HEALTH, MOVEMENT REGIME, LEISURE AND INTERESTS OF ADOLESCENTS PERSON WELLNESS, HEALTH AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

HEALTH, MOVEMENT REGIME, LEISURE AND INTERESTS OF ADOLESCENTS PERSON – WELLNESS, HEALTH AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY  Elena Bendíková  HEALTH, MOVEM...
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HEALTH, MOVEMENT REGIME, LEISURE AND INTERESTS OF ADOLESCENTS

PERSON – WELLNESS, HEALTH AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY



Elena Bendíková



HEALTH, MOVEMENT REGIME, LEISURE AND INTERESTS OF ADOLESCENTS

Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz

PERSON – WELLNESS, HEALTH AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Edited by Hanna Żukowska Grzegorz Barth Alicja Kostencka Mirosława Szark-Eckardt Elena Bendiková

BYDGOSZCZ 2013



Elena Bendíková SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL prof. zw. dr hab. Andrzej Pawłucki (AWF Wrocław, Poland), ks. prof. zw. dr hab. Stanisław Kowalczyk (KUL Lublin, Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. Andrzej de Tchorzewski (AWF Kraków, Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. Roman Ossowski (UKW Bydgoszcz, Poland), prof. nadzw. dr hab. Janusz Bielski (AH Pułtusk, Poland), prof. nadzw. dr hab. Piotr Błajet (WSB Toruń, Poland), prof. nadzw. dr hab. Mariusz Cichosz (UKW Bydgoszcz, Poland), prof. nadzw. dr hab. Zbigniew Dziubiński (AWF Warszawa, Poland), prof. nadzw. dr hab. Vlastimila Karaskova (PU Ołomuniec, Poland), ks. prof. nadzw. dr hab. Marian Nowak (KUL Lublin, Poland), prof. nadzw. dr hab. Władysław Pańczyk (UR Rzeszów, Poland), PaedDr. Elena Bendíková, PhD. (UMB FHV B. Bystrica, Slovakia), ks. dr Grzegorz Barth (KUL Lublin, Poland), dr Alicja Kostencka (UKW Bydgoszcz, Poland), dr Mirosława Śmiglewska (CM UMK Toruń, Poland) REVIEWERS prof. nadzw. dr hab. Radosław Muszkieta

PUBLISHER Oficyna Wydawnicza Mirosław Wrocławski ISBN 978-83-62611-48-5 Printed monographs supported by the Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz Faculty of Physical Culture, Health and Tourism

© Copyright by Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, 2013



HEALTH, MOVEMENT REGIME, LEISURE AND INTERESTS OF ADOLESCENTS

Content Introduction . .................................................................................................. 7 1. Elena Bendíková, Health, movement regime, leisure and interests of adolescents.......................................................................................... 9 2. Maria Jastrzębska, Social attitudes of young people to transplantation problems................................................................... 23 3. Jan Mieszkowski, Alicja Kostencka, Hanna Żukowska, Mirosława Szark-Eckardt, Health-Related Fitness level of 7-years-old children from Bydgoszcz region.................................... 39 4. Jan Mieszkowski, Bartłomiej Niespodziński, Adam Ziemiński, Adam Szulc, Differences in physical fitness of first-year students of particular faculties of pharmaceutical division of collegium medicum in Bydgoszcz in 2011/2012.................................................... 56



5. Bartłomiej Niespodziński, Jan Mieszkowski, Michalina Kuska, Andrzej Drygas, Changes in physical fitness of first-year medicine students of collegium medicum in Bydgoszcz...................................... 69 6. Władysław Pańczyk, Physical Culture Facing ‘Sins’ of Contemporary Man................................................................................ 83 7. Izabela Stańczyk, Anetta Hoffman Cubała, Jarosław Hoffman, Maciej Śniegocki, Paweł Molski, Influence of eating habits on quality of life in obese patients referring to city inhabitants.......... 105 8. Jadwiga Sarwińska, Andrzej Lewandowski, Mirosława Śmiglewska, Jacek Jan Klawe, Physical activity supporting health of prisoners..... 120 9. Mirosława Śmiglewska, Agnieszka Kwaśnicka, Andrzej Lewandowski, Mateusz Mieleszkiewicz, Jadwiga Sarwińska, Physical activity of female white-collar workers – declared and real needs.................. 132 Literature..................................................................................................... 144



Elena Bendíková



INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION Wellness and physical activity as basic activities, guiding and enabling man to achieve “success in life”, mean in their essence a personal development including a health factor. In the light of the latest research concerning both the subject of a person and health problems, a holistic view to both realities and with reference to them becomes necessary. It is not an easy though essential task. Nowadays, we deal with the multitude of approaches within different man theories, which interpenetrate and interpret one another thus contributing to understand the phenomenon of man and explain the comprehensive development process of man. At present, the issue of health is also perceived wholly as it concerns the welfare of a human being with respect to his physical, mental, emotional, social and spirit realm. Hence, more and more often in theory and in practice, there are attempts towards a multidimensional and integral approach to man, where particular realms do not only exclude but they simply imply one another. In the situation when an activity of man becomes a fundamental measure of his humanity, whereas he, by experiencing the growing contradictions and conflicts more or less dependent on himself and his will, struggles to find the meaning of his own existence, an attempt to determine the axiological orientation on the basis of the personalistic model is the most important task. Undoubtedly, such an interpretation of the issue of man, that is from the point of view of his life experience, the activity resumed on the basis of positive and negative intentions whose meaning will come out later, cannot be considered in detachment from reality, in which he lives. Becoming “someone”, man becomes first of all due to reflexion on himself and the meaning of his own existence as well as activity. Due to the fact that the present global crisis affects everyone and different social and age groups, it seems essential to develop life skills which form a personal dimension of man from young years. These skills should lead to prosocial behaviours consistent with ethical principles. This is incredibly important nowadays as this crisis concerns economic, ethical-medical, social-family and moral issues. Beneath this crisis, there are various problems, more visibly connected with the lifestyle of contemporary man, with his sense of lostness and wrong time management. Less often can we manage our time well so that our actions would not be only temporary, driven by a momentary satisfaction or benefit but prospective, too. The current crisis regarding man as a person, is



INTRODUCTION

undoubtedly a derivative of the education and family crisis. Despite expressing concerns and declarations, there still seem to be shortages of educating towards responsibility for oneself and others, towards inside freedom, sensitivity and empathy. This can be evaluated adequately by realising that a human being appears not only in a concrete action but he is also interpreted through his actions. The point is to discover a significant moment which is the relationship towards another man and making certain decisions as the realisation of his own inside freedom based on deep understanding of their sense. In this context, the terms of wellness, physical activity and health should be perceived or even reinterpreted in relation to openness and responsibility for a positive influence not only himself, but first of all on other people, what we try to present in this study. Wellness as an active process, owing to which people become more conscious participants of life and make choices conducive to success in life, relies in working on keeping the balance (harmony) between all aspects of human life (emotional, spirit, intellectual and physical) strictly connected with health and interpersonal relations. This is the art of a conscious and happy life fully exploiting the human potential, maintaining the sense of serenity and integrally perceived health, the sense of fulfilment and satisfaction with all its realms. This is both the philosophy of life and the concrete system of action which may begin already in childhood and never stop giving satisfaction with the life of “today’s day” and the near and distant future. Wellness and physical activity are essential elements of this activity. Considering them in the personal-ethical context, their intention will be to develop one’s health not only to ensure a long and vital life, but also a life serving for the sake of other people. Significant as it seems to be is to look at these values with reference to human imperfections and all kind of suffering which affects each man sooner or later. Spirit health, which should be especially emphasised here, in various difficult situations is the carrier of faith and hope, focuses man’s attention on universal and eternal values. The problems associated with health, lifestyle, spending free time, wellness and physical activity as well as all activities concentrated on the welfare of another man, for example, medical solutions such as transplantations, combine the value which is man-person, worthy of devotion in every aspect. The chapters of this publication present this new approach to man within the scope of needs and opportunities axiologically analyzed, in the centre of which stands PERSON as the best interest.



HEALTH, MOVEMENT REGIME, LEISURE AND INTERESTS OF ADOLESCENTS

HEALTH, MOVEMENT REGIME, LEISURE AND INTERESTS OF ADOLESCENTS Elena Bendíková Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Faculty of humanities, Department of physical education and sport

Keywords: health, movement regime, leisure interests, adolescent. Abstract This is a partial study, which shows the primary factors involved in the worsening of the health of pupils, regarding the motion mode, leisure and interests. The result that receptive leisure in girls compared with boys does have an impact on health, as well as intersexual differences in interests. The work is part of the UGA/Upgrading of school physical education through the school curriculum in schools.

Introduction The current prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases (Urvayová 2000) with mulltifactorial etymology, is reflected by a growing trend in recent decades in Slovakia regarding (Bollardová and Hlava 2000) health, morbidity, mortality, life expectancy of the population, but also its quality with a significant social impact (Šimonek 2000). Just the increase in lifestyle-related diseases (allergies, obesity, osteopenia, diabetes, musculoskeletal system, cardiovascu Urvayová A.  (2000) Pohybová aktivita ako prevencia ochorení. [In:] Pohybová aktivita a šport v živote dospelých. Šport pre všetkých, Bratislava: SOV, s. 18-21.  Bollardová D., Hlava P. (2000) Zdravotný stav obyvateľov Slovenskej republiky. [In:] Pohybová aktivita a šport v živote dospelých. Bratislava: SOV, s. 6-10.  Šimonek J. (2000) Pohybová aktivita v živote súčasného človeka. [In:] Pohybová aktivita žien, Bratislava: SOV, s. 23-65. 



Elena Bendíková

lar and respiratory system ...) the health of children and youth is getting annually worse (Hruškovič 2004; Mesko 2005; Napierała 2005; Hrubiško 2006; Jakubínová 2007; Kostenecka 2007; Bendíková – Stacho 2010) (Table 1). The risk factors that threaten the health of children and youth is the lack of sports and sporting activities (79%), wrong lifestyle, stressful situations (56%), smoking, alcohol (46%) and poor diet (68%) (Bendíková 2008). This condition is a consequence of the current hyperkinetic way of life, which is related to an insufficient amount of physical stimuli in their locomotor regime. Currently Bendíková (2007), Paugschová – Jančoková (2008), Peráčková (2008) present a decrease in physical activity of youth and highlight the range and quality of physical activities that can contribute effectively to healthy development. The current trend of decreasing physical activity in adolescents has a negative impact on the functional and physical fitness of adolescents (Napierała

Hruškovič B. (2004) Alergia a  astma v  Európe. [In:] Via practica, Bratislava: Meduca, 2004, č. 2.; Meško D. (2005) Bronchiálna astma a športová aktivita. [In:] Via practica, Bratislava: Meduca, roč. 2, č. 1.; Napierała M. (2005) Ważniejsze uwarunkowania rozwoju somatycznego i motorycznego dzieci i młodzieży z województwa kujawsko-pomorskiego. Wydawnictwo Akademii Bydgoskiej im. Kazimierza Wielkiego, Bydgoszcz; Hrubiško M. (2006) Alergická nádcha. [In:] Via practica, Bratislava: Meduca, roč. 3, č. 3; Jakubínová H. (2007) Diagnostika a liečba bolestivých svalových spazmov pri vertebrogénnych ochoreniach. [In:] Via practica, Bratislava: Meduca, roč. 4, č. 6.; Kostencka A. (2007) Niektóre zachowania zdrowotne studentów a ich masa ciała. [In:] Medical and Biological Sciences, 21/3, Bydgoszcz; Bendíková E., Stacho K. (2010) Vplyv kompenzačných cvičení na rozvoj pohyblivosti chrbtice u žiakov II. stupňa ZŠ. [In:] Studia Kinanthropologica, Universitas Bohemiae Meridionalis České Budejovice: PF, Vol. 11, No. 1.; Kostencka A. (2007) Niektóre zachowania zdrowotne studentów a ich masa ciała. Medical and Biological Sciences, 21/3, Bydgoszcz, s. 53-58.  Bendíková E. (2008) Zdravotný stav – funkčná a telesná zdatnosť adolescentov. [In:] Exercitatio Corpolis – Motus – Salus [CD ROM], Banská Bystrica: Univerzita Mateja Bela, Fakulta humanitných vied.  Bendíková E. (2007) Vplyv špecifického pohybového programu na úpravu funkčných porúch chrbtice žien. [In:] Mladá veda, Zborník vedeckých štúdií doktorandov. FHV UMB v Banskej Bystrici, s. 329-359.  Paugschová B., Jančoková Ľ. (2008) Diagnostika športových záujmov žiakov ZŠ a SŠ v stredoslovenskom regióne. In Telovýchovné a športové záujmy v rámci voľnočasových aktivít žiakov. Bratislava: UK FTVŠ, MŠ SR.  Peráčková J. (2008) Režim dňa, voľný čas a telovýchovná aktivita žiačok vybraného gymnázia. [In:] Peráčková et al.: Telovýchovné a športové záujmy v rámci voľnočasových aktivít žiakov. Bratislava: UK FTVŠ MŠ SR. 

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at al. 2009). During the child’s life, there is a differentiation of contents, scope and intensity of the locomotor regime. Differences are subject to a number of factors both subjective and objective (age, sex, health status). This ultimately means that the physical activity of children and youth depends not only on possibilities, but with advancing age also by their interests and motivation. Spontaneous physical activity decreases in adolescence, particularly among girls after 14 and in boys between 16 – 18 years. Results of studies (Liba 2000)10 show that to maintain physical fitness and health there is a neccesity of a minimum amount of physical activity in adolescents ,,... 5-6 hours a week with an intensity of about 60% of the alternating load. Health promotion in Slovakia in the age group of adolescents and adolescents is represented by Objective. 4 of the SZO Health 21 – health for all in the 21st century Health of young people (under 18 years of age). Table 1. Illnesses in children and adolescents (1996 – 2003) Type of illness Illnesses of gland with inner secretion Mental problems

0 – 14 old 1996 – 2003 79 120

15 – 19 old 1996 – 2003 77 167

157

208

98

207

9

21

28

87

Illnesses of the circulatory system

172

201

92

215

Illnesses of the respiratory system Illnesses of muscle and fulcrum system

443

910

284

815

203

306

205

444

Hypertension illnesses

Leisure as Kratochvílová (2004)11 states is a specific and important part of life of children, youth and adults – people of all ages. It’s time for rest, recreation, regeneration of physical and mental forces, relaxation after work, study space for social meetings (friends, close people), self-fulfilment in activities, activities to suit your needs and interests, ideas, desires, aspirations and values. Leisure activities and its system is dynamic and less settled, particularly promising and risky endeavour of the current life in a modern young person referred





Napierała M., Cieślicka M., Klimczyk M., Eksterowicz J. Kuś A., Dmitruk K. (2009) [W]: J. Daniluk (red.): Zachowania zdrowotne uczniów w wieku 13-16 lat, NeuroCentrum w Lublinie. Lublin, s.89-100. 10 Liba J. (2000) Výchova k zdraviu a pohyb. Prešov: FHPV PU, s.120. 11 Kratochvílová E. (2004) Pedagogika voľného času. Výchova v čase mimo vyučovania v pedagogickej teórii a praxi. UK Bratislava. 

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Elena Bendíková

to Hofbauer (2004)12. Free time should be seen as an area in the movement mode of self-expression and self-realization of children and young people according to their needs and interests. In adolescence there are qualitative changes in the area of interest. There are significant differences in scale, level, depth and diversity of interests, which are due to individual differences and mutual coexistence of various influences (family and school, informal groups, mass media). Today, receptive leisure is prevalent among young people (Labudová 2008; Medeková 1997,1998; Frömel et al. 1999; Ďuríčková 2002, Hofbauer 2004; Postlová 2004; Galajda 2006; Melicher – Slezak 2007; Dobrý 2008; Kotleba 2008)13, where most young people prefer sedentary activities. Objective Hyperkinetic way of life with the receptive nature of leisure is currently filling motion regimes of children and youth. That fact is so involved in the upward trends inlifestyle-related diseases (Kostencka, Szark 2007)14. The survey aims to identify and analyze the weekly volume of physical activity for girls and boys in relation to their interests during free time with intentions to identify current health status. Hofbauer B. (2004) Detí, mládež a volný čas. Praha: Portál, s. 18. Labudová J. (2008) Preferencia telovýchovných a športových činností v športe pre všetkých v SR. In TVS, XVIII, č. 2.; Medeková H. (1997) Telovýchovná aktivita detí a mládeže. In Acta Fac. Educ. Phys. Univ. Comenianae, 38, Bratislava: UK, 1997, s. 35-65; Medeková H. (1998) Niektoré poznatky o telovýchovnej aktivite detí a mládeže. Bratislava: MC, 1998, s. 32.; Frömel K. et al., (1999) Pohybová a aktivita a sportovní zájmy mládeže. UP v Olomouci, FTV.; Ďuríčková K. (2002) Voľný čas a factory podmieňujúce telovýchovné activity študentov gymnázií. DP, Bratislava: FTVŠ UK.; Hofbauer B. (2004) Detí, mládež a volný čas. Praha: Portál.; FTVŠ.; Postlová L. (2004) Postoje žiakov stredných škôl ku školskej telesnej výchove. DP. Bratislava: UK FTVŠ; Galajda J. (2006) Pohybový režim stredoškolákov. DP. Bratislava : FTVŠ UK.; Melicher A., Slezak J. (2007) Záujmová telesná výchova žiakov základných a stredných škôl v sučasných podmienkach. [In:] 4thFIEP European Congress “Physical Education and Sport – teachers´ Preparation and Their Employability in Europe”. Bratislava: UK, FTVŠ a Slovenská vedecká spoločnosť pre telesnú výchovu a šport.; Dobrý Ľ. (2008) Krátka histórie pohybové aktivnosti a zdravotních benefit. [In:] TVSM, 59, č. 2, s. 7-18.; otleba J. (2008) Obľúbenosť školskej telesnej výchovy vo vzťahu k voľnočasovým aktivitám žiakov strednej školy. DP. Bratislava: UK FTVŠ. 14 Kostencka A., Szark M. (2007) Ocena stanu zdrowia i sprawności fizycznej bydgoskich studentów kierunku wychowanie fizyczne. W: Pohyb a zdravie – IV rocnik. Trencianska Uniwerzita A. Dupceka w Trencinie, s. 63-70.

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HEALTH, MOVEMENT REGIME, LEISURE AND INTERESTS OF ADOLESCENTS

Research hypothesis

H1 Expects divergence of interests between boys and girls of secondary schools in terms of sporting activities. H2 Assumes that urban physical education activities will dominate the organized physical education activities for students. H3 We anticipate that the girl’s free time will be dominated by leisure time rather than active free time.

Survey Methodology File Characteristics The survey was conducted with high school students in the central region of Slovakia, which was represented by four secondary schools – two secondary schools and 2 SOS. Target category were students of the 3rd year totalling 261 students, including 137 girls and 124 boys, whose average age was 17, 2 and 17,1 years old (Table 2). Table 2. Characteristics of students (n = 301) (source: own) Schools/n

Grammar schools girls

Boys

Total

137

124

Average age/r

17, 2

17, 1

Legend: r – years

Organization Survey The survey was implemented in two stages during school year 2009/2010. In the first stage of the school year we approached the secondary schools Liptovský Mikuláš, who provided us the information we surveyed. In the second stage during the month of September we distributed questionnaires to each secondary school. Mutual cooperation resulted in 100% return of questionnaires. The answering of the questionnaire was realized during hours of school sport and physical education after instructions were given by the teachers, who were familiar with the questionnaire.

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Methods of data collection

Elena Bendíková

To obtain information on the weekly movement regime, leisure interests and health of students, we used a semi-standardized questionnaire (Bendíková, 2007; Peráčková, 2008; Paugshová – Jančoková, 2008)15, which was anonymous. Students identified only their gender, age and type of school. The questionnaire consisted of 30 questions of open and closed nature. Methods of data processing The obtained qualitative-quantitative data were processed in tables and graphs. We utilized the method of logical analysis and synthesis, conceptual operations induction and deduction and the percentage of frequency analysis. Given the qualitative nature of the questionnaire we used Chi – square (1% – p

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