CLAS 251/HIST 242 Ancient Greek History

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his course is an introductory survey of the political history of ancient Greece. Over a thousand years of history will be covered, from the Bronze Age civilization of the Mycenaean Greeks down to the reign of Alexander the Great. Among the topics discussed will be the development of the city-state and the expansion of Greece during the Archaic period, the phenomenon of the Greek tyrants, the birth of democracy, the unique Spartan state, the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars, and the new direction of political events in Greece in light of the growth of Macedonian power.

Instructor

Term/Time/Location Required Primary Readings Recommended Readings Course Requirements

Special Notes

Professor Sheila Ager ML 231, ext. 32943 [email protected] Office hours: 1:30-2:30, MW Fall 2013: 10:30-11:20, MWF Room: HH 280 Herodotos, Thucydides, and Plutarch (see further below). Other readings to be posted on LEARN. Nancy Demand, A History of Ancient Greece in its Mediterranean Context, 3rd edition 2013. On reserve at Dana Porter Library. Midterm test (Monday, October 21) ..... 30% Research essay assignment (due Friday, November 22) ..... 30% Final examination ..... 40% Hard copies of the essay are to be submitted to the course instructor or the Departmental office (ML 224) before 4:00 pm on the due date. Essays submitted late will be penalized 5% per day. All components of the course requirements (the midterm, the essay, and the final exam) must be completed in order to obtain a passing grade. Marked midterms and essays may be picked up in ML 224 during regular office hours (please bring your Watcard).

Learning Outcomes and Course Objectives: The main objective of this course is for students to gain a basic familiarity with the political and military events of ancient Greek history (students interested more in social history should consider taking CLAS 201). In addition to gaining such familiarity with the facts of Greek history, students will learn the fundamentals of historical methodology as they apply to the study of antiquity. The writing assignment (course essay) will enable students to develop their research and analytical skills and learn the particular challenges of interpreting ancient history from the primary sources. By the end of this course, students should be able to undertake more advanced studies in Greek history such as CLAS 351. Expectations in the classroom: There are certain rules of courtesy in the classroom which must be observed. Arriving late or leaving early, and talking or otherwise being disruptive during the lecture, are behaviours that are both discourteous

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to the other members of the class, and distracting to the instructor. You may use a laptop to take course notes if you like, but I discourage it: recent research indicates that you will do better in your studies if you do not use a laptop to take notes! In any case, please note that using it during class time for purposes unrelated to the course is discourteous and distracting to other people in the class. Finally, do not leave cell phones or other electronic devices on the desk (or in your lap) during the lectures. The classroom is a texting-free zone! Test/exam regulations: Students are encouraged to consult the University examination regulations for information about various rules governing the conduct of midterms and final examinations. Makeup tests/exams will only be given when the student offers a documented medical reason for missing the test or exam in question. Other reasons, such as travel plans, do not constitute a valid reason for being granted a makeup. It is also vital that students realize their own responsibility in informing the instructor promptly (preferably prior to missing the test/exam, but certainly no more than 24 hours after it). University Policies on Academic Integrity and Student Discipline and Grievance: Academic Integrity: in order to maintain a culture of academic integrity, members of the University of Waterloo community are expected to promote honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility. [Check www.uwaterloo.ca/academicintegrity/ for more information]. Grievance: A student who believes that a decision affecting some aspect of his/her university life has been unfair or unreasonable may have grounds for initiating a grievance. Read Policy 70, Student Petitions and Grievances, Section 4, www.adm.uwaterloo.ca/infosec/Policies/policy70.htm. When in doubt please be certain to contact the department’s administrative assistant who will provide further assistance. Discipline: A student is expected to know what constitutes academic integrity [check www.uwaterloo.ca/academicintegrity/], to avoid committing academic offences, and to take responsibility for his/her actions. A student who is unsure whether an action constitutes an offence, or who needs help in learning how to avoid offences (e.g., plagiarism, cheating) or about “rules” for group work/collaboration should seek guidance from the course professor, academic advisor, or the Undergraduate Associate Dean. For information on categories of offences and types of penalties, students should refer to Policy 71, Student Discipline, www.adm.uwaterloo.ca/infosec/Policies/policy71.htm. For typical penalties check Guidelines for the Assessment of Penalties, www.adm.uwaterloo.ca/infosec/guidelines/penaltyguidelines.htm. Appeals: A decision made or penalty imposed under Policy 70 (Student Petitions and Grievances) (other than a petition) or Policy 71 (Student Discipline) may be appealed if there is a ground. A student who believes he/she has a ground for an appeal should refer to Policy 72 (Student Appeals) www.adm.uwaterloo.ca/infosec/Policies/policy72.htm. Note for Students with Disabilities: The AccessAbility Office, located in Needles Hall, Room 1132, collaborates with all academic departments to arrange appropriate accommodations for students with disabilities without compromising the academic integrity of the curriculum. If you require academic accommodations to lessen the impact of your disability, please register with the OPD at the beginning of each academic term. Cross-listing (CLAS 251 = HIST 242): Please note that a cross-listed course will count in all respective averages no matter under which rubric it has been taken. For example, a History student who takes this course as CLAS 251 will still have the grade calculated into his/her HIST average.

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Tentative Lecture Schedule & Readings, Fall 2013 Students are expected to read selections in translation from the ancient Greek historians Herodotos (Herodotus), Thucydides, and Plutarch. The texts of these authors are available online in a variety of sites and formats; unfortunately, many of these online translations do not provide the chapter breakdown, so it is hard for the reader to locate the exact passage assigned. Probably the most extensive online versions are those provided by the Perseus Digital Library (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/); look under “Collections/Texts” → “Greek and Roman Materials”, and choose from the alphabetical list of authors. If you prefer reading a hard copy, annotated copies of these works (Robert Strassler’s The Landmark Herodotus and The Landmark Thucydides, and Penguin translation of some of Plutarch’s Lives) are on reserve in the Dana Porter Library. Nancy Demand’s A History of Ancient Greece in its Mediterranean Context is also available on reserve in the library; you may wish to consult it for extra reading, for clarification of material if you miss a class, or for finding bibliography for your essay assignment. Week

Lectures

Sept 9-13

Introduction. The monarchies of Bronze Age Greece. The Dark Age and Archaic renaissance. Birth of the polis. Two Dorian poleis: Corinth and Sparta. Dorian Sparta and an Ionian polis: Archaic Athens.

Sept 16-20 Sept 23-27 Sept 30-Oct 4

Oct 7-11 Oct 16-18

The Persian Empire. The Persian Wars.

Oct 21-25

The Aftermath of the Persian Wars. Democracy and the Athenian empire. Midterm, Monday, October 21. The Road to War. The Peloponnesian War I. The Peloponnesian War II.

Oct 28-Nov 1 Nov 4-8 Nov 11-15 Nov 18-22

Nov 25-29 Dec 2

New Polarities in 4th Century Greece. The Rise of Macedon. Philip II and Alexander the Great. Essay assignment due, Friday November 22. Alexander and his Successors. Review and retrospect. No class.

Primary Readings (Required)

Secondary Readings (Recommended) Demand 26-72.

Hdt. 4.145-158.

Demand 73-124.

Hdt. 5.90-95, 3.48-53.

Demand 125-150.

Thuc. 2.15-16; Hdt. 1.59-64; Hdt. 5.55-65, Thuc. 1.20, 6.53-59; Hdt. 5.66-76.

Demand 130-169.

Hdt. 5.30-38; Hdt. 6.102-124; Hdt. 7.5-19; Hdt, 7.175-239; Hdt. 8.4097; Hdt. 9.114-122. Thuc. 1.1, 1.21-23, 1.66-88; Thuc. 1.89-102; Thuc. 1.103-117.

Thuc. 2.34-55; Thuc. 3.36-50, 4.27-41, 5.6-11. Thuc. 5.84-116; Thuc. 6.8-61, 6.89-93, 7.10-18, 7.55-87.

Demand 170-188. Demand 189-204.

Demand 205-250.

Demand 251-263. Demand 263-272. Demand 273-286.

Plutarch, Life of Alexander.

Demand 286-310.

Demand 310-341.

Maps: Your understanding of Greek history will be greatly enhanced if you have a clear idea of the geography under discussion. An excellent online source of high-quality maps is the website maintained by Professor Ivan Mladjov of the University of Michigan: http://sitemaker.umich.edu/mladjov/maps&.

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Research Essay Assignment

The essay is due Friday, November 22. It should be about 8 pages long, double-spaced (about 2000 - 2200 words; please include the word count and number your pages). The assignment will be graded on the basis of your fulfilment of the expectations detailed below: 

This assignment has been designed to get you using the primary source material: ancient historians for the most part, though of course inscriptions also contribute to our understanding of ancient history, and a few of the assignments feature the use of an inscription. You will therefore have to consult the ancient sources that are specified in each question, and it is highly recommended that you also consult historical commentaries and historiographical studies on these sources where available and applicable. Translations of all of the ancient authors are available in the library or online; if you have any trouble tracking down what you’re after, please come to me for help.

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You must also consult a minimum of 5 – 6 secondary source materials beyond the course notes (although they can provide you with some guidance, course materials are not appropriate sources for a research essay). The attached bibliography lists many of the standard works on Greek history – there are others! Please employ this bibliography when looking for secondary sources; and be aware that others in the class also need to use these books, so returning them to the library as soon as you’re through would be an act of kindness. Note: you may also use scholarly articles (not Wikipedia!) in addition to books, but you are not required to do so. Please see me if you would like some assistance in finding articles for your topic.

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Beware of the temptation to offer only a chronological narrative of events! This is an excellent way to write a poor essay. You can offer some narrative by way of an introduction (perhaps a couple of pages), to set the stage for the overall examination of your topic, but your major emphasis should be on why or how historical events happened or historical forces shaped civilizations and peoples (analysis rather than narrative). The assignment is intended to get you engaged in taking a critical approach to the ancient sources and to the questions that arise about the events they describe and about the reliability of the sources themselves. Each of the assignments asks some specific questions that you should keep in mind and try to answer as you contemplate both the primary and the secondary sources on your topic.

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The assignment should be written in regular essay format, with appropriate introduction, arguments, and conclusion(s). Proper written style and correct spelling do count for part of your grade, so pay careful attention to proof-reading.

Before embarking on your essay, you should consult the essay guide for Classical Studies, accessible from our departmental home page (“Research and Essay Writing”, http://www.classics.uwaterloo.ca/essays.htm). It sets out the expectations and guidelines for an essay in this course. Note that you must cite all your sources, both primary and secondary, appropriately. Please see page 7 of the syllabus for the suggested style for citing secondary sources. And start your research early in the term!

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Essay Assignment Topics Note: You must choose a topic from this list. If you have trouble finding the primary sources, please see me. Topics with an asterisk have a more complex set of primary sources associated with them. Tyranny on Samos. What does Herodotos’ account of Polykrates (Polycrates) of Samos tell us about the nature of Greek tyranny in the Archaic age? How does his version of Polykrates’ rise and fall relate to Herodotos’ overall ideas about human affairs and the historical process? Primary sources: Herodotos 2.182; 3.39-60; 3.120-132. Suggested secondary sources: works on Greek tyranny, the island of Samos, the Archaic age generally; works on Herodotos’ historical methods and ideas. The Reforms of Kleisthenes (Cleisthenes). How does Herodotos’ account of the historical circumstances of Athens at the time of Kleisthenes shape our understanding of the constitutional reforms attributed to him? What are the discrepancies between Herodotos’ account and that of [Aristotle]? What seems to have been the ultimate purpose of these reforms? Primary sources: Herodotos 5.62-78, 6.131; [Aristotle] Athenaion Politeia 20-22; the Athenian archon-list = Meiggs/Lewis #6. Suggested secondary sources: works on history of Archaic/Classical Athens; specifically, works on the development of Athenian democracy. The Spartan Lifestyle. Discuss the nature of the Spartiate agogē (focus on the lifestyle, not the constitutional structure, except where the latter is directly relevant), using the accounts provided by Xenophon and Plutarch. How reliable do these accounts seem to be? Is it possible to ‘deconstruct’ the Spartan ‘myth’? What purpose might there have been in the Spartans presenting themselves this way to the outside world? Primary sources: Plutarch Life of Lykourgos (Lycurgus); Xenophon Spartan Society (also known as Constitution of the Lacedaemonians). Suggested secondary sources: works on Spartan history, economy, and society (note: for this topic, it is particularly important to consult up-to-date and critical research on the Spartans; older research is likely to accept the ancient sources at face value); works on the image and perception of Sparta. The Battle of Thermopylai (Thermopylae). Is Herodotos’ account of the Battle of Thermopylai historically sound? What does it tell us about the Greek strategy in 480 BC? How does Herodotos’ narrative of the battle and the events surrounding it relate to his overall ideas about human affairs and the historical process? Primary sources: Herodotos 7.172-239; 9.78-82. Suggested secondary sources: works on the Persian Wars; works on the history of Sparta; works on Herodotos’ historical methods and ideas. *The ‘Peace of Kallias (Callias)’. Assess the historical sources used as evidence for and against the tradition that there was a formal peace between Athens and Persia as of about 450/449 BC. Why is there so much controversy as to whether the ‘Peace of Kallias’ ever took place? In the final analysis, do you think there was or was not such a formal peace treaty? Why or why not? Primary sources: collected in Fornara 1983 #95. Suggested secondary sources: works on the Athenian empire, on Persian-Greek relations, and on the history of the Classical age in general; works on Thucydides’ methods as an historian. *The Invasion of Melos. What does Thucydides’ account of the Athenian invasion and destruction of Melos in 416 BC say about his view of the Athenian state – or perhaps the Greeks in general – in wartime? Were the Athenians justified in their actions? How do we judge the historical veracity of the ‘Melian Dialogue’? What does it say about Thucydides’ overall concept of his historical account of the Peloponnesian War? Primary sources: Thucydides 2.9, 3.91, 5.84-116; Diodoros (Diodorus) 12.80.5; the so-called ‘Spartan War Fund’

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inscription = Meiggs and Lewis #67; Loomis 1992 (on reserve).1 Suggested secondary sources: works on the Athenian empire, on the Peloponnesian War, on the Greeks at war, on the history of the Classical age in general; works on Thucydides’ historical and literary aims and methods. The Sicilian Disaster. What are the chief factors identified by Thucydides in the launching of the disastrous Athenian expedition against Sicily? What does he suggest about the role of individual personalities? Do Plutarch’s accounts add anything to the picture? How does Thucydides’ account mesh with his overall view of Athens at war and the course of history in general? Primary sources: Thucydides 6.1-61; Plutarch Life of Alkibiades (Alcibiades) 17-23 and Life of Nikias (Nicias) 11-17. Suggested secondary sources: works on the Peloponnesian War, on Alcibiades, and on the Sicilian expedition specifically; historiographical works on Thucydides’ aims and methods. The Career of Alcibiades (Alkibiades). Compare and contrast the picture of Alcibiades presented by Thucydides, Xenophon, and Plutarch. Was he truly a talented general? If things had been different, would Alcibiades have had ‘the right stuff’ to lead Athens to victory in the Peloponnesian War? Primary sources: Thucydides 5.43-46, 6.8-29, 6.46-50, 6.60-61, 6.88-93, 8.6, 8.12-17, 8.45-70, 8.76-90, 8.97-98, 8.108; Plutarch Life of Alcibiades; Xenophon Hellenika (Hellenica) 1.1-1.5, 2.1.23-26. Suggested secondary sources: works on the Peloponnesian War and on Alcibiades. The Second Athenian Sea League. Discuss the historical circumstances surrounding the foundation of the Second Athenian Sea League in 378/7 BC. What were the motivations both of the Athenians and of the allies who agreed to join? How did the Athenians try to differentiate this confederacy from the so-called ‘Delian League’? Did subsequent Athenian actions live up to the promises advertised in the founding of the League? Primary sources: Diodoros (Diodorus) 15.28-30; the ‘charter’ or ‘prospectus’ of the Second Athenian League, also known as the Stele of Aristoteles = Rhodes/Osborne #22 and Cargill 1981. Suggested secondary sources: works on 4th-century history and on 4th-century Athens specifically. *Alexander: Man or God? Assess the historical sources that suggest that Alexander the Great may have had aspirations to divinity. How were such aspirations manifested? How reliable do these accounts seem to be? Do you believe that Alexander truly thought himself to be divine? Why or why not? What other motivations might he have had for possible pretensions to divinity? Primary sources: collected in Heckel/Yardley 2004. Suggested secondary sources: works on Alexander the Great, particularly works dealing with the image and perception of Alexander.

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Do not spend a great deal of time on the matter of the ‘Spartan war fund’ inscription: it needs to be noted in the context of Athenian ‘justification’ (or lack thereof), but the main thrust of this assignment is about Thucydides’ account of the events of 416.

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Common Citation Methods in Classical Studies Works Cited List (Bibliography) (ancient authors do not need to be included in your ‘works cited’ list, but they do need to be cited!): Adcock, F., and D.J. Mosley. 1975. Diplomacy in Ancient Greece. London and New York. Burton, Paul J. 2011. Friendship and Empire. Roman Diplomacy and Imperialism in the Middle Republic (353 – 146 BC). Cambridge University Press. Elwyn, Sue. 1993. “Interstate Kinship and Roman Foreign Policy,” Transactions of the American Philological Association 123: 261-86. Gruen, Erich S. 1984. The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome. University of California Press; Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. Jones, Christopher P. 1999. Kinship Diplomacy in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press; Cambridge MA and London. Podany, Amanda H. 2010. Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East. Oxford University Press. Wiesehöfer, Josef. 2007. “King, Court, and Royal Representation in the Sasanian Empire,” in A.J.S. Spawforth (ed.), The Court and Court Society in Ancient Monarchies: 58-81. Cambridge University Press.

Citations in the Text: Greeks and Romans alike repeatedly emphasized networks of friendship (philia, amicitia). Such international friendships could in fact be very real and very enduring, and personal relationships could play an important role: hence the amount of time foreign ambassadors spent in Rome visiting privately with various individuals and carrying out a program of informal lobbying prior to meeting with the senate. In many cases, however, diplomatic friendship was highly attenuated and only of symbolic import; and it is certainly possible to see Roman friendship in particular as on occasion very flexible (Adcock and Mosley 1975: 206-8; Gruen 1984: 54-95; Burton 2011). Even stronger than ties of friendship were those of kinship. Kinship diplomacy had already a long history before the Classical period, though the level of diplomatic kinship was generally even more fictive than the level of diplomatic friendship. The rulers of the empires and other polities of the ancient Near East – the Egyptians, the Hittites, the Mycenaeans, the Assyrians – employed the language of brotherhood in communicating with each other, as did the later Sassanid ruler Chosroes (Huzraw I), who referred to the Roman Justinian as “our brother” (Podany 2010; Wiesehöfer 2007: 73-74; Jones 1999).

Citations in Footnotes or Endnotes (NB: footnotes are preferable): Greeks and Romans alike repeatedly emphasized networks of friendship (philia, amicitia). Such international friendships could in fact be very real and very enduring, and personal relationships could play an important role: hence the amount of time foreign ambassadors spent in Rome visiting privately with various individuals and carrying out a program of informal lobbying prior to meeting with the senate. In many cases, however, diplomatic friendship was highly attenuated and only of symbolic import; and it is certainly possible to see Roman friendship in particular as on occasion very flexible.2 Even stronger than ties of friendship were those of kinship. Kinship diplomacy had already a long history before the Classical period, though the level of diplomatic kinship was generally even more fictive than the level of diplomatic friendship. The rulers of the empires and other polities of the ancient Near East – the Egyptians, the Hittites, the Mycenaeans, the Assyrians – employed the language of brotherhood in communicating with each other, as did the later Sassanid ruler Chosroes (Huzraw I), who referred to the Roman Justinian as “our brother”. 3

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On Greek and Roman international friendship, see Adcock and Mosley 1975: 206-208; Gruen 1984: 54-95; Burton 2011. See Podany 2010; Wiesehöfer 2007: 73-74. On kinship diplomacy in the Classical Mediterranean, see Jones 1999; Elwyn 1993 notes that the Romans were less wedded to this concept than the Greeks. 3

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Select Bibliography of Greek History Ancient Sources in Translation: i: Major authors: Herodotos (Herodotus). One work, on the Archaic age and the Persian Wars (6th and 5th centuries BC). No actual title (simply cite as ‘Herodotos 2.76’ or ‘Hdt. 2.76’). Modern translations are often entitled The Persian Wars or The Histories. Herodotos a Greek from Asia Minor and was a generation younger than the events he describes. Thucydides. One work, never completed, on the Peloponnesian War (5th century BC). No actual title (simply cite as ‘Thucydides 5.97’ or ‘Thuc. 5.97’). Modern translations are often entitled The Peloponnesian War or History of the Peloponnesian War. Thucydides was an Athenian, a contemporary of and participant in the events he describes. Xenophon. Several works, the most relevant of which in this context is the Hellenika (Hellenica), on the end of the Peloponnesian War and the first few decades of the 4th century BC; Xenophon picks up where Thucydides left off, in 411/0 BC. The title is necessary for citation (‘Xenophon Hellenika 2.3.15’ or ‘Xen. Hell. 2.3.15’). Modern translations have such titles as Greek History or A History of My Times. Xenophon was an Athenian, a contemporary of and participant in the events he describes. Plutarch. Numerous works that include essays on a variety of subjects and a set of biographies collectively known as the Parallel Lives; several of these biographies are relevant to Greek history. Citations should be made with reference to the subject of the biography (‘Plutarch Life of Alcibiades 17’ or ‘Plut. Alc. 17’). Plutarch was writing in the 2nd century AD, long after the events of Classical Greek history. [Aristotle].4 Aristotle was the author of numerous works, while others have been attributed to him even though he is unlikely to have been the author. The most relevant in this context is the Athenaion Politeia, generally known in English as The Athenian Constitution or The Constitution of the Athenians. It covers the internal history of Athens and the growth of its democracy. The Greek title is most commonly used for citations (‘[Aristotle] or Ps-Aristotle Athenaion Politeia 22’ or ‘[Arist.] AthPol 22’ or just ‘AthPol 22’; the citation without the author’s name is considered allowable in this case because we do not know who the real author was). Polybios (Polybius). One work, surviving in fragmented form, on the rise of Roman power and its impact on the Greek world in the Hellenistic age. No actual title (cite simply as ‘Polybios 11.23’ or ‘Plb. 11.23’). Polybios was a Greek statesman, a contemporary of and participant in the later events that he describes. Livy. One work, surviving in fragmented form, on the history of Rome and its relations with the rest of the Mediterranean, including the Greeks, from the foundation of the city up to the age of Augustus. Traditional Latin title Ab Urbe Condita (‘From the Foundation of the City’), but generally no title is used in citations (‘Livy 44.23’). Livy was a Roman historian living in the Augustan age. Diodoros (Diodorus) Siculus. One work, surviving in fragmented form: a universal history of the world up to the 1st century BC. Traditional title Bibliothēkē (the ‘Library’), but typically no title is used in citations (‘Diodoros Siculus 17.6’ or ‘Diod. Sic. 17.6’ or just ‘Diod. 17.6’ – the ‘Siculus’ is not really necessary). Diodoros was a Sicilian Greek living in the 1st century BC.

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Square brackets around the name of an ancient author mean that the work in question was at one point attributed to this individual, but that modern scholarship in general believes the attribution to be false. [Aristotle] might also be designated as Ps-Aristotle (Pseudo-Aristotle).

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ii: Historical commentaries: Herodotos  

W.How/J. Wells. 1928. A Commentary on Herodotus (2 volumes). Oxford University Press. (on reserve) Asheri et al.

Thucydides   

A.W. Gomme, A. Andrewes, and K.J. Dover. 1944-1981. A Historical Commentary on Thucydides (5 volumes). Oxford University Press. Simon Hornblower. 1991-2008. A Commentary on Thucydides (3 volumes). Oxford University Press. (on reserve) David Cartwright. 1997. A Historical Commentary on Thucydides: a Companion to Rex Warner’s Penguin Translation. University of Michigan Press.

[Aristotle] Athenaion Politeia 

P.J. Rhodes. A Commentary on the Aristotelian Athenaion Politeia (1981) (on reserve)

Note: introductions to translations of the author you are using often hold valuable observations about the individual as an historian and as a writer. iii: Collections of various ancient sources (inscriptions, etc.) in translation: M.M. Austin. The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest2 (2006) R.S. Bagnall/P. Derow. Historical Sources in Translation: The Hellenistic Period2 (2004) S.M. Burstein. The Hellenistic Age (1986) M. Crawford/D. Whitehead. Archaic and Classical Greece (1983) M. Dillon/L. Garland. Ancient Greece: Social and Historical Documents from Archaic Times to the Death of Socrates (1994) C.W. Fornara. Archaic Times to the End of the Peloponnesian War2 (1983) (on reserve) P. Harding. From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus (1985) W. Heckel/J. Yardley. Historical Sources in Translation: Alexander the Great (2004) (on reserve) N. Lewis. Greek Historical Documents: The Fifth Century B.C. (1971) P. McKechnie/S. Kern. Hellenica Oxyrhynchia (1988) R. Meiggs/D. Lewis. A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the end of the Fifth Century BC2 (1988) (only some of the inscriptions are translated, but this book provides good historical commentary) (on reserve) P.J. Rhodes. The Greek City-States (1986) P.J. Rhodes/R. Osborne. Greek Historical Inscriptions, 404-323 BC (2003) (available online through UW library) J. Roisman/J. Yardley. Historical Sources in Translation: Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander: The Evidence (2011) R. Sherk. Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus (1984) J. Wickersham/G. Verbrugghe. The Fourth Century B.C. (1973)

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Bibliography needs updating. General Works: Cambridge Ancient History, second edition (available online through UW library system) W.H. Adkins/P. White. The Greek Polis (1986) H. Bengtson. History of Greece (1988) J. Boardman et al. The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World (1988) T. Buckley. Aspects of Greek History 750-323 BC (1996) N. Demand. A History of Ancient Greece in its Mediterranean Context3 (2013) (on reserve) V. Ehrenberg. From Solon to Socrates (1968) J.V.A. Fine. The Ancient Greeks (1983) N.G.L. Hammond. A History of Greece to 322 B.C.3 (1986) D. Kagan/G.F. Viggiano. Problems in the History of Ancient Greece: Sources and Interpretations (2010) T. Martin. Ancient Greece (1996) C. Orrieux/P. Schmitt Pantel. A History of Ancient Greece (1995) S.B. Pomeroy et al. Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History3 (2012) _____. A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society and Culture2 (2009) R. Sealey. A History of the Greek City States, 700-338 B.C. (1976) The Bronze Age and the Dark Age: A.R. Burn. Minoans, Philistines and Greeks, BC 1400-900 (1969) J. Chadwick. The Mycenaean World (1976) J.N. Coldstream. Geometric Greece (1977) A. Cotterell. The Minoan World (1979) V.A. Desborough. The Last Mycenaeans and their Successors (1964) . The Greek Dark Ages (1972) O. Dickinson. The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age (2006) R. Drews. Basileus: The Evidence for Kingship in Geometric Greece (1983) M.I. Finley. Early Greece: The Bronze and Archaic Ages2 (1981) O.R. Gurney. The Hittites (1981) J.M. Hall. A History of the Archaic Greek World (2007) J.T. Hooker. Mycenaean Greece (1976) R.J. Hopper. The Early Greeks (1976) S. Immerwahr. The Neolithic and Bronze Ages (1971) S. Langdon (ed.). New Light on a Dark Age (1997) R. Osborne. Greece in the Making: 1200-479 BC (1996) L.R. Palmer. Mycenaeans and Minoans (1965) N.K. Sandars. The Sea Peoples (1978) L. Schofield. The Mycenaeans (2007) C.W. Shelmerdine. The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age A.M. Snodgrass. The Dark Age of Greece (1971) P. Springborg. Western Republicanism and the Oriental Prince (1992) C.G. Starr. The Origins of Greek Civilization (1961) D.W. Tandy. Warriors into Traders: The Power of the Market in Early Greece (1997) W. Taylour. The Mycenaean Age (1964) C.G. Thomas (ed). Homer’s History: Mycenaean or Dark Age? (1970)

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C.G. Thomas and C. Conant. Citadel to City-State: the Transformation of Greece, 1200-700 BCE (1999) W. Ward. The Role of the Phoenicians in the Interaction of Mediterranean Civilizations (1968) P. Warren. Aegean Civilizations: the Making of the Past (1989) The Archaic Age: A. Andrewes. The Greek Tyrants (1956) A.R. Burn. The World of Hesiod (1936) . The Lyric Age of Greece (1960) A. Graham. Colony and Mother City in Ancient Greece (1964) M. Grant. The Rise of the Greeks (1988) J.M. Hall. A History of the Archaic Greek World (2007) T. Hodos. Local Responses to Colonization in the Iron Age Mediterranean (2006) L.H. Jeffery. Archaic Greece (1976) J.F. McGlew. Tyranny and Political Culture in Ancient Greece (1993) O. Murray. Early Greece (1980) A.M. Snodgrass. Archaic Greece (1980) P.N. Ure. The Origin of Tyranny (1962) The 5th Century (including Persia): E. Badian. From Plataea to Potidaea: Studies in the History and Historiography of the Pentecontaetia (1993) H. Bengtson. Persia and the Greeks (1969) E. Bloedow. Alcibiades Re-examined (1973) E. Bradford. The Year of Thermopylae (1980) A.R. Burn. Persia and the Greeks2 (1984) . Pericles and Athens (1948) W.R. Connor. The New Politicians of Fifth Century Athens (1971) J.M. Cook. The Persian Empire (1983) J.K. Davies. Democracy and Classical Greece2 (1993) G.E.M. De Ste. Croix. The Origins of the Peloponnesian War (1972) W. Ellis. Alcibiades (1989) T. Figueira. Athens and Aigina (1991) S. Forde. The Ambition to Rule: Alcibiades and the Politics of Imperialism in Thucydides (1989) P. Green. The Year of Salamis (1970) ____. Armada from Athens (1970). ____. The Greco-Persian Wars (1996). D. Gribble. Alcibiades and Athens: a Study in Literary Presentation (1999) G.B. Grundy. The Great Persian War (1969) C.D. Hamilton/P. Krentz (eds.) Polis and Polemos (1997) M.H. Hansen. Polis: an Introduction to the Ancient Greek City-State (2006) B.W. Henderson. The Great War Between Athens and Sparta (1927) C. Hignett. Xerxes’ Invasion of Greece (1963) R.J. Hopper. Trade and Industry in Classical Greece (1979) D. Kagan. The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War (1969) _____. The Archidamian War (1974) _____. The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition (1981) _____. The Fall of the Athenian Empire (1987)

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_____. Pericles of Athens and the birth of democracy (1990) P. Krentz. The Thirty at Athens (1982) J. Lazenby. The Defence of Greece, 490-479 (1993) R.J. Lenardon. The Saga of Themistocles (1978) D.M. Lewis. Sparta and Persia (1977) A. Lintott. Violence, Civil Strife and Revolution in the Classical City (1982) W.T. Loomis. The Spartan War Fund: IG V 1, 1 and a New Fragment (1992) (on reserve) H.B. Mattingly. The Athenian Empire Restored (1996) M.F. McGregor. The Athenians and their Empire (1987) R. Meiggs. The Athenian Empire (1972) H. Michell. The Economics of Ancient Greece (1963) A.T. Olmstead. A History of the Persian Empire (1948) R. Osborne. Classical Greece (2000) A.J. Podlecki. The Life of Themistocles (1975) A. Powell. Athens and Sparta (1988) W.K. Pritchett. Thucydides’ Pentekontaetia and other essays (1995). T.J. Quinn. Athens and Samos, Lesbos and Chios: 478-404 B.C. (1981) P.J. Rhodes. A History of the Classical Greek World 478-323 BC (2006) _____. Alcibiades: Athenian Playboy, General, and Traitor (2011) L.J. Samons II (ed.). Athenian Democracy and Imperialism (1998) D. Stockton. The Classical Athenian Democracy (1990) B.S. Strauss. Athens after the Peloponnesian War (1986) L.A. Tritle. A New History of the Peloponnesian War (2010) C. Tuplin (ed.). Persian Responses: Political and Cultural Interactions with(in) the Achaemenid Empire (2007) J. Wilson. Athens and Corcyra: Strategy and Tactics in the Peloponnesian War (1987) The 4th Century: J. Buckler. The Theban Hegemony, 371-362 B.C. (1980) _____. Aegean Greece in the Fourth Century BC (2003) J.L. Cargill. The Second Athenian League: Empire or Free Alliance? (1981) P. Cartledge. Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta (1987) J. Dillery. Xenophon and the History of his Times (1995) P. Funke/N. Luraghi (eds.) The Politics of Ethnicity and the Crisis of the Peloponnesian League (2009) C.D. Hamilton. Sparta’s Bitter Victories: Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War (1979) _____. Agesilaus and the Failure of Spartan Hegemony (1991) M.H. Hansen. The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes (1991) E.M. Harris. Aeschines and Athenian Politics (1992) J.A.O. Larsen. Greek Federal States (1968) H. Montgomery. The Way to Chaeronea: Foreign Policy, Decision Making and Political Influence in Demosthenes’ Speeches (1985) M.H. Munn. The Defense of Attica (1993) P.J. Rhodes. A History of the Classical Greek World 478-323 BC (2006) T.T.B. Ryder. Koine Eirene (1965) R. Sealey. Demosthenes and his Time: a Study in Defeat (1993) B.S. Strauss. Athens after the Peloponnesian War (1986) R.J. Talbert. Timoleon and the Revival of Greek Sicily, 344-317 BC (1974) L.A. Tritle. The Greek World in the Fourth Century (1997).

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H.D. Westlake. Thessaly in the Fourth Century (1935) Philip and Alexander of Macedon: W.L. Adams/E.N. Borza (eds). Philip II, Alexander the Great & the Macedonian Heritage (1982) E.N. Borza. Before Alexander: Constructing Early Macedonia (1999) A.B. Bosworth. Conquest and Empire (1988) ____. Alexander and the East (1996) A.B. Bosworth/E.J. Baynham (eds.). Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction (2000) J. Buckler. Philip II and the Sacred War (1989) A.R. Burn. Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic World2 (1962) P. Cartledge. Alexander the Great: the Hunt for a New Past (2004) G.L. Cawkwell. Philip of Macedon (1978) V. Ehrenberg. Alexander and the Greeks (1938) J.R. Ellis. Philip II and Macedonian Imperialism (1976) R.M. Errington. A History of Macedonia (1990) R.L. Fox. Alexander the Great (1973) R.A. Gabriel Philip II of Macedonia: Greater than Alexander (2010) R. Ginouves (ed.) Macedonia: from Philip II to the Roman Conquest (1994) J.D. Grainger. Alexander the Great Failure: the Collapse of the Macedonian Empire (2007) M. Grant. From Alexander to Cleopatra (1982) P. Green. Alexander of Macedon (1974) G.T. Griffith (ed.). Alexander the Great: The Main Problems (1966) J.R. Hamilton. Alexander the Great (1973) N.G.L. Hammond. Alexander the Great: King, Commander and Statesman (1981) ____. The Macedonian State: the Origins, Institutions and History (1989) ____. Philip of Macedon (1994) ____. Sources for Alexander the Great (1993) ____. The Genius of Alexander the Great (1997) N.G.L. Hammond/G.T. Griffith. A History of Macedonia (volume ii: 1979) E.M. Harris. Aeschines and Athenian Politics (1995) W. Heckel. The Marshals of Alexander’s Empire (1992) _____. Who’s Who in the Age of Alexander the Great (2006) _____. The Conquests of Alexander the Great (2008) W. Heckel/J. Yardley. Historical Sources in Translation: Alexander the Great (2004) J.M. O'Brien. Alexander the Great (1992) S. Perlman (ed.). Philip and Athens (1973) W.W. Tarn. Alexander the Great (1948) D. Wepman. Alexander the Great (1986) P. Wheatley/R. Hannah. Alexander and his Successors (2009) U. Wilcken. Alexander the Great (trans. G.C. Richards, 1967) I. Worthington (ed). Ventures into Greek History (1994) _____. Alexander the Great: a Reader (2003) The Hellenistic Period: R.E. Allen. The Attalid Kingdom: a Constitutional History (1983) A.J. Bayliss. After Demosthenes: the Politics of Early Hellenistic Athens (2011)

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B. Bennett/M. Roberts. The Wars of Alexander’s Successors 323-281 BC I: Commanders and Campaigns (2008) _____. The Wars of Alexander’s Successors 323-281 BC II: Battles and Tactics (2009) R.M. Berthold. Rhodes in the Hellenistic Age (1984) E.R. Bevan. The House of Seleucus (1902) _____. The House of Ptolemy (1927) R.A. Billows. Antigonos the One-eyed (1990) A.B. Bosworth. The Legacy of Alexander: Politics, Warfare, and Propaganda under the Successors (2002) G.R. Bugh (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World (2006) P. Cartledge/A. Spawforth. Hellenistic and Roman Sparta (1988) A. Eckstein. Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome (2006) _____. Rome Enters the Greek East: from Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230-170 BC (2008) R.M. Errington. Philopoemen (1969) _____. A History of the Hellenistic World (2008) A. Erskine. A Companion to the Hellenistic World (2003) W.S. Ferguson. Hellenistic Athens (1911) P.M. Fraser. Ptolemaic Alexandria (1972) J. Gabbert. Antigonus II Gonatas (1997) P. Garoufalias. Pyrrhos of Epirus (1979) J. Grainger. Seleukos Nikator (1990) _____. The Roman War of Antiochos the Great (2002) P. Green. Alexander to Actium (1990) _____. The Hellenistic Age: a Short History (2007) E.S. Gruen. The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome (1984) C. Habicht. Athens from Alexander to Antony (1997) N.G.L. Hammond/F.W. Walbank. A History of Macedonia (volume iii: 1989) E.V. Hansen. The Attalids of Pergamon2 (1971) W. Heckel. The Marshals of Alexander’s Empire (1992) _____. Who’s Who in the Age of Alexander the Great (2006) R. Kallet-Marx. Hegemony to Empire: the Development of the Roman Imperium in the East (1995) J.A.O. Larsen. Greek Federal States (1968) H.S. Lund. Lysimachus (1992) J. Ma. Antiochos III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor (2000) R.B. McShane. The Foreign Policy of the Attalids (1964) L.J. Piper. Spartan Twilight (1986) M.I. Rostovtsev. Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World (1941) J.B. Scholten. The Politics of Plunder: Aitolians and their Koinon in the Early Hellenistic Era, 279-217 BC (2000) S. Sherwin-White/A. Kuhrt. From Samarkhand to Sardis: a New Approach to the Seleucid Empire (1993) G. Shipley. The Greek World after Alexander, 323-30 BC (2000) W.W. Tarn. Antigonos Gonatas (1913) _____. The Greeks in Bactria and India3 (1966) W.W. Tarn/G.T. Griffith. Hellenistic Civilization3 L. Tritle. Phocion the Good (1988) F.W. Walbank. Aratus of Sicyon (1934) _____. Philip V of Macedon (1940) _____. The Hellenistic World (revised 1993) R. Waterfield. Dividing the Spoils: The War for Alexander the Great’s Empire (2011) C.B. Welles. Alexander and the Hellenistic World (1970)

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Athenian History and Society: A.J. Bayliss. After Demosthenes: the Politics of Early Hellenistic Athens (2011) V. Ehrenberg. The People of Aristophanes (1951) W.G.G. Forrest. The Emergence of Greek Democracy, 800-400 BC (1966) A. French. The Growth of the Athenian Economy (1964) C. Habicht. Athens from Alexander to Antony (1997) M.H. Hansen. The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes (1990) E.M. Harris. Aeschines and Athenian Politics (1992) C. Hignett. A History of the Athenian Constitution2 (1958) H. Montgomery. The Way to Chaeronea: Foreign Policy, Decision Making and Political Influence in Demosthenes’ Speeches (1985) M.H. Munn. The Defense of Attica (1993) P.J. Rhodes. The Athenian Boule (1972) P.J. Rhodes (ed.). Athenian Democracy (2004) E.W. Robinson (ed.). Ancient Greek Democracy: Readings and Sources (2004) R. Sealey. The Athenian Republic: Democracy or the Rule of Law? (1987) _____. Demosthenes and his Time: a Study in Defeat (1993) D. Stockton. The Classical Athenian Democracy (1990) B.S. Strauss. Athens after the Peloponnesian War (1986) _____. Fathers and Sons in Athens (1993) R. Thomsen. The Origin of Ostracism (1972) J. Thorley. Athenian Democracy (1996) D. Whitehead. The Demes of Attica (1986) History of Other Areas of the Greek World: A. Amit. Great and Small Poleis (1973) R.J. Buck. A History of Boeotia (1979) P. Cartledge. Sparta and Lakonia2 (2002) ____. The Spartans (2003) K.M.T. Chrimes. Ancient Sparta (1949) J.M. Cook. The Greeks in Ionia and the East (1962) N.H. Demand. Thebes in the Fifth Century (1982) W.G. Forrest. A History of Sparta (1968) K. Freeman. The Greek City-States (1950) J.T. Hooker. The Ancient Spartans (1980) R.P. Legon. Megara (1981) H. Michell. Sparta (1964) G. Proietti. Xenophon’s Sparta: An Introduction (1987) J.B. Salmon. Wealthy Corinth (1984) G. Shipley. A History of Samos, 800-188 BC (1987) R.A. Tomlinson. Argos and the Argolid (1972) M. Whitby (ed.). Sparta (2002) Military History:

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F.E. Adcock. The Greek and Macedonian Art of War (1957) J.K. Anderson. Military Theory and Practice in the Age of Xenophon (1970) J. Best. Thracian Peltasts and their Influence on Greek Warfare (1969) L.J. Casson. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World (1971) P. Ducrey. Warfare in Ancient Greece (1986) G.T. Griffith. The Mercenaries of the Hellenistic World (1969) V.D. Hanson. The Western Way of War (1989) B. Jordan. The Athenian Navy in the Classical Period (1975) J. Lazenby. The Spartan Army (1985) J.S. Morrison/R.T. Williams. Greek Oared Ships 900-322 B.C. (1968) J.S. Morrison/J.F. Coates. The Athenian Trireme (1986) H.W. Parke. Greek Mercenary Soldiers (1933) W.K. Pritchett. Studies in Ancient Greek Topography (2 volumes, 1965-1969) ____. The Greek State at War (1974) J. Rich. War and Society in the Greek World (1993) A.M. Snodgrass. Arms and Armour of the Greeks (1967) H. Van Wees. Status Warriors: war, violence, and society in Homer and history (1992) F.E. Winter. Greek Fortifications (1971) Historiographical Studies: F.E. Adcock. Thucydides and His History (1963) J.W. Allison. Word and Concept in Thucydides (1997) J.B. Bury. The Ancient Greek Historians (1906) W.R. Connor. Thucydides (1984) G. Crane. The blinded eye: Thucydides and the new written word (1996) J. De Romilly. Thucydides and Athenian Imperialism (1963) _____. The Mind of Thucydides (2012) A. De Sélincourt. The World of Herodotus (1962) J.A.S. Evans. Herodotus (1982) J.H. Finley. Thucydides (1963) P.J. Fliess. Thucydides and the Politics of Bipolarity (1966) S. Flory. The archaic smile of Herodotus (1987) C.W. Fornara. The nature of history in ancient Greece and Rome (1983) F.J. Frost. Plutarch’s “Themistocles” (1980) M. Grant. Greek and Roman historians: information and misinformation (1995) V. Gray. The Character of Xenophon’s Hellenica (1989) J. Hart. Herodotus and Greek History (1982) V.J. Hunter. Thucydides the Artful Reporter (1973) ____. Past and Process in Herodotus and Thucydides (1982) H.R. Immerwahr. Form and Thought in Herodotus (1966) D. Lateiner. The Historical Method of Herodotus (1989) T.J. Luce. The Greek Historians (1997) J. Marincola (ed.). A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography (2007) L. Pearson. The Art of Demosthenes (1982) C. Pelling (ed.) Greek Tragedy and the Historian (1997) A.J. Podlecki. Plutarch: Life of Pericles (companion volume to the Penguin translation) (1987)

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C. Orwin. The Humanity of Thucydides (1994) K. Sacks. Polybius on the Writing of History (1981) G. Shrimpton. History and Memory in Ancient Greece (1997) P. Stadter. Plutarch and the historical tradition (1992) S. Usher. The Historians of Greece and Rome (1969) F.W. Walbank. Polybius (1973) H.D. Westlake. Individuals in Thucydides (1968) . Essays on the Greek Historians and Greek History (1969) J.M. Wickersham. Hegemony and Greek Historians (1994) A.G. Woodhead. Thucydides on the Nature of Power (1970) Note: introductions to translations of the author you are using often hold valuable observations about the individual as an historian and as a writer. Works on reserve at the Dana Porter Library: General History: N. Demand. A History of Ancient Greece in its Mediterranean Context3 (2013) Ancient Authors in Translation: The Landmark Herodotus. Edited by R.B. Strassler (2007) The Landmark Thucydides. Edited by R.B. Strassler (1998) Plutarch. The Rise and Fall of Athens (1960) (contains the Lives of Theseus, Solon, Themistocles, Aristides, Cimon, Pericles, Nicias, Alcibiades, Lysander) _____. The Age of Alexander (1973) (contains the Lives of Agesilaus, Pelopidas, Dion, Timoleon, Demosthenes, Phocion, Alexander, Demetrius, Pyrrhus) Commentaries: W.How/J. Wells. A Commentary on Herodotus (1928) S. Hornblower. A Commentary on Thucydides (1991-2008) P.J. Rhodes. A Commentary on the Aristotelian Athenaion Politeia (1981) Other Ancient Sources in Translation: C. Fornara. Translated Documents of Ancient Greece and Rome: Archaic Times to the End of the Peloponnesian War (1983) W. Heckel/J. Yardley. Historical Sources in Translation: Alexander the Great (2004) R. Meiggs and D. Lewis. A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century BC2 (1988) Other: W.T. Loomis. The Spartan War Fund: IG V 1, 1 and a New Fragment (1992)

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