Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants 1(1): 014-030, January 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15413/ajmp.2012.0108 ISSN: 2315-7720 ©2013 Academia Publishing

Research Paper Home gardens of Wolayta, Southern Ethiopia: An ethnobotanical profile Accepted 21th December, 2012 ABSTRACT

Talemos Seta*, Sebsebe Demissew1and Zemede Asfaw2 1National

Herbarium, Biology Department, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. 2Biology Department, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. *Corresponding author. [email protected].

E-mail:

An ethnobotanical study was conducted on the DARKUWAA (homegarden) of Wolayta Zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). Twelve Peasant Associations in four weredas (third-level administrative divisions of Ethiopia) were selected by stratified random sampling as well as five DARKUWAAS within each Peasant Associations corresponding to a total of sixty homegardens, fifteen from each wereda. Vegetation data were collected through species records and counting the number of individuals of a species. Plant specimens were identified in the field, collected, and the identification reconfirmed at the National Herbarium (ETH.) of Addis Ababa University and vouchers deposited there. Ethnobotanical information was gathered on plant names, planting parts used and plant use values through discussion and guided garden tours with the owners in addition to free listing exercise and administration of individual interviews. The DARKUWAA is a robust agrosystem and a repository of diverse species and useful plant categories. The study documented one hundred and fifty nine plant species in one hundred thirty one genera and fifty five families of which one hundred twelve had unequivocal use reports. Of the latter category of useful plant species, seventy fourwere isolated as the most useful to the communities and information on these was used in the calculation of diversity indices, richness and evenness. Twenty-three medicinal plant species in nineteen genera and fourteen families were recovered. Two perennial crops (Ensete ventricosumand Coffea arabica) were the dominant and key species of the DARKUWAA farming system while the E. ventricosum together with Ipomoea batatas, Zea mays and Perseaamericana came out among the most preferred food plants. Though it is home of agrobiodiversity, the DARKUWAA is undergoing transformation and shrinkage with species and varietal diversities declining with the associated ethnobotanical knowledge. This ethnobotanical account of the DARKUWAA agrosystem will offer applications in conservation and sustainable utilization of the resources in the best interest of the indigenous Wolayta people and the development of Ethiopia’s agriculture sector. Key words: Ethnobotanical knowledge, local knowledge, Wolayta homegarden/ DARKUWAA, homegardens agrobiodiversity.

INTRODUCTION Homegardening is a practice of integrated land-use and agricultural production systems which dates back for years throughout the tropical world (Sommers, 1982; Christanty, 1990). Homegardens are generally believed to have evolved

from the shifting cultivation in order to overcome resource constraints, population pressure and consequent reduction in available land, labor and capital (Fernandes and Nair, 1990). Moreover, physical limitations like remoteness of

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the area dictate inhabitants to set provisions for most of their basic needs in a self-contained manner. Gradually, it became a common practice by which plants collected from the natural ecosystem and those introduced from outside are cultivated together in the homegarden. It is undergoing continued intensification to date though a potential threat to the agrobiodiversity of indigenous species and local varieties is looming wide. Homegardens are the sites that have long been considered as signs of prestige and pride (Zemede and Ayele, 1995; Zemede, 1997) by the community on top of their key economic roles. Engels (2002) described homegarden agroforestry as logical production systems for crop plants that are consumed fresh, used on a daily basis, consumed in small quantities and requiring specific attention. Such crops include vegetables, spices, herbs, medicinal plants and special local varieties of major crops like sorghum, maize, sweet potato and enset. The homegarden agroforestry systems can also be considered as micro-environments within the agroecosystems that preserve the function and resilience of the larger ecosystem. As an ecosystem, it contains multiple levels of diversity, including cultural, genetic and agronomic diversity. Moreover, it can be regarded as informal plant introduction and distribution centers. An analysis by IPGRI (1999) showed that permanent contacts between gardens, families and local markets as well as the great diversity in individual gardens lead to continuous germplasm and information exchange among them. Of the countries in tropical Africa, Ethiopia has a good practice of homegarden agroforestry system. Four major agricultural systems including pastoralism, shifting cultivation, grain based cultivation and enset-based mixed cultivation are practiced in Ethiopia. The latter system as it occurs in southern and southwestern Ethiopia includes typical homegarden agroforestry system (Westphal, 1975; Zemede, 1997). This happens at the altitudes of 1600-2300 m a.s.l as species compositional and structural diversity has been favoured by moisture and temperature conditions coupled with cultural practices. This range of altitude is also the agroecologic belt where a unique combination of two dominant perennial crops, namely; enset and coffee feature like keystone charismatic species as was rightly observed by Tesfaye et al. (2010). Of 1.89 million hectares of land cultivated in southern Ethiopia, an estimated area of 576,000 hectares is covered by coffee and enset,these crops are often grown in association with fruits and vegetables, roots, tuber crops, and pulses (Tesfaye etal., 2010). In this region, these homegarden agroforests are assumed to be stable agricultural systems for centuries supporting populations that have densities of up to 600 persons/km2. The diversity of the homegarden agroforestry systems and the ability of enset to produce a relatively large amount of food per unit area could be the main factors contributing to this stability. Furthermore, Okgbo (1990) described the

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physical structure and plant composition of homegarden agroforestry system, revealing a highly developed and complex tradition. People use enset as staple food in Sidama and Gurage, as a co-staple with cereals and tubers in Gamo, Hadya, Wolayta, and Ariamong other groups of southern Ethiopia (Brandt et al., 1997; Zemede and Zerihun, 1997; Zemede, 1997, 2004). Enset is a miracle multipurpose perennial tree-sized herbaceous crop and a staple food for more than ten million people in southern Ethiopia. At the time of hunger season, food can be extracted from its pseudostem and corm, and its by-products as well as other parts serve as fiber, wrapping material, fodder, shade, and soil fertility maintenance. Coffee is another major crop not only used as cash crop but also a domestic household commodity. The production systems ensure food security and play a major role in the regional and national economies, and have a great contribution to environmental resilience (Brand et al., 1997; Tesfaye et al., 2010). Wolayta Zone, situated within the mid highland areas of southern Ethiopia, belongs to the tropical vegeculture complex. The area has a cropping pattern with diverse combination of root-tuber crops, vegetables, legumes, fruits, spices, beverage and medicinal plants and many others complemented with livestock, poultry, and apiculture (Zemede and Zerihun, 1997). Most people in Wolayta Zone live in rural areas and are dependent on rainfed agriculture and rearing of cattle for their livelihoods. As population pressure increases with time in the area, expansion of agricultural land (by deforestation), degradation of land, the demand for food also increases. Consequently, the landholding of an individual decreases as there is a rapid increase in population density. The Wolayta people in the highlands may in the long run be limited to their homegarden agroforestry mainly for food supply with little other supplements. However, detailed analyses of homegarden species diversity and composition, marketability, main factors responsible for homegarden agroforestry changes, the associated indigenous knowledge and ethnobotanical information are missing for the homegardens. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to determine the agrobiodiversity of Wolayta homegarden agroforestry system along with the ethnobotanical knowledge of the Wolayta people both on the farming system as a whole and the agrobiodiversity maintained in the system. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA AND METHODS Description of the study area The study area is located in Southern Ethiopia, between 6.4o-7.1o N and 37.4o-38.2o E geographical position and 360 km south of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. The Wolayta Zone with an area of 438,370 hectare (Figure 1) is

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Figure 1. Map of the study area.

bounded by Kambata-Tambaro Zone (KT), Alaba Special Wereda (ASW) and Hadiya (HA) in the north, Gamo Gofa Zone (GG) in the south, Sidama Zone (SZ) in the east, Dawro Zone (DZ) in the West and Oromia Region (OR) in the southeast and northeast. In Wolayta Zone, there are three traditional agroecological zones, namely Kolla, Woyna Dega, and Dega. The largest portion of this zone is covered by Woyna Dega agroecology which accounts for 56% of the total area. On the other hand, Kolla and Dega account for about 35 and 9% of the total area respectively. The annual mean minimum and maximum temperatures are 15.5and 24.5Co. The total mean annual rainfall is 1000 to 1270 mm and the highest rainfall recorded is mostly seen in August. The soil types of Wolayta Zone are grouped under black basaltic and red basaltic brown soils. Even though there are large variations in the amount of rain fall between years; the area has two main seasons; Belg (March-May) and Meher (JuneOctober). Methods of sampling and data collection A reconnaissance survey was made at the beginning of September 2008 to select rural villages in Wolayta Zone for the study. Among seven weredas (third-level administrative divisions of Ethiopia) of the zone four were selected by stratified random sampling for the present study. These were Damot Woyde, DamotGale, Boloso Soreand Humbo. The size, position and shape of

homegardens vary from one PA to another. Three Peasant Associations (PAs) from each wereda, a total of 12 were randomly sampled and five homegardens from each PA were selected by employing systematic sampling method. The altitude and geographical location of 12 PAs are shown in Table 1. Data were collected between October 2008 and December 2008 in the study area. Taking each homegarden as a sampling unit, every species was inventoried and the number of each species specimens was counted. Local names of plant species, uses and growth habits were also recorded by asking the owners and through repeated observations. Plant species were identified on the spot and voucher specimens were collected for both identified and unidentified specimen and taken to the National Herbarium (ETH), of Addis Ababa University, Science Faculty, Ethiopia. The specimens were dried, and further identification and reconfirmation were made by using the volumes of the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea (Edwards et al., 1995; 1997) comparing with authenticated specimens deposited in the Herbarium and providing final checking by taxonomic experts. Ethnobotanical information was collected by guided garden tour, administration of individual semistructured interviews with owners of the gardens as well as informal discussion with indigenous people in the study sites. Semi-structured interviews were conducted using pre-prepared interview guide that consisted of questions on plant names, planting practices and management, plant uses and parts consumed.

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Table 1.Geographical location and altitudinal ranges of the research sites.

PA (Sites)

Woreda

Gututo Larena(GL) Shochora Ogodama (SO) Ampo Koisha (AK) Dubo (DU) Achura (AC) Himbecho (HI) Woshe Gale (WG) Harto Burkito (HB) Gacheno (GA) Elo Erasho (EE) Galcha Sake (GS) Koyo Sake (KS)

Humbo Humbo Humbo Boloso Sore Boloso Sore Boloso Sore Damot Gale Damot Gale Damot Gale Damot woyde Damot woyde Damot woyde

Location of the sites Latitude Longitude 06˚46'05.4"N 0370 46' 01.9"E 06048'05.2" N 037048'07.1"E 06049'08.3"N 037049'58.4"E 07004'15.2"N 037045'57.0"E 07009'15.0"N 037041'57.0"E 0 07 08'24.3"N 037040'56.5"E 0 06 54'35.2"N 037048'50.0"E 0 07 05'20.4"N 037057'56.2"E 0 07 01'28.2"N 037055'09.9"E 06°48'04.3˝N 037°49'05.5˝E 06°56'34.4˝N 037°55'29.9˝E 06°55'03.9˝N 037°56'09.4˝E

Altitude (m) 1800-1850 1790-1810 1600-1740 1700-1780 1690-1710 1650-1700 1900-2300 1800-1860 1820-1880 1410-1550 1780-1880 1800-1850

Source: Survey Result

Data analysis A descriptive statistical method was employed to analyze and summarize the data and to calculate percentages, means and other measures of central tendencies. Species diversity analysis (Shannon, 1949) including (ShannonWiener Index, H’), species richness and evenness (E =H’/H’max) of the most useful hom egarden plant species of each study village were analyzed. Evenness has values between 0 and 1 where 1 indicates the condition where all species are equally abundant while 0 indicates that few species are more abundant. Species importance was evaluated by use value analysis (Phillips, 1996). In this analysis, uses were categorized into six classes with its ‘use value’. These include, excellent (5), very good (4), good (3), less (2), least (1) and no use (0). The overall ‘use value’ of the plants was determined to evaluate the importance of each plant species to the local people and was computed as the ‘average use value’ of the species by using the following formula. , where = the use value attributed to a particular species by one informant (i) ∑Usi = summation of all the uses mentioned in each event by the informants N= total number of events in which the informant gave information on the species. Preference ranking was done by using methods described by Martin (1995) to identify the most important plant species according to the local people using 12 informants, three from each wereda who were asked to give score

values of preference ranging from 1 (least) to 10 (highest) preferred species and converted to percent preference. RESULTS The DARKUWAA: Its size and Shape The results showed that the DARKUWAA is the local name given to the traditional homegarden of the Wolayta people. In Wolayta language the name refers to the key land type where crops such as enset, taro, maize and coffee integrated with trees and other supplements are grown. The DARKUWAA has different shapes, sizes and locations in relation to the living house but is always attached to it. The backyard type of DARKUWAA was a predominant type in Wolayta with 63.3% of occurrence followed by the side yard DARKUWAA (13.3%), and the enclosed and the front yard types (11.7% each). The maximum and minimum size of homegardens encountered during the study was 2500 m2 in Elo Erasho (Damot Woyde Wereda) and 500 m2 in Woshe Gale (Damot Gale) being the average DARKUWAA size (600 m2). Vertical structure of plants in DARKUWAA DARKUWAA consists of an assemblage of multi-purpose trees and shrubs with annual and perennial crops and livestock associated with individual houses, managed by family members. The typical DARKUWAA is characterized by the presence of high species diversity and different vertical canopy strata-tree layers. The enset-coffee-tree system of DARKUWAA represents a typical multi-storey

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Figure 2.The spatial horizontal structure of DARKUWAA and outfield in Wolayta.

vertical structure. The upper storey is dominated by broadleaved trees (Cordia africana, Croton macrostachyus, Milletia ferruginea), fruit trees like avocado (Persea americana), mango (Mangifera indica), casmir (Casimiroa edulis), guajava (Psidium guajava)and peach (Prunus persica). The middle storey containing Ensete ventricosum, Coffea arabica and Zea mays while the vegetables, spices, medicinal plants, some weedy species cover the lower strata. The diversity of growth forms in a multi-storied nature allows continuous harvests of food throughout the year and offers a special food security merit. Horizontal structure of DARKUWAA Traditionally, Wolayta people recognized different parts of the DARKUWAA, each with different crops and combinations as indicated in Figure 2. The spatial horizontal structure is made up of a combination of patches and concentric zones of crop categories and species. Elderly informants from the study area identified five components (Kare’a/front yard, Ketasa’a/house-site, Darincha/spice-patch, Utta Darkuwaa/Enset garden, Shukaare Gadiyaa/Garden of sweet potato) within the DARKUWAA and one Shoka (outfield) based mainly on its position in relation to the living house. Kare’a (front yard) refers to the portion of DARKUWAA found in the front part of the house, which contains trees having cultural values and used for fuel. Trees like Olea europea ssp. Cuspidata, Podocarpus falcatus,C. macrostachyus, C. africana andFicus vastaare deliberately left in the open space of the Kare’a. An informant from KoyoSake PA has explained that the above trees provide shade as well as suitable places for conducting ceremonies and get-togethers for the villagers during social gatherings and religious holidays where coffee and snacks (of roasted grains) and bread may be served. However, this practice is declining due to the

consequent decrease in land holdings.Ketasa’a(house-site) is the site dedicated only for the construction of the house. Immediately in front of Ketasa’a one can see a small, clean, plant-less area locally called ‘Bassuwaa’ in which small children play. Darincha (spice-patch) is the component of homegarden where spices and medicinal plants are grown as a major category. This part is closer to the house opposite to the side where cattle are penned downhill at the back side locally called mizaa aquwaa. Across mizaa aquwaa, a channel is opened in the ground to take urine and soft dung out of the house to the garden. Herbaceous plants such as Artemisia afra, Artemisia absinthium, Ruta chalepensis, Cymbopogon citratus, Coriandrum sativum, Ocimum basilicum, and shrubby plants like Solanum dasyphyllum were mentioned by the informants and also observed in the darincha. Some informants pointed out the importance of the spice patch locally as Nuuyoo xaale keetannee mattaa qoccaa giyaa meaning traditional pharmacy andlocal market/primary health centre because these plants have medicinal value against different ailments and one can easily get from his/her immediate homestead. Climbers such as Phaseolus lunatus, Coccinia abyssinica, Dioscorea alata, Dioscoreabulbifera are planted on both sides of the pathway on the front side of the house. Moreover, plants like Colocasia esculenta and Brassica sp. pl. were observed next to them. Utta DARKUWAA (enset-garden) is as the name implies it is the garden where enset is planted. The largest portion of the DARKUWAA is planted/cultivated with enset forming an enset-grove. Moreover, other important cash crops such as C. arabica are inter-cropped. Shukaare DARKUWAA (sweet potato garden) is the garden cultivated with sweet potato and inter-cropped with other herbaceous crops. However, sweet potato can also be grown in shoka (farm fields). Musa x paradisiaca is always planted close to the fence, which is made of plants such as Erythrina

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Figure 3. Number of plant species per growth habit.

abyssinica, E. brucei, Caesalpinia decapetala, Vernonia amygdalina and Pycnostachysabyssinicaamong others.

Generally, the diversity of plant species decreases as one goes from the home to the DARKUWAA edge while the number of individuals of a species increases. Furthermore, Wolayta people also keep a transitional land unit between the DARKUWAA and shoka (outfields). This land is mostly planted with taro (Colocasia esculenta). This practice was observed in all DARKUWAA studied. For example, Elo Erasho PA of Damot Woyde wereda and Shochora Ogodama of Humbo wereda households have more experience on setting transitional land than others studied. This is due to the fact that landholding sizes of the PAs mentioned above are relatively high. The transitional land is considered as a moving ‘fertility frontier’ as soil enrichment gradually transforms it from a relatively poor fertility status shoka to a more fertile DARKUWAA. Diversity, richness and evenness of DARKUWAA plant species

A total of one hundred and fifty nine plant species were recorded within the present study. These plant species are classified into 131 genera and 55 families (See Appendix I). Family Asteraceae stood first with nineteen (11.95%) plant species. Fabaceae with seventeen (10.70%), Lamiaceae, ten (6.30%), Poaceae and Solanaceae, eight (5.00%) ranking second, third and fourth respectively in terms of the number of plant species they contain. The Amaranthaceae and Rutaceae contain seven plant species (4.40%) and are followed by Euphorbiaceae and Brassicaceae containing only five species (3.14%) each. The habitat, number and percent of all plant species are given in Figure 3. From one hundred and fifty nine plant species identified during the study, one hundredand twelve (70.4%) were

categorized as useful to the community in a study area. The remaining 29.6% were grouped under miscellaneous categories in which case they have different functional roles. Of one hundred and twelve useful plant species, sixty seven (59.8%) occurred commonly in the four weredas studied. The remaining 40.2% were rare, occurring in less than 13.3% of the DARKUWAAS studied. The perennial crops such as enset (E. ventricosum) and coffee (C. arabica) are among the dominant plant species existing in all homegardens included in the study. Moreover, sweet potato (I. batatas), being common in all homegardens, was the daily sources of food for most households in the study area. The average number of most useful plant species per homegarden was 14.6 with values ranging from 6 to 24. A maximum number of 52 and minimum number of 24 plant species were recorded per DARKUWAA. In addition to E. ventricosum and C. arabica, which are the key species in the system, food crops such as I. batatas, Z. mays, Phaseolus vulgaris and Brassica sp. pl. that contribute to the daily diet of the family are also common in all homegardens. Other crops that are widely grown include avocado (P.americana), banana (Musa paradisiaca),mango (Mangifera indica), ginger (Zingiber officinale). The most useful plant species mentioned by the local people were under the category of food and medicines that occurred in more than 80% of the total homegardens studied and was employed in the calculation of diversity indices and evenness (Table 2). The diversity of most useful plant species across the PAs did not show a big difference among themselves. The mean evenness value of plant species was highest (0.86) for homegardens in Duboo PA, followed by Achura with the evenness value of 0.82. Such evenness values indicated that evenness in abundance of the species was 86% and 82% of what would have been under uniform or even distribution.

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Table 2.Total and average number of most useful plant species, mean values of the Shannon index (H') and the evenness (E) indices at the research sites (PAs). Research sites/Pas

Wereda

Richness

Mean

Shannon Index (H’)

Evenness (E)

Gututo Larena Shochora Ogodama Ampo Koisha Achura Himbecho Duboo Woshe Gale Harto Burkito Gacheno Elo Erasho Galcha Sake Koyo Sake

HU HU HU BS BS BS DG DG DG DW DW DW

48 43 53 48 49 49 50 50 55 49 45 46

14.8 11.6 16.0 15.6 12.8 15.7 14.2 14.6 14.9 15.0 15.3 15.2

1.43 1.44 1.56 1.50 1.49 1.51 1.51 1.55 1.65 1.64 1.51 1.63

0.64 0.61 0.66 0.82 0.72 0.86 0.59 0.49 0.71 0.44 0.54 0.48

49

14.6

1.54

0.63

Mean

Note: HU = Humbo, BS = Boloso Sore, DG = Damot Gale, DW = Damot Woyde.

In contrast, the PA with the lowest uniform composition of useful plant species with the mean evenness value of 0.44 corresponds to the homegardens in EloErasho where E. ventricosum and I. batatas mainly cover the garden. In general, the relative evenness value of the whole population of the most useful plant species in the study sites was 63%. Homegarden food plants, use values, percentage preference and its ranking Homegardens in the area produce a significant amount of the food needed by the family in addition to minor and supplementary products. Of the 60 households interviewed, 59 (98%) produce plants of different use values mainly for home consumption. Moreover, harvesting takes place on a continuous basis when material is needed. Thus, the household food security is achieved by sustainable use of homegardens with appropriate management system. Among others, E. ventricosum was found in all homegardens and it was confirmed that the speciesreceives great attention from household members. Plant species which were listed as most important food crops by the local people are listed in Table 3 in their order of preferences . Marketed homegarden products Local markets (qoccaa) and markets closer to towns (Woga giyaa) were the important exchange sites of plant genetic resources, food, and medicinal plants in the study area. These markets avail opportunities for selling the

surplus produce of the garden and generate additional income for the family. Among the households in the rural communities and as confirmed during the field observation, women typically market the surplus produce such as medicinal plants from the DARKUWAA and consequently exchange its products. Moreover, the additional income after the garden products have been sold was used to purchase food that more often benefits the family and/or contributes to a more balanced diet. According to the informants from DamotGale, this exchange mainly occurs in the harvesting season of the year. Along the study, medicinal plants including citruses, spices, cabbages, enset products and other minor plant species were those observed in the qoccaaand the major cash crops from DARKUWAA (e.g. P. americana and C. arabica) in the Woga giyaa. Factors affecting plant diversity of the DARKUWAA Plant diversity in the DARKUWAA is affected by different environmental factors and cultural preferences. Homegarden owners from all study sites mentioned the average of more than three factors affecting the garden plant diversity. Surprisingly, they indicated that this agroecosystem is a rich source of useful plant species and a place for the cultivation of naturally endangered species in their natural environment. However, the factors such as socio-economic status, soil fertility, garden size, rainfall pattern, distance from home, management system, proximity to market and roads, cultural preferences and personal preferences/perception have their own influence

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Table 3.Plant species, which were mentioned by local people as the most important food crops in the DARKUWAA, their percentage preference, use values and, preference ranks. Plant species Ensete ventricosum Ipomoea batatas Zea mays Coffea arabica Persea americana Colocasia esculenta Brassica carinata Manihot esculenta Solanum tuberosum Phaseolus vulgaris

% preference 100.0 95.7 91.6 86.7 83.4 66.6 64.3 62.5 62.4 58.3

on plant diversity in the DARKUWAA. Some homegarden owners depend on a limited number of crop plant species existing in the garden being reluctant or against introduction of new crops to their homegardens. Medicinal plants in the DARKUWAA A total of twenty three plant species with medicinal value were recorded and included in nineteen genera and fourteen families. This accounts for 20.54% of the most useful plant species studied. Species of the family Asteraceae were the most used plants representing about 26.1% of all medicinal plants followed by the family Lamiaceae (17.4 %). The majority of the medicinal plants were herbs (78.3%). Tree species and shrubs accounted for 13.04 and 8.70% respectively. The most frequently used plant part in the study area is the leaf with 78.3%. Of the medicinal plant species, ten (43.5%) were protected and the remaining 56.5% cultivated. The most commonly used medicinal plants of the study area are arranged by scientific name, parts used, family name and growth habit as indicated in Table 4. Traditional management practices in the DARKUWAA The diversity of important plant species in the DARKUWAA is relatively good due to the management practice that involves planting and protection of annual and perennial herbs, and woody perennials in combination. According to information obtained from the local people and researchers’ observation, application of animal manure and other household wastes to the DARKUWAA maintains the fertility of the soil. Small number of cattle and other small stock were found in almost every house visited. Unless found in excess quantities, dung from sheep and goat was spread overcorners where cabbage and other vegetables were cultivated. This was mentioned as a very good practice to achieve fast growth of vegetables and also

Use value 5.0 4.6 4.3 4.0 3.4 2.9 3.2 2.2 3.6 3.0

Rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th

for sanitary reasons. Moreover, elders mentioned the fact that some plants have a major role in improving soil fertility and a capacity to conserve soil moisture. Plant species mentioned include C. africana, Erythrina brucei, and Millettia ferruginea. Several preservation methods are involved to store seeds and tubers for future use where its shortage occurs. For example, maize and sorghum are kept for future use by smoking and thorough mixing with ash, animal dung, or powders from C. macrostachyus. Furthermore, tuber crops (e.g. yam and taro) are buried under the soil for a limited period of time. Crop selection was another method practiced by farmers in the DARKUWAA which is men responsibility more than women. The selection depends on criteria like crop’s yield, quality, and quantity, length of time required from planting to harvesting, resistance to diseases and socio-economic basis of the farmers. In general, agriculture was thought to be the main activity of men in Wolayta. However, women play their own role towards the management of homegardens and also of the farm fields. For instance, carrying animal manure to the farm land, soil preparation, weeding, and harvesting are some of the activities of which women had direct involvement. Women are aware of the use of plants and the means of maintaining them in addition with identifying local varieties and managing mainly minor plants like vegetables, spices, tasty varieties and plants of medicinal value. DISCUSSION General features of the DARKUWAA and its management

Trees are scattered growing in association with noticeable enset stands in DARKUWAA. A thick stand of enset is found frequently on back sides of the house, the other side being taken up by other crops. The enset garden of the study sites shifts its position slightly when young plants are placed on margins instead of being fitted into the gap created when

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Table 4.Medicinal plants mainly found in the homegardens of the study area. Scientific name

Family name

Parts used

Habit

Acmella caulirhiza Del.

Asteraceae

Flower, leaves

Protected Herb

Allium sativum L

Alliaceae

Tuber

Cultivated Herb

Amaranthus caudatus L

Amaranthaceae

Fruit

Protected Herb

Artemisia absinthium L. Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. Calpurnea aurea (Ait.) Benth.

Asteraceae Asteraceae Fabaceae

Leaves Leaves Leaves

Cultivated Herb Cultivated Herb Protected Shrub

Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Chenopodiaceae

Flower

Protected Herb

Coriandrum sativum L

Apiaceae

Leaves

Cultivated Herb

Croton macrostachyus Del.

Euphorbiaceae

Leaves

Protected Tree

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Lepidium sativum L.

Poaceae Brassicaceae

Leaves Leaves

Cultivated Herb Cultivated Herb

Moringa stenopetala (Bak. f. ) Cuf.

Moringaceae

Leave, root

Cultivated Tree

Ocimum basilicum L.

Lamiaceae

Leaves

Cultivated Herb

Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. Ex Benth.

Lamiaceae

Leaves, root

Protected Herb

Ocimum urticifolium Roth. Rosmarinus officinalis L. Ruta chalepensis L

Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Rutaceae

Leaves Leaves Leaves

Protected Herb Cultivated Herb Cultivated Herb

Solanum corymbosum Jacq.

Solanaceae

Fruit, leaves

Protected Herb

Solanum dasyphyllum Schum and Thonn.

Solanaceae

Leaves

Protected shrub

Sphaeranthus steetzii Oliv.and Hiern.

Asteraceae

Leaves

Cultivated Herb

Vernonia amygdalina Del. Xanthium strumarium L. Zingiber officinale Roscoe.

Asteraceae Asteraceae Zingiberaceae

Leaves Leaves Rhizomes

Protected Tree Cultivated Herb Cultivated Herb

maturing plants are harvested. Adding a plot of young enset plants periodically may enlarge the area occupied by the crops. Thus, a bigger stand of maturing enset at the backside and a smaller one of juvenile enset on the sides are common features of the enset based homegardens of Wolayta. The same case was reported in the study on crop associations in Wolayta and Gurage (Zemede and Zerihun, 1997). According to Zemede (2004), the crops like E. ventricosum, C. arabica, B.carinata are well nuture from animal urine and droppings flowing into the garden. The same style happens in the DARKUWAA of Wolayta. Women in Wolaytatake the responsibility for propagating, managing, harvesting, selling, and also giving to others spices and medicinal plants which are placed on a clean side immediately at the back of the house (Zemede, 1997; 2002). Women’s share of garden duties is usually significant in Wolayta. As the informants mentioned during the study, women spend much time around homes, selecting seeds, cleaning and weeding and in many ways influencing day to day farm activities. Their tasks in the study area are all essential making them key factors in

production and livelihood relations. The people of Wolayta believe that the enset grove of strong farmers hides the house from a distant. The groves also capture the smoke coming from the house, distributing it all over the garden so as to repel insect pests. Farmers (for example from Galcha Sake, Shochora Ogodama, and Gacheno PAs) claimed that the smoke has a positive impact on the growth and development of enset though no scientific works have been reported yet. Moreover, some species (e.g. P.abyssinica) which are used as a live fence in the study area also emit fragrances that people believe repel insect pests. According to Zemede (2002) the general patterns within the mature DARKUWAA shows that plant size successively increases with distance from the house. The present study also confirms similar result. Moreover, Okigbo’s (1994, 1990) study supports this finding as biological species or taxa diversity is highest near homes and reduces further out becoming almost a single species at the extreme end of the garden for cultivated landscapes in Africa. According to Nair (2001), it is generally agreed that the evolution of tropical home gardens is closely related to resource constraints, mainly population pressure and a

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consequent reduction in available land. This is also truly applicable for the area under the present study. The practice of planting enset as a first plant of the DARKUWAA whenever a new household settlement occurs on a newly cleared land can be considered as a supporting evidence for this conjecture. Floristic diversity in DARKUWAA The enset-coffee homegardens of the Wolayta are home for a rich diversity of overall plant species (one hundred and fifty nine) as well as useful species (one hundred and twelve) as documented in the present study. Etana (2007) from the study conducted in Gimbi Wereda (Western Ethiopia) on wild and homegardens medicinal plants identified fifty two plant species in twelve homegardens. Of fifty two plant species, a total of twenty three (44.2%) traditional medicinal plants were recorded. Similarly, twenty three (20.54%) traditional medicinal plants were identified from one hundred and twelve useful plant species in sixty homegardens of the present study. On the other hand, fifty four food plants were recorded in the present study considering E. ventricosum, I. batatas, and Z. mays in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd rank respectively (Table 3 and Appendix II). This shows that the mentioned crops are the dominant food plants in the study area. Moreover, unlike other functions, there are plant species used commonly as both medicinal and food (nutraceuticals and functional foods) by the indigenous people (e.g. Moringa stenopetala, Allium sativum,and Solanum dasyphyllum). Zemede and Zerihun (1997) reported sixty crop plant species with an average of 14.4 in Wolayta ten years ago. However, in the present study, fifty four food plant species (Appendix II) were recorded having an average of 14.6 per garden. Accordingly, Tesfaye et al. (2010) identified a total of seventy eight cultivated crops species and an average of sixteen crop species per homegarden in Sidama, southern Ethiopia with additional one hundred and twenty tree species recorded. This study reported more crops (78) than the present study (54) due to the fact that the size of homegarden in Sidama is relatively bigger than Wolayta. However, the occurrence of a good number of plant species in homegardens is due to the result of farmers’ attempt to have as much high crop plant diversity in their gardens (Feleke, 2000). A study conducted in the Peruvian upper Amazon, Santa Rosa, found that households with the highest diversity of crops in their home garden depended on the gardens for their subsistence needs, since their outfields had low crop diversity.Of a total of one hundred and sixty eight plant species identified by the study sample, sixty five species appeared only in one garden and only twenty two species were represented in more than half of the gardens. Similarly, the diversity of plant species in the present study is comparable with homegardens from Santa Rosa (Padoch and de Jong, 1991) as a maximum of fifty two

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species appeared in Gacheno, Damot Gale wereda and a minimum of twenty four in Elo Erasho, Damot Woyde per DARKUWAA. In contrast, in forty one homegardens of small hamlet in west Java, two hundred and nineteen different species were recorded in dry season (Soemarwoto and Conway, 1991) which contains more number of plant species than the present study. Most reports of homegardens indicate the total diversity of plant species including crops, trees, ornamentals, creepers and other herbs. Thus, the figure is often high. For example, Mendez and Somarriba (2001) reported the occurrence of three hundred and twenty four plant species in the homegardens of Nicaragua. Out of these, one hundred and eighty (56%) were ornamentals, forty were fruit trees and only twelve were food crops and spices. Likewise, in the widely known homegardens of Java, Jensen (1993) found sixty plant species in only one garden of 0.13 hectare, of which twenty one were ornamentals. The plant diversity in the present study is lower than the diversity in the related work mentioned above. This could be due to different factors affecting plant diversity described in this paper and to geographical location, climatic factors and season of data collection. The need of maintaining high plant diversity in the homegarden stems from objectives such as self-sufficiency in producing almost all products required for subsistence (Cromwell et al., 1999), minimizing crop loss from hazards, producing diverse food products that meet the nutritional demands of the household and the need to have crops harvestable throughout the year. The three layered vertical structure identified in DARKWAA also shows the continuous production which shares some similarity with that of the traditional homegarden in Bonga area, southwestern Ethiopia studied by Feleke (2000) and the study conducted on the diversity of homegarden agroforesty systems in Sidama Zone of the southern region by Tesfaye et al. (2010). Moreover, there is a double reason for increasing plant diversity in homegarden though their size is small: a continuous introduction of new plant species and protecting those which grow spontaneously by themselves. There is a flow of diversity into the DARKUWAA from different sources. The observation regarding this included markets, neighborhood, schools, churchyards, forests and other institutions as indicated by Oakley (2004). The market within the context of homegardens and from a genetic diversity perspective is crucial in facilitating the exchange of germplasm among the members of community as well as between communities. Exchange of plant germplasm is very important for crop/plant evolution and improvements. Further, it is essential for the continued and sustainable production of food in the homegardens even though the exchange of genetic diversity may be restricted to the local market. The market can be an important entrance point for new crops or varieties in the rainy season of the study area and thus, can link the individual

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garden to a larger network as also reported in Engels (2002) and Oakley (2004).

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1993; Feleke, 2000; Tesfaye et al., 2010). Improved market access due to road construction is also reported to have similar effects as described in Kaya et al. (2002).

Factors affecting plant diversity in the DARKUWAA Species diversity of homegarden in the study area is affected by different factors. Among these, homegarden size is the main claim for a decline in the species diversity followed by the rainfall pattern of the area. As per capita landholding increases, size of homegarden also increases and so does the diversity of plant species in homegarden as confirmed in the study of Tesfaye et al. (2010). However, unlike others, (PAs of Damot Gale), the size of homegardens is very small while the diversity is high with mean number of 51.7 plant species. Here, the land holding in general is very small with the population density of 750 persons/ km 2 at the wereda level. This is because of strong farmers’ activity to fulfill their needs from the DARKUWAA. Homegardens close to market towns particularly in welloff-households tend to emphasize on high value cash crops instead of staple foods (e.g. C. arabica, P.americana, Z. officinale). On the other hand, farmers tend to compensate their lack of access to markets and resources by producing as much of their consumption from home production as possible. This is a comparable result as that of Soemarwoto and Conway (1991). An increased reliance on off-farm income results in less labor being available on the garden and hence level of diversity becomes low. Moreover, household resources such as land, labour and capital, socioeconomic background, soil fertility status and distance from house affect species diversity and composition. In addition, farmers’ preferences to crops also affect plants diversity in the DARKUWAA. For example, a farmer from Bolososore Wereda, Himbecho PA informed the principal researcher that he did not want to plant the cassava (M. esculenta) in his homegarden reasoning that it kills human beings and cattle. The idea of this farmer is scientifically true as cassava roots and leaves contain some cyanide in the form of linamarine, which can constitute a poison for consumers when roots or leaves are processed improperly (Kobawila et al., 2005). In contrast, a large cover of cassava in Gututo Larena PA, Humbowereda was observed as farmers are more aware of how to use cassava than in other PAs. Access to market, either through the physical proximity of the market itself or through a link created by road infrastructure, has affected significantly most of the diversity of useful plant species. However, the effects were not always similar. Farmers close to markets grow relatively fewer crop species, because the availability of market access closer to them encourages them to focus on the production of marketable products and to purchase from markets other necessary products for consumption. These findings confirm earlier reports which indicated that species diversity of homegardens located close to market areas is low because local farmers give priority only for few commercial crops (Marten and Abdoellah, 1988; Jensen,

CONCLUSION DARKUWAA are robust agrosystem and a repository of diverse species and useful plant categories as there are traditional management practices that involve planting and protection of annual and perennial herbs and woody perennials. The management of multi-species agrosystem for fulfilling the subsistence and cash needs of households enhances homegarden sustainability and agrobiodiversity conservation. However, the factors such as socio-economic status, soil fertility, garden size, rainfall pattern, distance from home, management system, proximity to market and roads, cultural preferences and personal preferences/perception have their own influence on plant diversity in the DARKUWAA. These factors are likely to reduce the ecological benefits derived from the integrated and complex systems of the DARKUWAA and threaten their long-term sustainability. Much of the local ethnobotanical information is being lost as there were no information, documentation and transfer to the younger generation in Wolayta people. Thus, there should be a clear need to capture the local knowledge, the practices related to management and utilization of plants before they are lost and be distorted as we move to the future. Beyond documentation, a paradigm shift has to be made to scientifically enhance and practice the indigenous knowledge for the benefit of the homegarden and the people. Learning about the DARKUWAA from the DARKUWAA and for the DARKUWAA needs to continue for the access of necessary products for households. REFERENCES Brandt SA, Spring A, Hiebsch C, Gizachew W (1997). The ‘Tree Against Hunger’. Enset-Based Agricultural Systems in Ethiopia.American for the Advancement of Science, Florida. Christanty L (1990). Homegardens in tropical Asia, with Special Reference to Indonesia. In Landauer, K. and Brazil, M. (eds.), Tropical Homegardens, The United Nations University Press, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 920. Cromwell E, Cooper D, Mulvany P (1999). Agriculture, biodiversity and livelihoods: Issues and entry points for development agencies. Overseas Development Institute,London. http://nt1.ids.ac.uk/eldis/agbio.htm Edwards S, Mesfin Tadesse, Hedberg I (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Uppsala, Sweden. 2:2. Edwards S, Sebsebe Demissew, Hedberg I (1997). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea.Vol.6. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Uppsala, Sweden. Engels J (2002). Homegardens - a genetic resources perspective. In: Watson JW, Eyzaguirre PB (eds.)Homegardens and in-situ conservation of plant genetic resources in farming systems.IPGRI: Rome, Italy pp. 3-9. Etana T (2007). Use, Threat and Conservation of Traditional Medicinal Plants by Indigenous People in Gimbi Woreda, Western Wollega, Western Ethiopia.Masters Thesis, University of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Feleke W (2000). A study on Bodiversity Management in Daaddegoyo (Traditional Homegardens) by Kaficho people of Bonga area

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(Southwestern Ethiopia).Masters Thesis, University of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Fernandes ECM, Nair PKR (1990). An evolution of the structure and functions of tropical homegadens. In: Landauer K, Brazil M (eds.)Tropical Homegardens. The United Nations University Press: Tokyo, Japan pp. 105-114. IPGRI (1999). Diversity for development.The new strategy of international plant genetic resources Institute. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (now Bioversity International), Rome, Italy. Jensen M (1993). Productivity and nutrient cycling of Javanese homegardens. Agrofor. Syst. 24:187-201. Kaya M, Kammesheidt L, Weidelt, HJ (2002). The forest garden system of Saparua island, central Maluku, Indonesia, and its role in maintaining tree species diversity. Agrofor. Systems 54: 225-234. Kobawila SC, Louembe, D, Keleke S, Hounhouigan J, Gamba C (2005). Reduction of the cyanide content during fermentation of Cassava roots and leaves to produce bikedi and ntoba mbodi, two food products from Congo. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 4(7):689-696. Marten GD, Abdoellah OS (1988). Crop diversity and nutrition in West Java. Ecol. Food Nutr. 21:17-43. Martin GJ (1995). Ethnobotany: A Method Manual. Chapman and Hall, London. Mendez VEL, Somarriba E (2001). Interdisciplinary analysis of home gardens inNicaragua: micro-zonation, plant use and socioeconomic importance. Agrofor. Syst. 51:85-96. Nair PKK (2001). Do Tropical Homegardens elude Science, or it is the other way around? Agrofor. Syst. 53(2):239-245. Oakley E (2004). Homegardens: a cultural responsibility. LEISA, March 2004: 22-23. Okigbo BN (1990). Home gardens in Tropical Africa. In: Landauer K, Brazil M (eds.)Tropical Homegardens. The United Nations University Press: Tokyo, Japan pp. 21-40. Okigbo BN (1994). Conservation and use of germplasm in African traditional agriculture and land use system. In: Putter A (ed.) Safeguarding the genetic basis of Africa’s traditional crops.CTA: the Netherlands/IPGRI/Rome pp. 15-38.

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Padoch C, de Jong W (1991). The house gardens of Santa Rosa: diversity and variability in Amazonian Agricultural system. Econ. Bot. 45(2):166171. Phillips O (1996). Some quantitative methods of analyzing ethnobotanical knowledge. In: Alexiades M (ed.)Selected guidelines for Ethnobotanical Research: A Field Manual. The New York Botanical Garden: New York pp. 167-198. Shannon CE, Wiener W (1949). The Mathematical theory of Communication. Univesity of Illinois Press. Urbana III. Soemarwoto O, Conway GR (1991).The Javenese Homegarden. ResearchExtension, J. Farm. Syst. 2:95-117. Sommers P (1982). The Mixed Garden: the UNICEF homegarden handbook, UNICEF. Tesfaye AWiersum KF, Bongers F (2010). Spatial and temporal variation in crop diversity in agroforestry homegardens of southern Ethiopia. Agrofor. syst.78:309-322. Westphal E (1975). Agricultural Systems in Ethiopia. Wageningen, Netherlands. Agric. Res. Rep. p. 826. Zemede A (1997). Survey of Indigenous Food crops and Useful Plants, their preparations and homegardens in Ethiopia. Indigenous African food crops and useful plants.Resource Utilization, Assessment series, No. B6. UNU, ICIPE Press. Zemede A (2002). Homegardens in Ethiopia: some observations and generalizations. In:Proceedings of the second international home gardens workshop, Germany,July 17-19, 2001. Witzenhausen: Germany pp. 125-139. Zemede A (2004). Homegarden and Agrobiodiversity. In: Eyzaguirre and Linares (eds.)Theenset-based homegardens of Ethiopia. Smithsonian Institution: Washington.USA pp. 123-147. Zemede A, Ayele N (1995). Homegardens in Ethiopia: Characteristics and Plant diversity. SINET: Ethiopian J. Sci. 18(2):235-266. Zemede A, Zerihun W (1997). Crop Associations of Homegardens in Wolaytaand Gurage in Southern Ethiopia.SINET: Ethiopian J. Sci. 20(1):73-90.

Cite this article as: Talemos S, Sebsebe D and Zemede A (2013). Home gardens of Wolayta, Southern Ethiopia: An ethnobotanical profile. Acad. J. Med. Plants. 1(1): 014-013. Submit your manuscript at http://www.academiapublishing.org/journals/ajmp

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Appendix I. he total number of plant species collected.

Scientific Name Achyranthus aspera L. Acmella caulirhiza Del.* Adenostemma caffrum DC. Adenostemma perottettii DC. Ageratum conyzoides L. Allium cepa L.* Allium sativum L.* Amaranthus caudatus L.* Amaranthus dubius Thell. Amaranthus hybridus L. * Amaranthus thunbergii Moq. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. * Annona cherimola Mill. * Artemisia absinthium L. * Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd.* Balanites aegyptiaca L. Beta vulgarisL. * Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff. Bougainvillea glabra Choisy* Brassica nigra (L.) in Rohling* Brassica oleracea L. * Brucea antidysenterica J.F. Mill. Buddleja polystacha Fresen * Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth.) Alston* Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill.* Calpurnea aurea (Ait.) Benth.* Canna indica L. * Capsicum annuum L. * Capsicum frutescens L.* Carica papaya L. * Casimiroa edulis LaLlave * Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. * Caylusea abyssinica (Fresen) Fisch. & Mey. Celosia schweifurthiana Schinz. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. * Cicer arietinum L. * Cirsium schimperi (Vatke) Jeffrey ex Cuf Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle * Citrus aurantium L. * Citrus sinensis (L.) Obseck.* Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth * Clerodendrum cordifolium A. Rich * Coccinia abyssinica (Lam.) Cogn.* Coffea arabica L * Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schoot* Commelina latifolia Hochst. ex A.Rich.* Conyza aegyptiaca (L.) Ait. Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. Conyza variegata Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich. Cordia africana Lam.*

Family Name Amaranthaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Alliaceae Alliaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Bromeliaceae Annonaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Balanitidaceae Chenopodiaceae Asteraceae Nyctaginaceae Brassicaceae Brassicaceae Simaraubaceae Logonaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Cannaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Caricaceae Rutaceae Celastraceae Resedaceae Amaranthaceae Chenopodiaceae Fabaceae Asteraceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Verbenaceae Cucurbitaceae Rubiaceae Araceae Commelinaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Boraginaceae

Habit Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Climber Herb shrub Herb Herb Herb Tree Tree Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub shrub Shrub shrub Herb climber Shrub Herb Herb herb Herb Herb Tree

Uses Ms Md Ms Ms Ms Md Md Md Ms Md Ms Fr. Fr. Md Md Ffr. Vg Ms Ot. Vg Vg Ms Sh Lf Fo. Md. Ot. Fo. Sp. Fr. Fr. St. Ms Ms Md. Fo. Ms Fr. Fr. Fr. Thb. Fo. Fr. St. Fo. Sf. Ms Ms Ms Tm. Sf.

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Appendix I. Contd

Coriandrum sativum L.* Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore Croton macrostachyus Del. * Cucurbita pepo L.* Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) * Cyperus articulata L.* Daucus carota L.* Dioscorea bulbifera L* Dioscorea alata L.* Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb. Ehretia cymosa Thonn. * Ensete ventricosum (Welw.)Cheesman * Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter * Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ex Dc.* Erythrina brucei Schweinf* Eucalyptus globulus Labill* Euphorbia petitiana A. Rich. Euphorbia schimperiana Scheele Ficus sur Forssk. * Ficus vasta Forssk.* Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz.& Pavon Glycine wightii (Wight & Arn.) Gossypium hirsutum L.* Grevillea robusta R.Br. * Guizotia abyssinica (L, f.) Cass.* Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov. Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F. Gmel.* Hibiscus berberidifolius A. Rich. Hibiscus ovalifolius (Forssk.) Vahl. Hordeum vulgare L.* Hyparrhena anthistirioides (Hochst. ex A. Rich) Stapf. Hypoestes trifolia (Forssk.) Roem.& Schul. Indigofera atriceps Hook. f. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.* Iresine herbstii Hook.f * Justicia ladanoides Lam. Lactuca sativa L. * Lagenaria siceraria(Mol.) Standl.* Lantana camara L. * Lepidium sativum L. * Leucas deflexa Hook.f Lippia adoensis Hochst. ex Walp.* Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.* Maesa lanceolata Forssk. Malva parviflora Hojer Mangifera indica L.* Manihot esculentaGrentz* Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Bak.* Mirabilis jalapa L.* Moringa stenopetala (Bak. F. ) Cuf.* Musa paradisiaca L. *

Apiaceae Asteraceae Euphorbiaceae Cucurbitaceae Poaceae Cyperaceae Apiaceae Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae Flacourtiaceae Boraginaceae Musaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Myrtaceace Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Moraceae Moraceae Asteraceae Fabaceae Malvaceae Proteaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Rosaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Poaceae Poaceae Acanthaceae Fabaceae Convolvulaceae Amaranthaceae Acanthaceae Asteraceae Cucurbitaceae Verbenaceae Brassicaceae Lamiaceae Verbenaceae Solanaceae Myrsinaceaea Malvaceae Anacardiaceae Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae Nyctaginaceae Moringaceae Musaceae

Herb Herb Tree Climber Herb Herb Herb Climber climber Shrub Tree Herb Herb Tree Tree Tree Herb Herb Tree Tree Herb Climber Shrub Tree Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Trailer Herb Herb Herb Climber Climber Herb Herb Shrub Climber Herb Herb Tree Shrub Tree Herb Tree Herb

Md. Ms Md. Fo. Sp. Fo. Fo. Fo. Fo. Lf. Cn. Fo, Md. Fo. Lf Lf Cn. Ms Ms Efr. Sh. Efr. Sh. Ms Ms Cl. Cn. Fo. Ms Md. Ms Ms Fo. Ms Ms Ms Fo. Ot. Ms Vg. Fr. Lf. Md. Ms Sp. Md Vg. Ms Ms Fr. Fo. Lf. Sf. Ot. Md. Fo. Fr.

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Appendix I. Contd

Nicandra physaloides (L.) Gaertn. Ocimum basilicum L. * Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth.* Ocimum urticifolium Roth.* Oldenlandia corymbosa L Olea europea L. ssp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G.Don) Cif.* Oxalis corniculata L. Passiflora edulis Sims * Paulinia pinnata L* Pavetta abyssinica Fres. Persea americana Mill. * Phaseolus lunatus L. * Phaseolus vulgaris L. * Phonex reclinata Jacq.* Pisum sativum L. * Plectranthus barbatus Andrews Plectranthus edulis (Vatke) Agnew* Plectranthus lanuginosus (Hochst. ex Benth.) Agnew Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.)* Prunus persica (L.) Stokes * Psidium guajava L. * Pycnostachys abyssinica Fresen.* Raphanus raphanistrum L. * Rhaminus prinoides L’Herit * Rhus glutinosa A.Rich. Ricinus communis L. * Rosa abyssinica Lindley * Rosmarinus officinalis Forssk. * Rubus pinnatus Willd.var. afrotropicus (Engl.) C.E Gust.* Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Ruta chalepensis L.* Saccharum officinarum L. * Salvia nilotica Juss. ex Jacq. Sapium ellipticum (Hochst) Pax.* Scabiosa columbaria L. Schinus molle L.* Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.)Irwin & Barney Senna petersenina Bolle Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) Irwin & Barneby Solanum corymbosum Jacq. Solanum dasyphyllum Schum and Thonn.* Solanum indicum L. Solanum tuberosum L.* Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.* Sphaeranthus steetzii Oliv. &Hiern.* Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. * Teclea nobilis Del. Triticum sativum L. * Triumfetta rhomboidae Jacq. Vernonia amygdalian Del. * Vernonia filigera Oliv.and Hiern. *

Solanaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Rubiaceae Oleaceae Oxalidaceae Passifloriaceae Sapindiaceae Rubiaceae Lauraceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Arecaceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Podocarpaceae Rosaceae Myrtaceae Lamiacae Brassicacae Rhaminaceae Anacardiaceae Euphorbiaceae Rosaceae Lamiaceae Rosaceae Polygonaceae Rutaceae Poaceae Lamiaceae Euphorbiaceae Dibsacaceae Anacardiaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Myrtaceae Rutaceae Poaceae Tiliaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae

Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Climber Tree Shrub Tree Climber climber Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Tree Tree Shrub Herb Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Tree Shrub Herb Shrub Herb Shrub Shrub Herb Herb Herb Tree Tree Herb Herb Shrub Shrub

Ms Sp. md. Md. Md. Ms Cn. Ms Fr. Sh. Tm. Fr. Fo. Fo. Ot. Fo. Ms Fo. Ms Tm. Fr. Fr. Lf. Vg. St. Ms Oil Ot Md. sp. Fr. Ms Md. Su. Ms Ms Ms Sp. Ms Sh. Ms Ms Md. Vg. Ms Fo. Fo. Md. Efr. Ms Fo. Ms Md. Lf.

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Appendix I. Contd

Vicia faba L. * Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp * Vinca rosea L. * Vitis vinifera L. * Xanthium strumarium L.* Zea mays L. * Zingiber officinale Roscoe *

Fabaceae Fabaceae Apocynaceae Vitaceae Asteraceae Poaceae Zingiberaceae

Herb Climber Climber Climber Herb Herb Herb

Fo. Fo. Ot. Fr. Md. Fo. Md.

Note: * indicates 112 useful plant species of the study area. Key:Fo =food, Fr = fruit, Sh = shade, Sp = spice, Md = medicinal, Lf = lifefence, Vg = vegetable, Efr = edible fruit, St = stimulant, Ot = ornamental, Tm = timber, Thb = tooth bush, Cn = construction, Oil = non-edible oil, Sf = soil fertilizing, Cl = clothing, Ffr = fruit used at the time of hunger, Su = sugar, Ms = miscellaneous.

Appendix II. List of food plants in the study area.

Scientific Name Allium cepa L. Allium sativum L. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Annona cherimola Mill. Beta vulgaris L. Brassica carinata A. Br. Brassica nigra ( L.) in Rohling Brassica oleracea L. Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill. Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum frutescens L. Carica papaya L. Cicer arietinum L. Citrus aurantifolia (Chistm.) Swingle Citrus aurantium L. Citrus sinensis (L.) Obseck. Coccinia abyssinica (Lam.) Cogn. Coffea arabica L. Colocasia esculenta (L.)Schoot Cucurbita pepo L. Daucus carota L. Dioscorea alata L. Dioscorea bulbifera L. Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesma Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.)Cass. Hordeum vulgare L. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Lactuca sativa L. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Manihot esculentaGrentz. Mangifera indica L. Musa paradisiaca L. Moringa stenopetala (Bak. f. ) Cuf. Passiflora edulis Sims Persea americana Mill.

Family Name Alliaceae Alliaceae Bromeliaceae Annonaceae Chenopodiaceae Brassicaceae Brassicaceae Brassicaceae Fabaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Caricaceae Fabaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Cucurbitaceae Rubiaceae Araceae Cucurbitaceae Apiaceae Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae Musaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Poaceae Convolvulaceae Asteraceae Solanaceae Euphorbiaceae Anacardiaceae Musaceae Moringaceae Passifloraceae Lauraceae

Parts consumed Bulb, leaves Bulb, leaves Fruit Fruit Root/tuber Leaves Leaves Leaves Seed Fruit Fruit Fruit Grain Fruit Fruit Fruit Root/tuber Beans Root Leaves, fruit Tuber Root Aerial tuber, root Stem, corm, leaves Grain Seed, oil plant Grain Root/tube Leaves, vegetable Fruit, vegetable Root/ tuber Fruit Fruit Leaves fruit fruit

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030

Appendix II. Contd.

Phaseolus lunatus L. Phaseolus vulgaris L. Pisum sativum L. Plectranthus edulis (Vatke) Agnew Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. Psidium guajava L. Raphanus raphanistrum L. Ricinus communis L. Rubus pinnatus Willd.var. afrotropicus (Engl.) C.E Gust. Saccharum officinarum L. Solanum dasyphyllum Schum and Thonn. Solanum tuberosum L. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Triticum sativum L. Vicia faba L. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Vitis vinifera L. Zea mays L.

Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae Rosaceae Myrtaceae Brassicaceae Euphorbiaceae Rosaceae Poaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Poaceae Poaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Vitaceae Poaceae

Seed Seed Seed Root/ tuber Fruit Fruit Leaves Fruit (non-edible oil) Fruit Stem Leaves Root/tuber Seed Seed Seed Seed Fruit Seed