Heat Pump Compressors Overview Luigi Zamana Marketing Director Commercial Comfort

Content  



Company Profile HP Applications & Heating Optimized Compressor Emerson Climate Compressor Line-Up

Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 2

Emerson Structure

EUROPE

ASIA

Europe

Asia

USA USA

Copeland® brand Compressors Copeland

Compressors

Alco Flow Alco Flow Controls Controls Dixell Controllers Dixell Retail Solutions

Retail Solutions Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 3

Emerson Climate Technologies Europe At-a-Glance 2009 2009

2009 Sales by Segment €330 Mn

Sales

1,293

Employees

25%

Global Manufacturing Facilities

15% 29%

30%

Cookstown, Northern Ireland

1

Welkenraedt, Belgium

1

Mikulov, Czech Republic

1

Kolín, Czech Republic (Alco)

1

Pieve D’Alpago, Italy (Dixell)

1

Total

5

Controls

A/C Refrigeration

Heating

2009 Sales by Product 12% 71%

15% 2%

Semis Controls

Others Scroll

Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 4

Compressor Basics

Efficiency Basics… Ph diagram ∆T

WaterTemp

∆T

Outdoor Temp

Heating Capacity

Press. corresponding to these Temp.

h

Coeff. Of Performance – COP = Elect. Power Consumption

@ Specific Conditions

The Closer the Cond. and Evap. Pres/Temp and the Smaller the ∆Ts → The Smaller the Compressor Work The Higher the COP

Seasonal Coeff. Of Performance – SCOP =

Annual Heating Capacity Annual Elect. Consumption

•Trends to move to SCOP labeling and minimum criteria (EuP Directive, prEN14825) • Note: Ecolabel, Dach, AFPAC includes COP requirements Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 6

System Performance is the Result of... Heat Pump

Building

• Heat Source • Refrigerant • Evap Delta T • Condenser Delta T

• Location 800

Outside air temperature distribution for the town of Mannheim [ 1951 - 1965 ]

600

500

Day Total

400

Duration [ h/a ]

• Defrost Mng. • Control

700

Night

300

200

100

-21

-17

-19

-13

-15

3

1

-9

-11

7

5

-5

-7

9

-1

-3

11

15

13

19

17

23

21

27

25

31

29

35

33

39

37

0 Outside Air Temperature [ °C ]

SCOP

• Nom. Heating Demand • Heat Distribution System • Water-in Temperature • Return Temperature • Compensation Temperature

• Compressor Tech • Cycle • Modulation

Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 7

Heat Pump

Building

Heat Pump Characteristics

Meteorological Data

Meteorological Data

SCOP Compressor

Norms & Directives 

Building

Building Characteristics

The prEN14825 Defines 3 Climate Zones for Europe – Colder, Average and Warmer 600

Heating

Helsinki

Strasburg

Amount of hrs

500

Cooling

Warmer Average

400

Colder Milano

300 200 100 0

Athens

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Outdoor T [ºC]

-30ºC

Evaporating T[ºC]

Every Climate Defines a Range of Outdoor Temperatures, hence of Evaporating Temperatures (for A/W HP) Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 8

+7ºC

40

Heat Pump

Building

Building Characteristics

Heating Distribution Systems 

Meteorological Data

SCOP Compressor

Building Characteristics

Underfloor / Radiant Panels – Normally maximum 35°C water temperature



Heat Pump Characteristics

Building

Low Temperature HP

Radiators – Old houses – Retrofit • Typically sized for 80-90°C at the origin

• In most cases, 60-65°C is sufficient

High Temperature HP

– Design margin, insulation upgrade

– New build • Typically sized for 50-55°C (condensing boilers)

Every Distribution System Defines a Range of Water Temperatures, hence of Condensing Temperatures Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 9

Medium Temperature HP

Heat Pump

Heat Pump Heat Pump Characteristics

Heat Pump Characteristics

Type of Heat Sources

Distribution Water Condenser TEV

• Brine • Water

Meteorological Data

SCOP Compressor

Refrigerant

Scroll

Evaporator

Air

Collection Brine

Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 10

Building

Building Characteristics

Heat Pump Heat Pump Characteristics Type of Heat Sources 



Air To Water (Split or Packaged) – Evaporator temperature highly variable (-30 to 10°C) directly linked to outdoor temperature – See Climate Zones

Ground To Water (Surface Soil or Bed Rock) – Rather constant Evaporation Temperature (0 to -10°C)

The Choice Of The Heat Source Defines The Range Of Evaporating Temperatures Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 11

Heat Pump Heat Pump Characteristics

Meteorological Data

SCOP Compressor

Building

Building Characteristics

Heat Pump

Heat Pump Heat Pump Characteristics

Heat Pump Characteristics

Refrigerants & System Effects

Water Temperature

Meteorological Data

SCOP Compressor

Building

Building Characteristics

Discharge Pressure Drop R407C R410A

Condensation Compression

Smaller Lift

Outdoor Air Temp

Suction Pressure Drop Evaporation Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 12

Each Degree Rise in Evap Temp or Fall in Cond Temp Gives ~2-3% COP Improvement

Heat Pump Heat Pump Characteristics Refrigerants & System Effects

Heat Pump Heat Pump Characteristics

Meteorological Data

SCOP Compressor

Building

Building Characteristics

Refrigerant Considerations: 

R134a – – –



Requires More Heat Exchange Surface For Given ΔT & Bigger Compressor => Negative Applied Cost Impact Can Be Considered For Application Requesting Very High Water Temperatures (>70°C) but COP Decreases Proportionally to the Temperature Lift (3% each K) Best Theoretical COP but Worse System Performance due To Low Heat Transfer Capability (Q) and High Pressure Drops

R410A & R407C Most Interesting Refrigerants for Heat Pump applications –

– – –

R410A Advantages in Terms of System Compactness (Applied Cost), Defrost and System Reversibility (No glide) R410A Has a Higher Discharge Temp. -> More Challenging for High Water Temperature Applications R410A Not So Good Theoretical COP as R134a but Best Heat Transfer Capability (Q) and Lower Pressure Drops Impact Lead to the Best System COP R407C Close to R410A (but W/ Glide)

Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 13

Heat Pump

Heat Pump Compressor

Heat Pump Characteristics

Technology

COMPRESSORS POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

RECIPROCATING

DYNAMIC

ROTARY TURBO

ROLLING PISTON

Meteorological Data

SCOP Compressor

SCROLL

EJECTOR (JET)

SCREW

CENTRIFUGAL Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 14

AXIAL

Building

Building Characteristics

Heat Pump

Heat Pump Scroll Compressor

Heat Pump Characteristics

Compressor

Pressure, P

P2

4

Low Discharge Losses

Meteorological Data

SCOP

Ideal Compression Process

Fixed By Condenser

Building

3

Building Characteristics

Ideal Gas Compression Process – Very Close To Scroll Compression Cycle

Isentropic

Fixed By Evaporator

P1

1

Low Suction Losses

2 Vf

Vi

Volume, V

For Scroll Compressors The Initial Compression Volume (Vi) and the Final (Vf) are fixed by DESIGN and define a Fixed Internal Volume → Fixed Pressure Ratio Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 15

Heat Pump

Heat Pump Compressor

Building

Heat Pump Characteristics

Meteorological Data

SCOP

Fixed Volume Losses

Compressor

Building Characteristics

Pad = Intermediate Pressure Over-Compression:  Ex. high suction, low condensing: Internal over compression  Losses are due to expansion of the “over compressed“ gas to the right condensing pressure

Under-Compression:  Ex. low suction, high condensing: Internal pressure ratio too low  Losses due to high pressure gas at discharge flowing back to compressor each time the last pocket of the Scroll opens to discharge

In General, Compressor Isentropic Effy → COP Decreases Every Time Running Conditions Do Not Meet Compressor Design Conditions (Built In Volume Ratio) Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 16

Heat Pump

Heat Pump Compressor

Heat Pump Characteristics





Meteorological Data

SCOP

Technology 

Building

Compressor

Building Characteristics

Compressor Isentropic Efficiency is Also Related to the Refrigerant Choice (From Lowest to Highest Density): – – –

R134a R407C R404A

–

R410A

Worse Best

IE Results from a Combination of Swept Volume (Friction Surface) & Working Pressure Vapor Injection Option (EVI) Plays Also an Important Role: –

Increased Capacity @ High Pressure Ratios

– –

Increased COP @ High Pressure Ratios Lower Discharge Temperature => Increased Operating Map

Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 17

Heat Pump

Heat Pump Compressor

Heat Pump Characteristics

Isentropic Efficiency & COP

8

Low Temp. Lift

Standard Copeland Scroll 7

6

4

3

2

Standard A/C Built-In Pressure Ratio

1

0 3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

Pressure Ratio

Typical Behavior of a Standard A/C Optimized Scroll Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 18

8.0

COP

Isentr. Effy

5

Isentropic Effy COP

2.0

Meteorological Data

SCOP Compressor

Building

Building Characteristics

Heat Pump

Heat Pump Compressor

Heat Pump Characteristics

Isentropic Efficiency & COP Standard Copeland Scroll -5% COP Heating Optimized Copeland

7

Isentr. Effy

Std Isentropic Effy Heat. Opt. Isentropic Effy Std COP Heat. Opt COP

5

Reed Valve

Heating Opt. Built-in Pressure Ratio

4

3

+10% COP

Operating Envelope Extension 2

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5

10.0

Pressure Ratio

Heating Optimization:

• Improved Heating Efficiency at Higher PR, up to 10% Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 19 • Larger Operating Envelope

10.5

11.0

11.5

COP

6

Standard Built-in Pressure Ratio

Meteorological Data

SCOP Compressor

Building

Building Characteristics

Heat Pump

Heat Pump Compressor

Heat Pump Characteristics

Meteorological Data

SCOP

COP Summary

Building

Compressor

Building Characteristics

8

7

6

Std. COP

COP

5

Heat. Opt. COP EVI COP

4

Standard A/C 3 Built-in Pressure Ratio

Heating Opt. Built-in Pressure Ratio

2

Operating Envelope Extension

+10% COP

+10% COP

1

0 1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5

10.0

10.5

11.0

11.5

Pressure Ratio

Heating Optimization + Enhanced Vapor Injection (EVI):

• Even Larger Operating Envelope • Higher Efficiency at High PRs (up to 10%) & Higher H Capacity (up to 25%) Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 20

Heat Pump

Heat Pump Compressor

Heat Pump Characteristics

Operating Envelopes 70 65 60 55

Cond T [ºC]

50

45

Standard A/C

40 35 30

Ongoing 5K Extension

25

20 15 10

-30

-25

-20

-15

Meteorological Data

SCOP Compressor

-10

-5

0 Evap T [ºC]

5

10

15

20

25

30

Standard A/C Envelope: • Limited at Low Evaporating and High Condensing Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 21

Building

Building Characteristics

Heat Pump

Heat Pump Compressor

Heat Pump Characteristics

Operating Envelopes 75 70 65 60 55

Cond T [ºC]

50 45

Heating Optimized

40

Standard A/C

35 30 25 20 15 10 -35

-30

-25

-20

Meteorological Data

SCOP Compressor

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Evap T [ºC]

Heating Optimized Envelope: • Allows for Higher Condensing Temp. at Lower Evaporating Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 22

Building

Building Characteristics

Heat Pump

Heat Pump Compressor

Heat Pump Characteristics

Operating Envelopes 75 70 65 60 55

Cond T [ºC]

50 45

Wet Injection Heating EVI

40

Heating Optimized

35

Standard A/C

30 25 20 15 10 -35

-30

-25

-20

Meteorological Data

SCOP Compressor

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Evap T [ºC]

Heating Optimized Envelope + Enhanced Vapor Injection: • Suitable for High Water Temp in Cold Climates • Wet Injection Control Further Extend The Op. Range Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 23

Building

Building Characteristics

Heat Pump

Heat Pump Compressor

Heat Pump Characteristics

Operating Envelopes & Pressure Ratios 75 70 65 3.5

9.3

60

2.8

55

Cond T [ºC]

50 5.5

45

Pressure Ratios

2.1

Wet Injection

40

Heating Optimized

Heating EVI

35

Standard A/C

30 25 20 15 10 -35

-30

-25

-20

Meteorological Data

SCOP Compressor

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Evap T [ºC]

Pressure Ratios in Relation to the Compressor Operating Envelope Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 24

Building

Building Characteristics

Heat Pump

Heat Pump Compressor

Heat Pump Characteristics

Meteorological Data

SCOP

Operating Envelopes & Pressure Ratios & SCOP 75

Compressor

Building Characteristics

A/W - LT - Colder

70

A/W - HT - Colder

DHW

65

A/W - LT - Warmer 3.5

9.3

60

prEN14825 Climate Hour Bins

A/W - HT - Warmer 2.8

55

B/W HP

50

Cond T [ºC]

Building

5.5

45

Pressure Ratios

2.1

Wet Injection

40

Heating Optimized

Heating EVI

35

Standard A/C

30 25 20 15 10 -35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Evap T [ºC]

• SCOP: Heating Optimization (Envelope, Effy, Capacity) for Colder and Average Climates for All Water Temperature Applications (Low, Medium, High) • DHW: Heating Opt. also Fundamental for Cost Effective Domestic Hot Water Production @ All Outdoor Temperatures Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 25

Heat Pump

Heat Pump Conclusions

Heat Pump Characteristics

Meteorological Data

SCOP Compressor

• Based on prEN14825 (Space Heating SCOP) • A/W Heat Pumps

• Heating Optimized Compressors Provide Good Efficiency Improvements for Colder and Average Climates for Low, Medium and High Water Temperature Applications • Enhanced Vapor Injection (EVI) Further Increase the Efficiency / Heating Capacity Gain & Envelope and It Is Particularly Indicated for Colder Climates and High Temp. Applications • Standard A/C Compressors Are Best Suited for Warmer Climates for Low, Medium and High Temp. Applications

• B/W Heat Pumps

• Both Technologies (Heating Opt. & Std. A/C) are possible, envelopewise, but Heating Opt. Compressors Features Higher Efficiencies

• For Cost Effective DHW Production Heating Optimized Compressors Offer the Best Solution (Efficiency and Envelope-wise) for All HP Technologies (A/W and B/W)

Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 26

Building

Building Characteristics

Heat Pump

Heat Pump Compressor

Building

Heat Pump Characteristics

Meteorological Data

SCOP

Emerson Climate Technologies Line-Up

Compressor

Building Characteristics

ZR – R407C Standard A/C In Development

10

20

30

NEW 40HP

ZH*P – R410A

Heating Optimized

0

ZP – R410A

Models w/ EVI

ZH – R407C

40

50

60

70

Heating kW @ -7/35

Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 27

80

90

100

110

Thank You! Emerson Climate Technologies, HP Compressor Overview, May 2010, Page 28