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Home Infusion Therapy: Current Evidence & Implications
L I S A A . G O R S K I M S , H H C N S ‐ B C , C R N I , FA A N CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALIST W H E AT O N F R A N C I S C A N H O M E H E A LT H & H O S P I C E M I LWA U K E E , W I
Copyright Lisa A. Gorski 2014
OBJECTIVES
y Identify common complications associated with home
infusion therapy. y Discuss available research evidence aimed at complication prevention y Evaluate patient cases for appropriateness of home care.
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Gorski Model for Safe Home Infusion Therapy ©Lisa A. Gorski
Patient Selection
Positive patient outcomes Reduced risk for complications Patient satisfaction Healthcare provider satisfaction Patient/CG Education
Focus of today’s presentation t ti
Patient care & Monitoring
COMPLICATIONS ADDRESSED DURING THIS PRESENTATION y “Line‐related” {
Central vascular access devices (CVAD) or “central lines” ( ) 4 categories of CVADs: nontunneled; tunneled; PICC; implanted port Ù Complications addressed within this presentation: | Infection Ù
• Major focus of this presentation | |
{
Catheter associated venous thrombosis Catheter occlusion
Peripheral IV catheters (PIV) Peripheral IV catheters (PIV) Infiltration/extravasation Ù Phlebitis Ù Nerve damage Ù
y Infusion‐related: Drug toxicities – focus on renal and vestibular
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SELECTED REVIEW OF PERTINENT HOME CARE LITERATURE
Patient Risk Factors for Infection y Systematic literature review y 25 studies met inclusion criteria y Great variation in risk factor identification and infection
rates y Infusion therapy {
Patients receiving PN at greater risk than those receiving other infusion therapies
Shang et al. (2014) The prevalence of infections and patient risk factors in home health care: A systematic review. AJIC 42, 479‐484.
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Adverse Events in Home Care y In another review of home care literature, “line‐
y y y y
related” complications (including catheter‐related BSI and site infections) was one of 8 categories of d it i f ti ) f8 t i f adverse events identified Few intervention studies identified Need for improved assessment Need for system‐level approach that includes focus on caregivers/home environment on caregivers/home environment Need for required data collection/reporting of adverse events Masotti et al. (2010) Adverse events experienced by homecare patients: a scoping review of the literature. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 22 (2), 115‐125.
Selected Home Care Data y 11 year surveillance from the University of North Carolina Health
care system – very low annual rates of central line BSI ranging from 0‐ 0.73 cases/1000 device days Weber et al. (2010) Device‐related infections in home health care and hospice: Infection rates, 1998‐2008. Infect Control Hosp Epidem 30 (10), 1022‐1024.
y Outpatient antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) in Scotland, 0.4 infections
per 1000 OPAT days (n=2233 patients); 10 year study Barr et al (2012) Self‐administration of outpatient antibiotic therapy and risk of catheter‐related adverse events: a retrospective cohort study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 31 (10), 2611‐2619.
y Incidence of BSI in children receiving home PN highest in the first Incidence of BSI in children receiving home PN highest in the first
month after discharge from the hospital; need for care strategies immediately after hospital discharge Mohammed, et al. (2011) Characterization of posthospital bloodstream infections in children requiring home parenteral nutrition. JPEN 35 (5), 581‐587.
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Home care Infection Prevention Policies & Procedures y National survey – n= 423 home healthcare clinicians (9.2%
response rate) response rate) y Written policies for: { { {
MDROs : 26.2% Dedicated equipment: 62.8% Teaching patient/family about prevention of spread of MDROs: 78.5%
Takes nursing bag into home of patient with known MDRO: 31% Full time infection prevention/control nurse: 21.4% (but 33% have other job duties)
y y
Kenneley (2012) Infection control in home healthcare: An Exploratory Study of Issues for Patients and Providers Home Healthcare Nurse 30(4), 235‐45.
Example: Quality Improvement‐Home Care y A reduction in PICC infections by 46% in patients
receiving home infusions (0.963 to 0.52 infections per g ( p 1000 central line days) y Problem: Lack of standardized protocols y Interventions: Education: changes and ongoing education for nurses { Standardized home health central line orders (NC changing Standardized home health central line orders (NC changing and disinfection, flushing, blood draws, site care) { Standardize home care through development of central line care checklist, flushing checklist {
Baumgarten, et al. (2013) Bridging the gap: A collaborative to reduce central catheter infections in the home care environment. The Oschner Journal 13: 352‐358.
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Available Home Care Guideline y “Standardizing central venous catheter care: hospital to home” from the
Nebraska Medical Center
http //www guideline gov/content aspx?id 38459 http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=38459 { {
These guidelines did not evolve out of a comprehensive or exhaustive literature search. Standardizing Central Catheter Care in the Omaha Region: Care from Hospital to Home (SCORCH) Consensus Group
y The Consensus Group: { examined their respective current agency policies { compared them with what best practices would indicate appropriate care should look p p pp p like, based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Infusion Nurses Society (INS), and Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) guidelines { When lack of evidence in established guidelines (e.g., using heparin or not), review of literature to examine complications (e.g. heparin induced thrombocytopenia)
Home Care Malpractice Case Example
y Home care patient receiving parenteral nutrition Home care patient receiving parenteral nutrition
develops septicemia with grave consequences y Issues in case { { { {
Failure to recognize risk factors Failure to provide relevant patient education Failure to recognize signs of infection g g Failure to analyze/report laboratory findings
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INFECTION PREVENTION
Well‐educated nurses – essential!! y Infusion Nurses Society
(INS)Standards: The nurse shall p be responsible and accountable for attaining and maintaining competence with infusion therapy {
{
Competence goes “beyond psychomotor skills to include application of knowledge, critical thinking skills, decision making” The person validating the specific The person validating the specific skill should be competent with the skill. When no one in the organization has the specific competency, arrangements for a skill validator from outside the organization may be necessary Infusion Nurses Society. (2011) J Infus Nurs 34 (1 suppl): S1‐S110.
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Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) Home care question: Do you have specific competencies in place related to infusion related procedures? related procedures?
y Only trained, competent persons should place and
maintain peripheral and central IV devices O’Grady, et al. Healthcare Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). (2011) Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter related infections, 2011. AJIC 39 (4 supp): S1‐S34.
y Within our home care organizations, we must Within our home care organizations, we must
address/ensure competence of our staff and “zero tolerance” of infections – we owe this to the patients we serve
American Nurses Association Standards y Hot off the press! Published summer 2014 y Available at: Available at: http://www.nursesbooks.org/Homepage/Hot http://www.nursesbooks.org/Homepage/Hot‐off‐the‐ off the Press/Home‐Health‐Nursing‐Scope‐Standards‐2nd.aspx y Example: Standards of Practice {
{
Standard 1: The home health registered nurse collects comprehensive data pertinent to the patient’s health or situation. Ù Competency example: Synthesizes available data, information, and knowledge relevant to the situation to identify patterns and variances. (ANA, 2014, p. 45) Standard 5: The home health registered nurse implements the individualized plan of care. Ù Competency example: Uses evidence‐based interventions, best practices, and treatments specific to the diagnosis or problem. (ANA, 2014, p. 51)
y Examples: Standards of Professional Performance: { {
Standard 8: The home health registered nurse attains knowledge and competence that reflect current nursing practice. (ANA, 2014, p. 62) Standard 9: The home health registered nurse integrates evidence and research findings into practice. (ANA, 2014, p. 64) American Nurses Association (ANA). (2014). Home health nursing scope and standards of practice (2nd Ed.). Washington, DC: Nursebooks.org.
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Review: How microorganisms gain access to the bloodstream y Extraluminal: Migration of skin organisms at the insertion
site into the catheter tract and along the catheter surface, i i h h d l h h f gaining access to the external catheter surface. y Intraluminal: Direct contamination of the catheter or catheter hub by contact with contaminated hands or fluids or devices; microorganisms gain access through the internal catheter lumen of the catheter y Hematogenously seeded from another infection – less common y Infusate contamination – rare O’Grady et al. (2011) AJIC.
Reducing Risk during Catheter Insertion: Central Lines y CVAD insertion not typical in home care – but we need
to understand risk reduction & EBP to understand risk reduction & EBP Inserter must follow central line bundle during catheter insertion (hand hygiene, chlorhexidine skin antisepsis, maximal sterile barrier precautions, optimal site selection) y “Bundles that include checklists to prevent central line‐associated bloodstream infections” are: One of the top 10 “Strongly encouraged patient safety practices” encouraged patient safety practices” {
Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research (AHRQ) (2013) Making Health Care Safer II: An Updated Critical Analysis of the Evidence for Patient Safety Practices – Executive report. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/evidence‐based‐reports/ptsafetysum.html
y 58% reduction in ICU CLABSIs from 2001‐09 Vital signs: Central line‐associated bloodstream infections – United States, 2001, 2008, and 2009. MMWR 60 (8), p. 246.
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Post‐insertion care y The term bundle is often used but there is no well
established, well‐tested post‐insertion care bundle yet y More challenging than the central line insertion bundle { {
Central line bundle mainly focused during time of insertion Post‐insertion care focused during entire dwell time Involves many clinicians and potentially several health care settings Ù Involves every catheter access/care procedure Involves every catheter access/care procedure Ù Challenging to monitor care behaviors Ù
Increased focus on and importance of post‐insertion catheter care y Hand hygiene y Attention Attention to aseptic technique with all VAD to aseptic technique with all VAD‐related related procedures procedures { Speaker experience/examples y Ongoing assessment of the patient and the catheter site y Regular site care & dressing changes y IV administration set changes y Needleless connector access y Maintaining catheter patency y Blood withdrawal from CVADs for laboratory studies – should we do
this? y Catheter removal as soon as it is no longer needed y Safe injection practices
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Poor compliance with dressing changes y N=420 CVADs evaluated in a single hospital y N=130 (31%) of CVAD dressings suboptimal and needed
changing (e.g. blood under dressing, exposed insertion site, visible moisture) y No correlation with BSI {
Researchers believe infections complex and require multi‐modal Researchers believe infections complex and require multi‐modal preventative programs
{
Efforts must address CVAD maintenance – beyond the central line insertion bundle Rupp, ME et al. (2013) Hospital‐wide assessment of compliance with central venous catheter dressing recommendations. American Journal of Infection Control 41, 89‐91.
Dressings and Risk for Infection
Home care question: Do we make the extra visit to change non‐intact dressings; are patients educated about risks?
y Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial 1636
y y
y y
patients (ICU) in initial trial; 1419 with at least one dressing change included in analysis change included in analysis 11,036 dressing changes, 67% unplanned due to soiling/undressing More than 2 dressing changes for disruption were associated with a greater than threefold increase in risk of infection/BSI Risk factors for dressing disruption included femoral/jugular sites i Post‐insertion bundles are insufficiently implemented/ study reinforces need
Timsit, JF et al. (2012) Dressing disruption is a major risk factor for catheter‐related infections. Critical Care Medicine 40 (6), 1707‐1714.
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Needleless Connectors (NC) y Also called “valves,” “injection caps,” “injection ports,”
“luer luer‐activated devices activated devices” y Many different NC products ‐‐ categorized into: {
{
Simple: No internal mechanisms; fluid flows straight through the internal lumen. Includes those with a split septum Complex: Characterized by an internal mechanism that controls the flow of fluid through the device, allowing both infusion and aspiration of blood i ti f bl d
Hadaway, L & Richardson, D (2010) Needleless connectors: A primer on terminology. Journal of Infusion Nursing, 33 (1), 22‐31.
Attention to needleless connectors and catheter hubs
y Needleless connectors and stopcocks are known sources Needleless connectors and stopcocks are known sources
of contamination (O’Grady et al., INS, 2011) y Disinfection of the NC is recognized as a critical prevention strategy y Adequacy of disinfection dependent upon antiseptic agent contact time method of application (friction and agent, contact time, method of application (friction and chemical kill critical) O’Grady et al. Healthcare Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). (2011) Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter related infections, 2011. Am J Infect Control, 39 (4 supp): S1‐S34.
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Accessing the needleless connector y Simple but … multiple steps { Gathering supplies { Performing hand hygiene { Scrubbing/disinfecting NC What solution? Ù How long? Ù Dry time? Ù Prior to each access? Ù
{
Home care question: Do your clinical procedures define a disinfection time?
Attaching syringe/IV administration set maintaining sterility of syringe/set tip and no touch contamination of disinfected NC
Infusion Nurses Society Standards
y “The needleless connector should be
consistently and thoroughly disinfected using alcohol, tincture of iodine, or chlorhexidine gluconate/alcohol prior to each access. The optimal technique or disinfection time has not been identified.” y NOTE: INS STANDARDS UNDER CURRENT REVISION (2016) Infusion Nurses Society (INS). (2011). Infusion Nursing Standards of Practice. Journal of Intravenous Nursing, 34(1S), p. S32.
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A 5 second scrub with 70% alcohol y Inpatient setting/prospective observational study y Cultures performed on CVADs with NC (split septum C lt f d CVAD ith NC ( lit t
type) and no active infusion { {
Prior to disinfection, and after vigorous scrub with 70% alcohol for 5, 10, 15, 30 seconds 5 second dry time, cultures by pressing NC onto agar plate
y In vitro assessment { Sterile NC inoculated with S. epidermidis and allowed to dry for 3 Sterile NC inoc lated ith S epidermidis and allo ed to dr for 3 hours { Vigorous scrub with 70% alcohol for 0, 5, 10, 15, 30 seconds, 5 second dry time and then cultured Rupp, ME et al. (2012) Adequate disinfection of a split‐septum needleless intravascular connector with a 5‐ second alcohol scrub. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 33 (7), 661‐665.
Results y 363 NCs sampled in clinical phase { 58/87 NCs cultured without disinfection showed bacterial 8/8 C l d ih di i f i h db i l contamination { 5 second scrub (n=71) – one (1.4%) yielded microbial growth { Similar results with 10, 15, 30 second scrub times { No significant differences in microbial contamination rates between 5, 10, 15, 30 second disinfection times
Rupp, ME et al. (2012) Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.
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Results y In vitro results { 100% of NCs sampled after no disinfection showed heavy microbial 100% of NCs sampled after no disinfection showed heavy microbial growth { When inoculum size was smaller, all NCs had sterile cultures when scrubbed for 5 or more seconds with 70% alcohol { For larger inoculum, minimal growth after 5 second scrub, sterile culture for 10 second or longer scrub y Implications { The 5 second scrub was effective with the type of NC used – cannot be generalized to other types of NCs Rupp, ME et al. (2012) Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.
About alcohol disinfection caps
Photo by Lisa Gorski
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Example: Research ‐ Alcohol disinfection caps y Use of an alcohol disinfection cap placed on the
needleless connector significantly reduced line contamination, density of organisms, and CLABSIs. y 3 phases: phase 1 baseline – standard scrub of needleless connector, { phase 2 – disinfection cap placed on all CVADs {p phase 3 – back to standard scrub. {
y Contamination and organism density were measured
via an aspirate from the PICC. Wright, M. O. et al. (2013) Continuous passive disinfection of catheter hubs prevents contamination and bloodstream infection. American Journal of Infection Control, 41, 33‐38.
2014 SHEA/IDSA Guidelines: Alcohol Disinfection Caps •
•
NOTE THAT THESE ARE ACUTE CARE GUIDELINES AIMED SPECIFICALLY AT CLABSI PREVENTION SPECIFICALLY AT CLABSI PREVENTION Use an antiseptic‐containing hub/connector cap/port protector to cover connectors (Grade I) { Recommended as a “special approach” i.e. recommended in locations/populations with unacceptably high CLABSI rates despite implementation of basic practice recommendations
Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)/ Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA): Strategies to prevent central‐line associated bloodstream infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/676533
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When no one is looking, do you and your colleagues ALWAYS scrub the hub?
Most of us KNOW that the needleless connector must be scrubbed before each access but what affects our decision to consistently do it?
“Intention” to Disinfect the NC y Cross‐sectional study y y N = 171 nurses from 4 Magnet hospitals y Survey: { Demographic data { Autonomy and self‐efficacy scales { “Smith‐Becker Attitudes towards Disinfection Techniques” scale
Smith, JS et al. (2011) Autonomy and self‐efficacy as influencing factors in nurses’ behavioral intention to disinfect needleless intravenous systems. JIN 34 (3), 193‐200.
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“Intention” to Disinfect the NC y Findings and some implications { There was a strong relationship between concern for preventing bacterial migration into bloodstream and propensity to use best practice Ù
{ { { {
Teaching should focus not only on knowledge and skills but also address the affective domain of learning (caring, patient advocacy)
Experienced nurses have greater autonomy and self‐efficacy But recent graduates were more likely to disinfect every time Tenured staff – do they avail themselves of educational opportunities that newer graduates have received? Easy intervention: ready access to supplies Ù
“ensure adequate supply of alcohol swabs at bedside” Smith, JS et al. (2011) JIN.
Research: Maintaining catheter patency y Optimal catheter flushing protocol remains un‐defined by
research y Recent home care study { {
Purpose: Evaluate most effective flushing solution for PICC maintenance in home care patients Method: Randomized study – non‐blinded Group 1: control group; saline only flushing (10 mL) (n=28) Group 2: SASH high [10 mL saline; lock with heparin 3 mL (100 units/mL)] (n=32) Ù Group 3: SASH low [10 mL saline; lock with heparin 5 mL (10 units/mL)] (n=30) Ù Ù
{
Population: 18 or older; PICC placed at university center; anticipated need for PICC > 1 week
Lyons, MG, Phalen, AG (2014) A randomized controlled comparison of flushing protocols in home care patients with peripherally inserted central catheters. JIN
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Research: Maintaining catheter patency {
{
Data collection: Weekly call to patients (any incidence of PICC sluggishness or occlusion, extra RN visits); review of records to validate patient reports validate patient reports Results: Only significant finding: longer catheter dwell time (days), the more complications occurred (p=0.003) Ù Overall inconclusive; no statistically significant differences between groups Ù Clinically important findings | SAS protocol – SAS protocol highest % of additional visits to assess sluggishness highest % of additional visits to assess sluggishness (32%) and use of alteplase for occlusions (25%) | SASH low protocol – lowest % of additional visits to assess sluggishness (27%), additional RN visits (13%) | SASH low and high protocols, % of alteplase use 10% and 9.4% Ù
Lyons & Phalen (2014) JIN
Research: Maintaining catheter patency y Discussion issues { Confounding issue: 3 mL vs. 5 mL heparin flushes Confounding issue: 3 mL vs. 5 mL heparin flushes { Flushing protocol from hospital stay – no heparin – length of stay issues y Conclusions { 3 flushing protocols equally effective { SAS group more visits and alteplase use but not statistical significance { Organization decision – use 5 mL heparin (10 unit/mL) flush
Lyons & Phalen (2014) JIN
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CVAD Blood Withdrawal for lab studies
Home care question: If you care for patients on PN, how do you educate the nurses about this complex infusion therapy?
y An issue of catheter manipulation y 2011 INS Standards: consider risks vs. benefits 2011 INS Standards: consider risks vs benefits y A.S.P.E.N. guidelines “VADs used for PN administration
should not be used to obtain blood samples for laboratory tests unless no peripheral access available” {
PN is an independent risk factor for BSI which means that long‐ term care and home care clinicians be especially vigilant in policies addressing VAD care policies addressing VAD care
y Retrospective study of patients receiving home PN { Obtaining blood for lab sampling: significant CLABSI risk factor Buchman et al. (2013) Risk factors for the development of catheter‐related bloodstream infections in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. JPEN 2013; epub ahead of print.
Catheter Removal y INS Standard { VADs shall be removed upon unresolved complication, therapy discontinuation, or if deemed unnecessary. y Element of the central line bundle y Nurses must be patient advocates in obtaining
orders for VAD removal, especially in home care ‐‐ case examples case examples Infusion Nurses Society (INS). (2011). Infusion Nursing Standards of Practice. Journal of Intravenous Nursing, 34(1S), p. S57.
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Infection and PIVs; Lower Risk but important, additional preventative interventions include: y Appropriate site (avoid lower extremities) y Adequate skin preparation Adequate skin preparation – clean skin, hair removal, skin clean skin, hair removal, skin
y y y
y
antisepsis (70% alcohol, tincture of iodine, iodophor, chlorhexidine gluconate) Dressing to protect site Change PIVs placed in emergent situations as soon as possible C h Catheter stabilization to decrease catheter movement bili i d h which potentially allows pathogens to migrate into the catheter tract REMOVE PIV WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED INS, 2011 ; O’Grady et al., 2011
Safe Injection Practices y Aseptic technique during preparation & administration y One syringe One syringe – one patient one patient y One syringe – one use y Never administer single‐dose, single use vials, ampules,
bags, bottles to > one patient y Dedicate multi‐dose vials to single patient whenever possible y Safe sharps disposal Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. Guide to infection prevention for outpatient settings: minimum expectations for safe care. (summary guide) . Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/prevent/prevent_pubs.html
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Catheter‐Associated Venous Thrombosis ALSO REFERRED TO AS DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT), VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM (VTE)
Thrombus Formation y Virchow’s Triad – A time honored pathophysiologic
explanation ALTERED BLOOD FLOW
HYPERCOAGULABILITY
BLOOD VESSEL WALL INJURY
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Increased Risk with PICCs y PICCs are associated with a higher risk of catheter‐
associated venous thrombosis than other types of central lines y Research study: { {
{
Purpose: Define frequency of PICC‐related VTE Method: Meta‐analysis ‐ 64 studies including 29,503 patients met eligibility criteria (18 years or >, PICC placed in arm, reported DVT, PE or both after PICC insertion) Results: PICCs associated with increased risk of DVT Ù Ù
OR 2.55 (95% CI 1,54‐4.23; p