Ind. J. Sci. Res. and Tech. 2015 3(1):102-106/Shukla & Gupta Online Available at: http://www.indjsrt.com Research Article

ISSN:-2321-9262 (Online)

HEAVY METALS DISTRIBUTION IN WATER AND SEDIMENT OF RIVER MANDAKINI IN CHITRAKOOT REGION OF MADHYA PRADESH PART *

R. K. Shukla and G. S. Gupta Department of Energy & Environment, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalay, Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh, India *Author for Correspondence ABSTRACT Heavy metal concentrations of river Mandakini in Chitakoot were assessed. The range observed for Fe, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Hg. in the river water was 1.871-52.54, 000-0.008, 000-0.11, 000-0.040 and 000-0.0002. ppm respectively. Similarly in sediment the range of Fe, Cd, Pb, Cr and Hg was 6301-25287 µg/gm, 000-1.99 µg/gm, 8.69-31.68 µg/gm , 8.69-31.68 µg/gm , and 1.20-2.90 µg/gm respectively. Arsenic was found absent both in water and sediment samples. The heavy metals accumulate in the aquatic life and through biomagnification may enter the food chain there by affecting the human beings as well. The research work was extended further to study the physico-chemical properties like temperature, pH, TDS, calcium hardness, Mg hardness, total hardness Cl- and NO3- values of the river water. Key Words: River Mandakini , Water ,Sediment, Heavy metals ,Physico-chemical parameters. INTRODUCTION Heavy metals such as cadmium, arsenic and lead can cause serve problems in aquatic environments due to their persistence, toxicity and tendency to accumulate in tissues. While constituents have been extensively studied, their chemical reactions in the environment and their overall effects on aquatic life are much complex and are poorly understood. It is well known that the fate and transport of metals in the environment is governed by the metals interactions and reactions with water sediments and aquatic organisms (Radhakrishnaiah et al., 1991). These sources of water supply are susceptible to pollution due to heavy human dependency on river waters. Notably indiscriminate dumping of waste and agricultural practices taking place in the areas prone to open dump for solid waste pit of latrines and septic tanks . These metals or their compound may be discharged from farmlands, municipal urban water runoffs, and agricultural activities into surface water and can cause pollution. They vary in type and include large quantities of raw materials, by-products, co-products, and final products of human activities.

Figure 1: Location of sampling sites at river Mandakini

102

Ind. J. Sci. Res. and Tech. 2015 3(1):102-106/Shukla & Gupta Online Available at: http://www.indjsrt.com Research Article

ISSN:-2321-9262 (Online)

MATERIALS AND METHODS Water and sediment samples were collected from six sites of river Mandakini during post monsoon (September, 2013). Sati Anusuiya, Sphatic Shila, Janki Kund, Ram Ghat, Karwi Bridge and Surya Kund. Water samples were collected the above sites from at 10-15 cm depth in pre-conditioned and acid rinsed clean polypropylene bottles (Ahdy and Khaled, 2009). The samples were immediately acidified with concentrated nitric acid to a pH below 2.0 to minimize precipitation and adsorption onto container walls (APHA, 2012). Surface sediment samples were taken at a depth of about 5 cm and immediately transferred into pre-cleaned polythene bags. The collected samples were oven dried at 400C for 48 hours, homogenised, sealed in clean polythene bags and then stored at 4 0C for further processing (Yongming et al., 2006; Suthar et al., 2009). The physico-chemical parameters were determined following the standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (APHA). Sample Analysis For the determination of total heavy metals in the samples, procedures is described in APHA (2012) was followed. Hot plate digestion of water and sediment samples was carried out with tri-acidnitric-sulphuric and perchloric acid mixture. The digested samples were filtered through Whatman No 42 filters and made up to 25 ml by adding distilled water in a volumetric flask. Heavy metal concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS-303,Thermo Fisher Secentific, pvt Led. Mumbai,India) Chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grades. All glassware were washed with 14% HNO3 and rinsed thoroughly with double distilled and deionised water prior to use. Only double distilled and deionsed water was used for the study. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The value of physico-chemical parameters measured in river Mandakini water at different sites are given in table 1 and figure 2. The pH ranged from 7.2-7.6 at all locations. The indicates alkaline nature of the Mandakini water TDS ranged from 243-295ppm, Ca hardness from 114-136ppm, Mg hardness from 76-100ppm, total hardness from 210256 ppm, chloride from 8.0-17.0ppm and NO3 from 2.33-10.5ppm. All the above values were with in the permissible limit prescribed by BIS. Heavy metals in the river Mandakini system The concentration value of heavy metal in water and sediments of river mandakini were presented in tables 2 and 3 and figures 3 and 4. The values of Fe in water an sediments ranged from 1.871-52.54ppm, and6301-25287 µg/g, respectively, which was higher than its permissible limit of BIS guideline. The observed values of Cd in water and sediments ranged from 000-0.008 ppm and 000-1.99 µg/gm respectively and were with in permissible limit as assigned by BIS guide line. The value of Pb in water and sediment ranged from 000-0.11ppm and 72.1-1874.7 µg/gm respectively. The above values were within permissible limit as assigned by BIS. The values of Cr in water and sediment ranged from 000-0.040ppm and 8.69-31.68 µg/gm respectively. These values were within permissible limit of BIS guide line. The value of Hg in water and sediment ranged from 000-0.0002ppm and 1.20-2.90 µg/gm respectively. The values of present study are within the prescribed permissible limit. Arsenic was absent in water as well as in sediment of the river during the study period. Table 1: The extent of physico -chemical parameters of river Mandakini water Parameters Temp. pH TDS Ca Mg Total Sites o

( C)

Cl-

NO3-

hardness

hardness

hardness

(ppm)

(ppm)

(ppm)

(ppm )

(ppm)

(ppm)

Sati Anusuiya

29

7.1

291

180

76

256

17.0

10.5

Sphatik Shila

31

7.2

243

114

100

214

11.0

2.33

Janki Kund

30

7.2

250

126

84

210

16.0

3.39

RamGhat

31

7.5

262

134

86

220

9.0

3.65

Karwi Bridge

29

7.4

260

136

90

226

8.0

5.55

Surya Kund

30

7.6

295

132

82

214

14.0

3.93

103

Ind. J. Sci. Res. and Tech. 2015 3(1):102-106/Shukla & Gupta Online Available at: http://www.indjsrt.com Research Article

ISSN:-2321-9262 (Online)

Sati Anusuiya Sphatik Shila

300

Janki Kund RamGhat Karw i Bridge

250

Surya Kund

200

150

100

50

Sati Anusuiya

RamGhat

Sphatik Shila

Janki Kund

S

)

) pm (p 3O N ) ) pm pm (p (p ls C es dn ar ) lh pm ta (p To ss ne ) rd h a (ppm g M ss ne rd ha a C ) pm (p

TD

C (o

Karwi Bridge

pH

p. m Te

Surya Kund

0

Figure 2: The extent of physico -chemical parameters of river Mandakini water Table 2: The concentrations of heavy metals in river Mandakini water (ppm) Parameters Iron Cadmium Lead Chromium Sites 9.597 0.005 0.11 0.022 Sati Anusuiya 14.57 000 0.03 0.032 Sphatik Shila 52.54 0.008 0.04 0.030 Janki Kund 14.45 0.002 0.04 0.040 Ram Ghat 1.871 0.003 000 0000 Karwi Bridge 3.74 0.002 0.04 0.040 Surya Kund

Arsenic

Mercury

000 000 000 000 000 000

0.0001 0.000 0.0001 0.0001 000 0.0002

Sati Anusuiya Sphatik Shila Janki Kund

60

Ram Ghat Karwi Bridge Surya Kund 50

40

30

20

Su

10

a ry nd

ki

d

ik

i Sh

su nu

la

A ti

ry cu

er

M

c ni se

m iu

m

Ar

o hr

Sa

t ha

C

ad Le

m iu

m ad

n Ku

C

n

Sp

Iro

t ha

ge

G

rid

am

iB rw

Ku

Ka R n Ja

0

a iy

Figure 3: The concentrations of heavy metals in river Mandakini water (ppm)

104

Ind. J. Sci. Res. and Tech. 2015 3(1):102-106/Shukla & Gupta Online Available at: http://www.indjsrt.com Research Article

ISSN:-2321-9262 (Online)

Table 3: The concentrations of heavy metals in river Mandakini sediment (µg/gm) Parameters Iron Cadmium Lead Chromium Sites 25287 0.40 72.1 31.68 Sati Anusuiya 17014 000 322.4 19.57 Sphatik Shila 14054 1.99 323.5 19.54 Janki Kund 7624 0.04 1874.1 8.69 Ram Ghat 6301 000 467.1 12.65 Karwi Bridge 9920 000 826.3 13.65 Surya Kund

Arsenic

Mercury

000 000 000 000 000 000

2.22 2.26 1.86 1.20 2.65 2.90

Sati Anusuiya Sphatik Shila Janki Kund Ram Ghat 30000

Karwi Bridge Surya Kund

25000

20000

15000

10000

Surya Kund

5000

Karwi Bridge Ram Ghat 0 Janki Kund Iron

Sphatik Shila

Cadmium Lead

Sati Anusuiya

Chromium Arsenic Mercury

Figure 4: The concentrations of heavy metals in river Mandakini sediment (µg/gm) CONCLUSION Heavy metals adsorbed on sediments have the potential to remobilise under altered environmental conditions like change in pH or physico-chemical content. Thus, sediments which act as sink of heavy metals can become immediate source of metal pollution of the water bodies. Regular environmental monitoring and assessment of aquatic resources with respect to heavy metals is necessary to study the impact of development projects and programmes on their water and sediment quality. Water and sediments both act as habitats of aquatic organisms. Any alternation in the quality of after and sediments is definitely going to affect the aquatic organisms. This may start sequential action ultimately affecting all forms of life including human beings. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are thankful to Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalay, Chitrakoot, Satna, M.P. for providing laboratory and other required facilities. REFERENCES Abhay HHH & Khaled A (2009), Heavy metals contamination in sediments of the wester part of the Egyptian mediterranean sea. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3 3330-3336. APHA (2012), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste water. American Public Health Association, Washington D.C. Indian Standards for Drinking Water-Specification (Second Revision) Bureau of Indian Standards (2012). 10002 ICS13.060.20, New Delhi.

105

Ind. J. Sci. Res. and Tech. 2015 3(1):102-106/Shukla & Gupta Online Available at: http://www.indjsrt.com Research Article

ISSN:-2321-9262 (Online)

Manual on Sampling, Analysis & Characterisation Hazardous Wastes (2000). Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi. Radhakrishnaiah K, Venkataramana P, Suresh A & Sivaramakrishna B (1991). Effects of lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of copper on glycolysis in liver and muscle of the freshwater teleost, Labeo rohita. Journal of Environmental Biology, 13(1) 63-68. Suthar S, Nema AK, Chabukdhara M & Gupta SK (2009). Assessmenta of Metals in water and sediments of Hindon river, India: Impact of Industrial and Urban Discharges. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 171 1088-1095. Yongming H, Pexuan D, Junji C & Posmentier ES (2006). Multivariate Analysis of Heavy Metal Contamination in Urban Dusts of Xi' an, Central China. Science of the Total Environment, 355 176-186.

106