Squeeze the ointment or drops into the lower corner of the eye, closest to the nose, and trace the eyelid – dispensing the medication as you go.
Fourth a) Gently close the eyelids with your fingertips. b) Work them open and closed a couple of times to disperse the medication.
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Horse Use) Any horses under the authority of Shone Farm, including those owned, leased or under observation for possible donation, shall be treated, Handled and Ridden as outlined below. They are to be handled and ridden quietly and in a humane manner (“characterized by tenderness, compassion, and sympathy for animals, especially for the suffering or distressed: acting in a manner that causes the least harm to people or animals.” [Dictionary.com]) in order to prevent stress and for handlers
/ riders to gain desired results. In order to maintain consistency and the safety of all horses and people handling / riding them, there will be no exceptions. Consistency includes all staff and instructors working together in a similar manner with the horses. This includes: tack; handling techniques; communication and commonly accepted methods regarding basic equitation applied at Shone Farm. With consistency and proper repetition and preparation, horses will respond favorably to what is being asked of them, which leads to safety. It is the responsibility of the Equine Technician – under the direction of the Farm Manager – to ensure that this protocol is followed by being present in every equine class and lab involving Shone Farm horses (to include Boy Scout horses). If, for any reason, the Equine Tech feels protocol is not being followed, it is under his/her authority under the direction of the Farm Manager, to assess, address and rectify the concern and to notify the Farm Manager. Horses shall not be struck, kicked or yelled at – this is counter-productive and inhumane according to Shone Farm standards. If, at any time there is any problem with a horse where the horse is misbehaving or aggressive, the Equine Tech shall make the determination of how to proceed with further handling and correction of the horse. In an emergency, the instructor and / or Equine Technician should respond immediately. These protocols are in place to ensure the overall health of each horse and to establish a consistent system of handling and riding that maintains the horses as a safe and productive asset in our program. It is best for a handler / rider to remember a scale of progression with horses: 1= minimal “pressure” and 10 = maximum “pressure”. Examples of minimal handling pressure include but are not limited to: walking forward, saying “walk” or a slight pull on the lead rope. Examples of minimal riding pressure include but are not limited to: bringing up energy, saying “walk”, squeeze with legs. Examples of maximum handling pressure include but are not limited to: swinging the end of the lead behind the horses’ shoulder. Examples of maximum riding pressure include but are not limited to: a quick, firm kick, use of a crop. Handlers / Riders at Shone Farm shall always start with minimal
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Horse Use) - continued
pressure and escalate up the scale of pressure, if needed, to obtain desired results. Optimally, the horses will respond calmly and willingly with minimum pressure. Instructors are expected to teach their students in such a way where a positive result occurs. In the case where there is an ongoing problem with a horse, the Equine Tech will take measures to correct the unwanted behavior. Regardless of the action taken (walk, jog, lope, halt, turn), the horse should be given some warning that something is about to change. If the horse is given a chance to anticipate a change, it will be more compliant. Handlers should always position themselves where they are safest and can best communicate to the horse. Handlers / Riders should always be aware of their surroundings and think ahead where they want the horse to go and do.
Discipline should be defined as a systematic method of instruction to obtain understanding of cues and compliance on the part of the horse and should be done by the Equine Tech outside of and prior to classes. Example: o
Upon arrival, new horses to Shone Farm are taught to respect personal space (safety zone) between horse and handler.
o
Commands and cues regarding gaits (“click” for trot, “kiss” for canter, etc)
o
Ground Manners
Correction should be defined as an action taken by a staff, instructors, handlers and riders where immediate reaction takes place in response to a horses’ non-compliance (not to include training). Example: o
Any undesirable behavior under saddle or in being handled (bucking, bolting)
o
Crowding personal space (safety zone)
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Horse Use) – continued Attire:
Proper Attire should be worn at all times when handling or riding Shone Farm Horses. In order to maintain consistency and the safety of all horses and people handling / riding them, there will be no exceptions. Proper Handling Attire
Gloves (optional)
Well-Fitting shirt (not too loose to get caught on equipment and not too tight to restrict flexibility)
Long Pants (denim) or Riding Pants
Riding Boots
Proper Riding Attire
Riding Helmet (ASTM/SEI Certified)
Gloves (optional)
Well-Fitting shirt (not too loose to get caught on equipment and not too tight to restrict flexibility)
Long Pants (denim) or Riding Pants
Riding Boots (smooth soles with a heel)
Chaps (optional)
Half Chaps (optional)
Spurs (Shone Farm Staff & Instructors only)
Horse by horse basis as determined by the Equine Technician
Improper Attire
Any helmet other than a (horse) riding helmet
Noisy Jacket (rain jacket, etc)
Short Pants (shorts, capris) or Athletic Pants
Open-toed shoes
Spurs (Class students)
Jewelry (necklaces, bracelets, dangling earrings, rings)
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Horse Use) – continued Tack & Tools / Aids:
Tack used at Shone Farm on Shone Farm Horses consists of Western style equipment at this time. Modifications will not be made to the existing tack, except by the Equine Technician, unless the tack being used presents a safety hazard or is detrimental to the horse’s health and well-being (for instance: a horse with mouth cancer may be outfitted with a jumping hackamore). Western Headstalls and Direct Pressure bits, as opposed to leverage bits, are used on lesson horses. Direct pressure bits will consist of Rings, Cannons and a Joint and they may or may not have a French Link (Cannons and the Joint make up the mouth piece). At no time shall a mouth piece consist of twisted wire. Western Saddles made of leather or synthetic material will be used on all horses – they may or may not have a horn. Endurance saddles may be used on shorter backed horses (Arabs, Morgans, etc). Tack Western Bridle (without noseband)
Crown Piece Brow Band Throatlatch Cheek Piece Bit
Crown Piece
Brow Band
Cheek Piece
Throatlatch
Western Saddle
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Horse Use) – continued Tack & Tools / Aids:
Acceptable Bits Joint Ring or Cheek Piece
Cannons
Mouth Piece
Loose Ring Snaffle
D-Ring Roller Bit Snaffle
Eggbutt Snaffle
Unacceptable Bits Twisted Wire Snaffle
Leverage Bit
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Horse Use) – continued Tack & Tools / Aids:
Tools / Aids used at Shone Farm on Shone Farm Horses consists of riding crops, lunge whips, flags, lunge ropes, surcingle & side reins. Aids are used to assist the handler / rider in gaining the desired results from a horse, they are not to be used as punishment or to instill fear.
Tools / Aids
Riding Crop
Riding Crop
Lunge Whip
Flag
Lunge Rope
Surcingle
Side Reins
Flag
Lunge Line Lunge Whip
Side Reins
Surcingle
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Horse Use) – continued EQUINE CLASS & GENERAL HORSE USE PROTOCOLS 1. To ensure mental health and physical safety is maintained: a. Do not use a sore, lame or tired horse for class. b. If a horse becomes sore, lame or tired in class, retire them for the day. c.
If a horse appears agitated during class, retire them for the day.
2. To ensure consistency: a. Students are instructed on how to groom and tack up horses in a consistent manner. b. Students are instructed on how to handle horses on the ground in a consistent manner (see established Ground Techniques). c.
Students are instructed on the proper cues & aids used with Shone Farm horses while in the saddle: intention, hands, seat, body positioning, legs, short crop – no spurs are to be brought into class and used on lesson horses by students.
3. To ensure that no horse is used beyond its physical or mental capacity: a. Care is taken to recognize & accept the limited abilities of older horses or those with old injuries. b. Care is taken to recognize & accept that some horses have backgrounds that limit their mental capacity. c.
Care is taken to recognize that all horses have different attention spans. Staff treats horses as individuals.
d. Instruct students on how to recognize when a horse has reached its limit and to quite before the situation becomes a “no win”.
4. Recognize when a task is beyond the ability of the horse: a. If a horse is lame, old or has reached its maximum attention span, end the task on a good note. b. Anticipate when a task may be too much for a horse before attempting to gain results from it.
5. To treat each horse with respect and without malice: a. While it can be easy to favor one horse over another, treat all horses with the same amount of expectations and expected results. b. While it can be easy to become frustrated or angry at a horse, do not strike or yell at any horse. Do not take horse behavior personally and try to remember you are a role model to others. c.
Instructors work with Shone Farm staff to correct issues but so not work on any horse independently or without the knowledge of the Equine Technician.
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Horse Use) – continued EQUINE CLASS & GENERAL HORSE USE PROTOCOLS 6. Accept that our horses come from several different backgrounds with vastly different experiences that will affect the behavior of each horse: a. Although we work hard to integrate the horses into classes, some horses will retain some old habits and / or behaviors. b. Instructors work with Shone Farm staff to correct issues but do not work on any horse independently or without the knowledge of the Equine Technician.
7. Because the horses are exposed to several different classes and many different students, to avoid confusion and inconsistency teaching them unique tasks will not be allowed: a. Class emphasis at Shone Farm is on the student becoming a better and safer rider and handler. Attention is paid to the student rider’s hands, seat, legs, cues, balance, verbal communication and abilities. Attention is paid to the student handler’s hands, body positioning, verbal communication and abilities. b. Horses enhance our ability to help the students improve upon their riding and handling abilities. c.
Horses will perform at their best when they are asked to complete tasks in a consistent manner as outlined by Shone Farm.
d. Tasks that Shone Farm horses may perform under saddle are: Stand still at the mounting block Walk Trot / Jog Canter / Lope Halt Proper leads Yield to pressure Ring Figures Serpentines Turn on the Forehand Turn on the Haunches Various gaits in a circle Stepping over poles Maneuvers around cones
e. Tasks that Shone Farm horses do not perform under saddle are: Galloping Racing at a high rate of speed
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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (Horse Use) – continued EQUINE CLASS & GENERAL HORSE USE PROTOCOLS f.
Tasks that Shone Farm horses may perform in hand and at liberty are: Stand still while being groomed Stand still while being tacked up Walk Trot / Jog Canter / Lope Halt Proper Leads Yield to pressure Back Up Move shoulders over Move haunches over Lunge Lunge with side reins Drive Round Pen at Liberty Trailer Loading
g. Tasks that Shone Farm horses do not perform in hand and at liberty are: Tricks that can lead to bad behavior: rearing, pawing, etc. Anything that teaches the horse not to yield to pressure
8. All ground work follows the direction that Shone Farm has taken with the horses. Unique methods may be used to encourage the horses to accomplish what the handler requests, however, the techniques used must follow established methods. a. The use of tools or obstacles in order to accomplish a goal, such as poles or a bridge (see Established Ground Techniques).
9. Horses are allowed to perform at their optimum by the use of proper fitting tack supplied or inspected and approved by Shone Farm. a. All tack used on Shone Farm horses in classes must be the property of Shone Farm or inspected and approved by the Equine Technician. b. If the standard saddle used and owned by Shone Farm does not fit a student, a saddle may be brought in to be used for safety reasons. Saddle will be inspected and properly fit to the horse. c. Tack (bits, bridle cheek pieces, curb straps, reins, saddles, saddle pads, off billets, latigos, cinches) is only adjusted with the Equine Technician’s approval. d. Tack (bits, bridle cheek pieces, curb straps, reins, saddles, saddle pads, off billets, latigos, cinches) is not changed or substituted except with the Equine Technician’s approval.
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~ Horse Use ~ Handling Haltering: Horses are haltered in the following manner: 1. Hold open halter in left hand and drape lead over left arm or over the horses’ back 2. Reach over the top of the horses’ neck with the right arm while bringing the halter under the horses’ throatlatch with the left hand - to meet with the right hand 3. Take hold of the non-buckle (or non-loop) part of the halter with the right hand while holding onto the buckle (or loop) with the left hand 4. Pull halter up so that it fits over the horses’ nose but below the eyes
5. Buckle or tie halter A halter shall never be used to strike a horse
Leading: Horses are lead in the following manner: 1. Do not stare at the horse while attempting to lead it 2. Walk out with authority 3. Horse shall be led at, or just behind, the handler’s shoulder 4. Handler shall hold the lead at least a foot away from the lead snap 5. When a horse moves forward after being asked, the handler shall “give” slack – do not continue dragging or pulling on the horse 6. If the horse does not move forward and the handler is a student, the horse shall be led in a “zigzag” to get the horse moving 7. If this technique is not effective for a student handler, the student shall ask the Equine Tech or an Instructor for assistance – the horse should not be allowed to get away with this behavior
8. If the handler is the Equine Tech or an Instructor:
The handler shall hold the lead rope in one hand and stand slightly behind the horses’ shoulder. With the other hand, swing the end of the lead rope behind the horse’s shoulder in order to drive the horse forward. Or…
The handler shall swing the end of the lead in a circle in the direction of the horse’s haunches in order to disengage the hind quarters. Repeat the first option to drive forward.
As soon as the horse complies, “pressure” should be released
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~ Horse Use ~ Handling, cont Halt: A horse will halt in the following manner: 1. A handler will prepare the horse to stop by either moving their hand up the lead toward the snap or saying “whoa” quietly 2. After saying “whoa”, the handler should simply stop moving forward without pulling on the lead 3. If the horse does not stop, the handler should pull back on the lead and repeat “whoa” 4. If the horse continues forward, the handler should pull the lead sharper and repeat “whoa” 5. If this technique is not effective and the handler is a student, the student shall ask the Equine Tech or Instructor for assistance – the horse should not be allowed to get away with this behavior 6. If the handler is the Equine Tech or an Instructor, the horse should be corrected immediately
Walk horse forward a few steps and stop
If the horse does not stop, tug on the lead (using escalation force 1 – 10)
Repeat method until the horse understands and complies
Pressure should be released and the horse shall be praised and allowed to rest every time it complies
Over: A horse will be moved over in the following manner: 1. Before a handler asks a horse to move over, they should inspect the area on the other side of the horse to make sure there are no people or objects in the way 2. The handler should use their thumb or knuckle to push on the horses’ side about where a rider’s heal would be and say, “over” 3. The handler should continue to apply pressure to the horses’ side until the horse moves in the intended direction 4. At the moment the horse responds (even if it is only a lean or one foot that moves), the handler shall release pressure 5. Pressure can be reapplied until the handler gets the desired result from the horse 6. Horses should be asked to move sideways gradually and under control as opposed to moving over aggressively and too far 7. Pressure should be released and the horse shall be praised and allowed to rest every time it complies
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~ Horse Use ~ Handling, cont Back: Beside horse – facing the same direction 1. Tell the horse “back” and take a step back 2. If the horse doesn’t move, say “back” again and jiggle lead 3. Continue this technique until the horse backs 4. Horse shall be asked to back up one step at a time 5. Pressure should be released and the horse is allowed to rest every time it complies Facing horse – (a horse should never be allowed in a person’s personal space) 1. Tell the horse “back” and take a step or lean forward 2. If the horse doesn’t back up, “get big”, increase personal energy and say “back” again, jiggle lead 3. Increase the intensity of jiggling the lead until the horse moves a foot 4. Horses shall be asked to back up one step at a time 5. Pressure should be released and the horse is allowed to rest every time it complies Lunge (Line): Horses are lunged in either arena (in or outdoor) or the Round Pen 1. Some of our horses have permanent ailments and lameness that prohibit their being used on any other type of surface 2. If any instructor wishes to use an area other than the aforementioned, he or she must first obtain permission from the Equine Technician
Horses are lunged in the standard manner 1. Lunge line or long lead 2. Stand behind shoulder 3. Encourage forward movement by directing energy behind the shoulder or hind end 4. Horses are encouraged to change gaits in a controlled manner and controlled speed 5. Horses are encouraged to change gaits quietly while using non-verbal and verbal cues:
“walk”
“trot”, click
“canter”, kiss
“whoa”
“easy”
“reverse”
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~ Horse Use ~ Handling, cont Lunge (Line): A lunge whip or line end may be used to encourage forward movement 1. If a horse doesn’t respond to cues, use of a lunge whip or lead line is acceptable 2. A lunge whip or lead line should be used in conjunction with other cues 3. As soon as desired gait is obtained, the handler should release pressure by ceasing the use of cues and allow the horse to move forward quietly 4. A whip is never used to strike a horse
All horses are lunged with a purpose 1. Horses are not encouraged to run out of control at any time 2. Every effort is made to calm an out of control horse 3. Horses start at a walk in both directions and gradually increase in speed 4. The horses are warmed up slowly in both directions so as to avoid injury 5. All horses are cooled down after lunging 6. The handler should make every effort to obtain the desired result in a positive manner 7. Always find a way to end on a “good note”
Lunge (At Liberty): Horses may be free lunged (At Liberty) in the Round Pen 1. Some of our horses have permanent ailments and lameness that prohibit their being used on any other type of surface 2. If any instructor wishes to use an area other than the aforementioned, he or she must first obtain permission from the Equine Technician
Horses shall be free lunged in the standard manner 1. Stand behind the horses’ shoulder 2. Encourage forward movement 3. Horses shall be encouraged to change gaits (up & down) verbally as well as with cues:
“walk”
“trot”, click
“canter”, kiss
“whoa”
“easy”
“reverse”
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~ Horse Use ~ Handling, cont Lunge (At Liberty): A lunge whip or lead line is used to encourage forward movement 1. If a horse doesn’t respond to cues, use of the lunge whip and lead line is acceptable 2. The lunge whip and lead line may be used in conjunction with other cues 3. As soon as desired gait is obtained, the handler should release pressure by ceasing the use of cues and allow the horse to move forward quietly 4. A whip or lead line shall never be used to strike a horse
All horses shall be lunged (round penned) with a purpose 1. Horses should not be encouraged to run out of control 2. Every effort is be made to calm an out of control horse 3. Horses are started at a walk in both directions and gradually increase in speed 4. Horses are allowed to warm up slowly in both directions so as to avoid injury 5. All horses shall be cooled down after round penning 6. If a horse is not responding to a handler’s request, the handler should make every effort to obtain the desired result in a positive manner 7. Always find a way to end on a “good note”
Lunging and Round Penning shall never be used as a form of punishment
Release (unhaltering in stall or pasture): All horses shall be unhaltered and released in a controlled manner 1. Gates shall be shut behind horses and handlers 2. All handlers shall be standing safely and ready for release 3. The horse should be positioned facing away from the gate 4. The handler shall be on the left side of the horse 5. The handler should pull the horses’ head slightly toward them, unbuckle the halter, step away from the horses’ shoulder and allow the horse to walk away 6. At no time should a handler strike the horse or encourage it to run away 7. Horses shall be encouraged to walk away quietly
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~ Horse Use ~ Handling, cont Release (unhaltering in stall or pasture): Multiple horses to be released are positioned safely for horses and handlers 1. A handler’s experience should match the temperament of the horse 2. Gates are shut behind horses and handlers 3. Horses are positioned facing away from the gate 4. Handlers should be on the left side of the horses 5. Handlers and horses should be positioned so that no horse is released behind someone 6. Multiple horses should be released at the same time 7. The handlers should pull the horses’ head slightly toward them, unbuckle the halter, step away from the horses’ shoulder and allow the horse to walk away 8. At no time should a handler strike the horse or encourage it to run away 9. Horses shall be encouraged to walk away quietly
Miscellaneous: Pressure 1. All horses are asked to yield away from pressure
Consistency and proper repetition is a priority
2. No horse is ever be taught to move toward pressure
This is counter-productive to what the horses are asked daily
3. Only established cues will be used to elicit responses from the horses
Tasks & Tricks 1. Horses are not taught tasks or tricks without permission from the Equine Technician 2. The Equine Technician will review all requests and respond in a timely manner
All requests should be made in private
All responses will be made in private
3. Tasks and tricks taught will be done so only in the manner that the Equine Technician approves 4. Not all tasks and tricks will be allowed to be taught
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~ STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ~ Horse Use ~ Handling, cont Miscellaneous: Training 1. Horses at Shone Farm are already trained before being allowed to be used in class 2. Staff & instructors maintain horses by proper riding & / or teaching students how to properly ride 3. No training of horses is allowed
This leads to inconsistency and confusion
Lack of consistency and confused horses are unsafe
4. Emphasis is put on students to improve their riding skills, not to train horses
Correction 1. Correction of horses shall not be conducted by class students 2. If a horse needs correction, the Equine Technician or instructor shall perform the proper technique
The Equine Technician reserves the right to give any particular horse sole discipline and/or correction
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CLASSES (Lab Preparation) 1. COMMUNICATION a. Instructors provide Equine Tech with a class syllabus and lab needs:
Weekly lesson plan.
Weekly lab needs (lunge lines, poles, syringes, needles, medications, etc).
Special requests (truck & trailer).
Off hour or office hour use of horses.
b. Instructors should inform Equine Tech of any changes no later than 24 hours prior to class, if possible:
Changes include, but are not limited to, equipment needs, horse needs, etc.
Changes do not include instructor’s lectures.
2. HORSE LOCATIONS a. Horses will be provided for class use in various ways:
“Staged”: Locked in Football Field and RT Pasture.
“Stalled”: In Pipe stalls or Pens.
In “Turn Out”: Arena.
On the Hot Walker
If horse/s are on the hot walker, please gain Equine Technician’s assistance in removing them.
3. EQUIPMENT a. Equipment Check
Instructors and Equine Tech will work together in making sure equipment is safe and suitable for student use.
Any equipment that is worn, damaged or in any other way unsuitable for class should be brought to the Equine Technician for disposal, exchange or repair.
b. All equipment used is returned to its storage location:
Cones & Mounting Blocks are stacked and placed outside arena gates so that the tractor can move freely to groom the arena.
Poles & Barrels are returned to storage areas.
Leads, wraps, lunge lines, whips are gathered & returned to the Equine Technician.
Any syringes used are thrown away.
All needles are placed in a sharps container.
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CLASSES (Lab Preparation) - continued 4. CLEAN UP a. All students are involved with horse care after class:
Cooling off
Walking the horse
Hosing the horse off in the wash racks Return to the horses’ housing location
Pastures, Stalls or Pens
b. All students are involved in cleanup of the Equine Facility after class:
Stall breezeways should have all manure and soiled stall bedding picked up and placed into a wheelbarrow, manure container or waiting Kubota for disposal.
Unless directed to do so, students do not enter stalls to clean.
Manure in arenas, round pens, hot walker area, wash racks, tie rail mats & anywhere else in the Equine Unit is picked up & disposed of.
Tools should be returned to where they were found.
All tack should be returned and properly stored in the tack room.
CONCLUSION
This is a living document which will updated annually as needed.
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