Head Injury Reading List for Speech and Language Therapists THIS READING LIST IS DIVIDED INTO EIGHT SECTIONS: 1. Communication 2. Cognitive and other deficits 3. Epidemiology and general 4. Acute stage, coma, PTA and vegetative state 5. Outcome and rehabilitation 6. Family and psychosocial 7. Service planning 8. Dysphagia

It is hoped that this reading list will be regularly updated. Suggestions for additions or amendments would be welcomed. These should be sent to Ashleigh Denman, Speech and Language Therapy Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester, GL1 3NN. Telephone: 08454 225138. E-mail: [email protected]. THANKS GO TO: • • • •

The committee and members of the Head Injury Specific Interest Group – for allowing me to revamp their original list. The South West Traumatic Brain Injury Specific Interest Group – for their support. Sue Toller – for keeping things on track. Debbie Boughton, SLT Assistant – for all her hours of typing.

Ashleigh Denman Regional Clinical Advisor in Head Injury for the Western Region of the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists. 7th January 2002

1. COMMUNICATION ALDERMAN, N. & WARD, A. Behavioural treatment of the dysexecutive syndrome: reduction of repetitive speech using response cost and cognitive overlearning. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, Vol. 1, pp 65-80 BARA, B. G, CUTICA, I. & TIRASSA, M. Neuropragmatics: extralinguistic communication after closed head injury. Brain and Language, 2001, Vol. 77, pp 72-94 BEUKELMAN, D. R. & YORKSTON, K. M. (eds.) ‘Communication disorders following traumatic brain injury’. Publ: Pro-Ed, 1991 BODY, R. Assessment of communication skills in head injured patients. Speech Therapy in Practice, Oct 1990 BRAMANTI, P, SESSA, E. & SALTUARI, L. Post-traumatic mutism. Journal of Neurological Science, 1994, June, Vol. 38 (2), pp 117122 CARLSON, H. B. & BUCKWALD, M. B. W. Vocational communication group treatment in an outpatient head injury facility. Brain Injury, 1993, Vol. 7, pp 183-187 CHAPMAN, S. B. et al. Narrative discourse after closed head injury in children and adolescents. Brain and Language, 1992, Vol. 43, pp 42-65 DAVIS, G. & WILCOX, M. J. ‘Adult aphasia rehabilitation: applied pragmatics’. Publ: College Hill Press, 1985 DENNIS, M. Word finding in children and adolescents with a history of brain injury. Topics in Language Disorders, Nov 1992, pp 66-82 EHRLICH, J. & SIPES, A. Group treatment of communication skills for head trauma patients. Cognitive Rehabilitation, 1985, Vol. 3, pp 32-37 EHRLICH, J. S. Selective characteristics of narrative discourse in head injured and normal adults. British Journal of Communication Disorders, 1988, Vol. 21, pp 1-9 EHRLICH, J. & BARRY, P. Rating communication behaviour in the head injured adult. Brain Injury, 1989, Vol. 3, pp 193-198 ENDERBY, P. & CROW, E.

Long term recovery patterns of severe dysarthria following head injury. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 1990, Vol. 224, pp 341-354

FREUND, J, HAYTER, C, MACDONALD, S, NEARY, M. & WISEMAN-HAKES, C. ‘Cognitive communication disorders following traumatic brain injury – a practical guide’ (First Edition). Publ: Communication Skill Builders, 1994 FIELD, S. J. & SALING, M. M. Interictal discourse production in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain and Language, 2000, Vol. 74, pp 2113-2222 FRIEDLAND, D. & MILLER, N. Conversation analysis of communication breakdown after closed head injury. Brain Injury, 1998, Vol. 12 (1), pp 1-14 GAJAR, A, SCHLOSS, P. J, SCHLOSS, C. N. & THOMPSON, C. K. Effects of feedback and self-monitoring on head trauma youths’ conversation skills. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 1984, Vol. 17, pp 353-358 GALLAGHER, T. & PRUTTING, C. (eds.) ‘Pragmatic assessment and intervention issues in language’. Publ: College Hill Press, 1983. GILES, G. M, FUSSEY, I. & BURGESS, P. The behavioural treatment of verbal interaction skills following severe head injury: a single case study. Brain Injury, Vol. 2, pp 75-79 GREEN, B. S, STEVENS, K. M. & WOLFE, T. D. ‘Mild traumatic brain injury - a therapy and resource manual’. Publ: Singular Publishing, 1997 HAGEN, C. Language disorders secondary to closed head injury: Diagnosis and treatment. Topics in Language Disorders, 1981, September, pp 73-86 HAGEN, C. Language disorders in head trauma. In ‘Language disorders in adults: recent advances’ (ed Holland, A.). Publ: College Hill Press, 1984 HALPER, A, CHERNEY, L. & MILLER, T. ‘Clinical management of communication problems in adults with traumatic brain injury’. Publ: Gaithersburg MD, Aspen, 1991 HARTLEY, L. L. ‘Cognitive - communicative abilities following brain injury: a functional approach’. Publ: Singular, 1995 HARTLEY, L. L. & GRIFFITH, A. A functional approach to the cognitive-communication deficits of closed head injured clients. Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, 1989, Vol. 13 (2), pp 5157 HARTLEY, L. L. & LEVIN, H. S. Linguistic deficits after closed head injury: a current appraisal. Aphasiology, 1990, Vol. 4 (4), pp 353-370

HOLLAND, A. ‘When is aphasia aphasia? The problem of closed head injury’ (ed. Brookshire). Publ: Clinical Aphasiology Conference Proceedings, 1982 ISAKI, E. & TURKSTRA, L. Communication abilities and work re-entry following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 2000, Vol. 14, pp 441-453 JORDAN, F. M, CANNON, A. & MURDOCH, B. E. Language abilities of mildly closed head injured children (CHI) 10 years post-injury. Brain Injury, 1992, Vol. 6, pp 39-44 JORDAN, F. & MURDOCH, B. A comparison of the conversational skills of closed head injured children and normal children. Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders, 1990, Vol. 18 (1), pp 69-82 JORDAN, F. M, OZANNE, A. E. & MURDOCH, B. E. Performance of closed head injured children on a naming task. Brain Injury, 1988, Vol. 4, pp 147-154 LOHMAN, T, ZIGGAS, D. & PIERCE, R. S. Word fluency performance on common categories by subjects with closed head injuries. Aphasiology, 1989, Vol. 3 (8), pp 685-693 McDONALD, S. Communication disorders following closed head injury: new approaches to assessment and rehabilitation. Brain Injury, 1992, Vol. 6 (3), pp 283-292 McDONALD, S. Pragmatic language skills and closed head injury: ability to meet the informational needs of the listener. Brain and Language, 1993, Vol. 44, pp 28-46 McDONALD, S. Exploring the cognitive basis of right hemisphere pragmatic language disorders. Brain and Language, 2000, Vol. 75, pp 82-107 McDONALD, S. & van SOMMERS, P. Pragmatic language skills after closed head injury: ability to negotiate requests. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1993, Vol. 10 (4), pp 297-315 McDONALD, S, TOGHER, L. & CODE, C. ‘Communication disorders following traumatic brain injury’. Publ: Psychology Press, 1999 McHENRY, M. & WILSON, R. The challenge of unintelligible speech following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 1994, May-June, Vol. 8 (4), pp 363-375 McKAY, MOORE, SOHLBERG et al. ‘Improving pragmatic skills in persons with head injury’. Publ: Communication Skill Builders, 1992

MENTIS, M. & PRUTTING, C. Cohesion in the discourse of normal and head injured adults. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 1987, Vol. 30, pp 88-98 MILTON, S. B. Management of subtle cognitive communication deficits. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 1988, Vol. 3 (2), pp 1-11 MILTON, S. B, PRUTTING, C. A. & BINDER, G. M. ‘Appraisal of communicative competence in head injured adults’ (ed. Brookshire). Publ: Proceedings of the Clinical Aphasiology Conference, 1984, pp 114-123 MOZLEY, A. & SHERIDAN, J. ‘Introductory guidelines to management of severe head injury’. Publ: College of Speech Therapists Bulletin, 1985 MURDOCH, B. E. Speech-language disorders associated with traumatic head injury. In ‘Acquired speech and language disorders’. Publ: Chapman and Hall, 1992 PENN, C. The profile of communicative appropriateness: a clinical tool for the assessment of pragmatics. South African Journal of Communication Disorders, 1985, Vol. 32, pp 18-23 PERKINS, M, BODY, R. & PARKER, M. Closed head injury: assessment and remediation of topic bias and repetitiveness. In ‘Case studies in clinical linguistics’ (eds Perkins, M. & Howard, S). Publ: Whurr, London, 1995 PERKINS, L, WHITWORTH, A. & LESSER, R. ‘Conversation analysis profile for people with cognitive impairment’. Publ: Whurr, London, 1997 PRIGATANO, G. P. & ROUECHE, J. R. & FORDYCE, D. J. Non-aphasic language disturbances after closed head injury. Language Sciences, 1985, Vol. 1, pp 217-229 SAPIR, S. & ARONSON, A. Aphonia after closed head injury: aetiologic considerations. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, Dec 1985, Vol. 20, pp 289-296 SARNO, M. & LEVIN, H. Speech and language disorders after closed head injury. In ‘Speech and language evaluation’ in ‘Neurology: adult disorders’ (ed Darby, J.). Publ: Grune and Stratton, 1985 SCHOLEFIELD, J. A. Aetiologies of aphonia following closed head injury. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 1987, Vol. 22, pp 167-172 SNOW, P, DOUGLAS, J. & PONSFORD, J. Discourse assessment following traumatic brain injury: a pilot study examining some demographic and methodological issues. Aphasiology, 1995, Vol. 9, pp 365-380

SNOW, P, DOUGLAS, J. & PONSFORD, J. Conversational discourse abilities following severe traumatic brain injury: a follow-up study. Brain Injury, 1998, Vol. 12 (11), pp 911-935 SOHLBERG, M, PERLEWITZ, P, JOHANSEN, A, SCHULTZ, J, JOHNSON, L. & HARTY, M. ‘Improving pragmatic skills in persons with head injury’. Publ: Communication Skills Builders, 1992 SWINDELL, C. S, PASHEK, G. V. & HOLLAND, A. L. ‘A questionnaire for surveying personal and communicative style’ (ed. Brookshire). Publ: Clinical Aphasiology Conference Proceedings, 1982, pp 50-63 WISEMAN-HAKES, C, STEWART, M, WASSERMAN, R. & SCHULLER, R. Peer group training of pragmatic skills in adolescents with acquired brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 1998, Vol. 13 (6), pp 23-38 YORKSTON, K. M. (ed.) ‘Augmentative communication in the medical setting’. Publ: Communication Skill Builders, 1992

2. COGNITIVE AND OTHER DEFICITS BARRY, P, CLARK, D, YAGUDA, M, HIGGINS, G. & MANGEL, H. Rehabilitation inpatient screening of early cognitive recovery. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1989, Vol. 70, pp 902-906 BROOKS, D, AUGTON, M, BOND, M, JONES, P. & RIZUI, S. Cognitive sequelae in relationship to early indices of severity of brain damage after severe blunt head injury. Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1980, Vol. 43, pp 529-534 GODFREY, H. P. D, PARTRIDGE, F. M. & KNIGHT, R.G. Course of insight disorder and emotional dysfunction following closed head injury: a controlled cross-sectional follow up study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 1993, Vol. 15 (4), pp 503-515 HAGAN, C. & MALKMUS, D. ‘Levels of cognitive functioning’. Publ: Rancho Los Amigos Hospital, 1974 HATMAN, A, PICKERING, R. M. & WILSON, B. A. Is there a central executive deficit after severe head injury? Clinical Rehabilitation, 1992, Vol. 6, pp 133-140 KAPLAN, C. P. & CORRIGAN, J. D. The relationship between cognition and functional independence in adults with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1994 KAY, T, NEWMAN, B, CAVALLO, M. et al. Toward a neuropsychological model of functional disability after mild traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology, 1992, Vol. 6 (4), pp 371-384 LAYTON, B. S. & WARDI-ZONNA, K. Post-traumatic stress disorder with neurogenic amnesia for the traumatic event. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 1995, Vol. 9 (1), pp 2-10 LEVIN, H. S, HIGH, W. M, EWING-COBBS, L. et al. Memory functioning during the first year after closed head injury in children and adolescents. Neurosurgery, 1988, Vol. 22 (6), pp 1043-1052 LEZAK, J. D. ‘Neuropsychological assessment’ (Second edition). Publ: Oxford University Press, 1983 LEZAK, M. (ed.) ‘Assessment of the behavioural consequences of head injury’. Publ: Alan Liss, 1989 MARSH, N. V. & KNIGHT, R. G. Relationship between cognitive deficits and social skill after head injury. Neuropsychology, 1991, Vol. 5 (2), pp 107-117 MARSH, N. V. & SMITH, M. D. Behavioural assessment of social competence following severe head injury. Journal of Clinical and Behavioural Neuropsychology, 1991a, Vol. 13, pp 729-740

MATEER, C. & WILLIAMS, D. Effects of frontal lobe injury in childhood. Developmental Neuropsychology, 1991, Vol. 7, pp 359-376 NEWCOMBE, F. The psychological consequences of closed head injury: assessment and rehabilitation. Brain Injury, 1981, Vol. 14, pp 111-136 PARKER, R. S. Neurobehavioural outcome of children’s mild traumatic brain injury. Seminars in Neurology, 1994, Vol. 14 (1), pp 67-73 PONSFORD, J. Psychological sequelae of closed head injury: time to redress the imbalance. Brain Injury, 1990, Vol. 4, pp 111-114 PONSFORD, J. L. & KINSELLA, G. Evaluation of a remedial programme for attentional deficits following closed head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 1988, Vol. 10, pp 693-708 PONSFORD, J. L. & KINSELLA, G. The use of a rating scale of attentional behaviour. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 1991, Vol. 1, pp 241-257 PRIGATANO, G. & ALTMAN, I. Impaired awareness of behavioural limitations after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1990, Vol. 71, pp 1058-1064 PRIGATANO, G. & SCHACTER, D. ‘Awareness of deficit after brain injury’. Publ: OCP, 1991. SACKS, O. ‘The man who mistook his wife for a hat’. Publ: Penguin. SCHACTER, D. L. & CROVITZ, H. F. Memory function after closed head injury: a review of quantitative research. Cortex, 1977, Vol. 13, pp 150-176 SOHLBERG, M. M. & MATEER, C. A. ‘Introduction to cognitive rehabilitation: theory and practice’, 1989, Publ: Guildford Press TRIMBLE, M. R. & THOMPSON, P. J. Anticonvulsant drugs, cognitive function and behaviour. Epilepsia, 1983, Vol. 24 (1) S55S63 TYERMAN, A. & HUMPHREY, M. Changes in self-concept following severe head injury. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 1984, Vol. 7, pp 11-23

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENERAL ESSELMAN, P. C. & UOMOTO, J. M. Classification of the spectrum of mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 1995, Vol. 9 (4), pp 417-424 FRANKOWSKI, R. F. Descriptive epidemiologic studies of head injury in the United States: 1974-1984. Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine, 1986, Vol. 16, pp 153-172 GALBRAITH, S. Head injuries in the elderly. British Medical Journal, 1987, Vol. 294 (6568), p 325 GRONWALL, D, WRIGHTSON, P. & WADDELL, P. ‘Head injury: the facts. A guide for families and care givers’. Publ: Oxford University Press, 1990 GUILMETTE, T. J. ‘Pocket guide to head injury, cognitive, and neurobehavioural rehabilitation’. Publ: Singular Publishing, 1997 HINNANT, D. & TOLLISON, C. D. Impairment and disability associated with mild head injury: medical and legal aspects. Seminars in Neurology, 1994, Vol. 14 (1), pp 84-89 JENNETT, B. & MacMILLAN, R. Epidemiology of head injury. British Medical Journal, 1981, Vol. 282, pp 101-104 JENNETT, B, SNOEK, J. et al. Disability after severe head injury: observations on the use of the Glascow Outcome Scale. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1981, Vol. 44, pp 285-293 JOHNSON, D, UTTLEY, D. & WYKE, M. (eds.) ‘Children’s head injury: who cares?’. Publ: Taylor & Francis, 1989 KRAUS, J. F, McARTHUR, D. L. & SILBERMAN, T. A. Epidemiology of mild brain injury. Seminars in Neurology, 1994, Vol. 14 (1), pp 1-7 LONG, C. J. & ROSS, L. K. (eds.) ‘Handbook of head trauma - acute care to recovery’. Publ: Plenum Press, 1992. McKINLAY, W. W. & KILFEDDER, C. Financial compensation and head injury. Brain Injury, 1992, Vol. 6 (5), pp 387-389 MOSS, N. E. G, MOWERS, D. & WADE, D. T. The Oxford Head Injury Register. Disability and Rehabilitation, 1995 ODDY, M Head injury during childhood. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 1993, Vol. 3, pp 301320

PENTLAND, B, JONES, P. A, ROY, C. W. & MILLER, J. D. Head injury in the elderly. Age and Ageing, 1986, Vol. 15, pp 193-202 POWELL, T. ‘Head injury - a practical guide’. Publ: Winslow Press, 1994 WOOD, R. & McMILLAN, T. (eds.) ‘Neurobehavioral disability and social handicap following traumatic brain injury’. Publ: Psychology Press, 2001

4. ACUTE STAGE, COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC AMNESIA (PTA) AND VEGETATIVE STATE ANA COMMITTEE ON ETHICAL AFFAIRS ‘Persistent vegetative state: report of the American Neurological Association Committee on Ethical Affairs’. Publ: Issues in Clinical Neuroscience, 1993, ANA ANDREWS, K. Vegetative state: background and ethics. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1997, November, Vol. 90 (11), pp 593-596 ANDREWS, K, MURPHY, L, MUNDAY, R. & LITTLEWOOD, C. Misdiagnosis of the vegetative state: retrospective study in a rehabilitation unit. British Medical Journal, 1996, July, Vol. 313 (7048), pp 13-16 (editorial pp 5-6) ANSELL, B. J. Slow-to-recover brain-injured patients: rationale for treatment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 1991, Vol. 34 (5), pp 1017-1022 ARTIOLI, I, FORNUNY, L, BRIGGS, M, NEWCOMBE, F, RATCLIFF, G. & THOMAS, C. Measuring the duration of post-traumatic amnesia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1980, Vol. 43, pp 377-379 BARROW, R. & KENNEDY, G. Head injury: part II. Assessment and management of the acute patient. Speech Therapy in Practice - Special Supplement, 1990, August BENSON, D. F. & GESCHWIND, N. Shrinking retrograde amnesia. Journal of Neurology, Neuroscience and Psychiatry, 1967, Vol. 30, pp 539-544 BISHARA, S. N, PARTRIDGE, F. M, GODFREY, H. P. D. & KNIGHT, R. G. Post traumatic amnesia and Glasgow Coma Scale related to outcome in survivors in a consecutive series of patients with severe closed head injuries. Brain Injury, 1992, Vol. 6 (4), pp 373-380 CHILDS, N, MERCER, W. & CHILDS, H. Accuracy of diagnosis of persistent vegetative state. Neurology, 1993, Vol. 43, pp 14651467 DAVIES, P. M. ‘Starting again: early rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury or other severe brain lesions’. Publ: Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994 DAVIES, A. E. & WHITE, J. J. Innovative sensory input for the comatose brain-injured patient. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 1995, Vol. 7 (2), pp 351-361 EWERT, J, LEVIN, H. S. et al. Procedural memory during post-traumatic amnesia in survivors of severe closed head injury. Archives of Neurology, 1989, Vol. 46, pp 911-916

FORRESTER, G, ENCEL, J. & GEFFEN, G. Measuring post traumatic amnesia (PTA): an historical review. Brain Injury, 1994, Vol. 8 (2), pp 175-184 FORTUNY, L. A, BRIGGS, M, NEWCOMBE, F, RATCLIFFE, G. & THOMAS, C. Measuring the duration of post-traumatic amnesia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, Vol. 43, pp 377-379 GEFFEN, G, BISHOP, K, CONNEL, J. & HOPKINS, P. Inter-rater reliability of the Westmead Post-Traumatic Amnesia (PTA) scale. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 1994, Vol. 41, pp 31-36 GEISLER, F. & GREENBERG, J. Management of the acute head injury patient. In ‘Neurologic emergencies: recognition and management’ (ed. Salcman, M.). Publ: Raven, 1990, pp 135-66 GIACINO, J. Disorders of consciousness: differential diagnosis and neuropathologic features. Seminars in Neurology, 1997, June, Vol. 17 (2) GIACINO, J. T. & ZASLER, N. D. Outcome after severe traumatic brain injury: coma, the vegetative state, and the minimally responsive state. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 1995, Vol. 10 (1), pp 40-56 GILL-THWAITES, H. The sensory modality assessment and rehabilitation technique - a tool for assessment and treatment of patients with severe brain injury. Brain Injury, 1997, Vol. 11 (10), pp 723-734 GRONWALL, D. Paced Auditory Serial-Addition task: a measure of recovery from concussion. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1977, Vol. 44, pp 367-373 HAYNES, M. K. M. Nutrition in the severely head-injured patient. Clinical Rehabilitation, 1992, Vol. 6, pp 153-158 INTERNATIONAL WORKING PARTY REPORT ON THE VEGETATIVE STATE Publ: Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability, 1996, February JENNETT, B. & PLUM, F. Persistent vegetative state after brain damage. Lancet, 1972, Vol. 1, pp 480-487 LEVIN, H. S, O’DONNELL, V. M. & GROSSMAN, R. G. The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test: a practical scale to assess cognition after head injury. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1979, Vol. 167 (11), pp 675-683 LEVY, D. E, SIDTIS, J. J, ROTTENBERG, et al. Differences in cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization in vegetative versus locked-in patients. Annals of Neurology, 1987, Vol. 22, pp 673-682

MACKENZIE, S. Minimally responsive state: exploring communication potential. Speech and Language Therapy in Practice, 1997, pp 11-13 McLELLAN, D. R. The structural basis of coma and recovery. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: State of Art Reviews, 1990, Vol. 4, pp 389-407 McMILLAN, T. & WILSON, S. Coma and the Persistent Vegetative State. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 1993, Special Issue, Vol. 3, pt 2 PAPANICOLAOU, A. C, LORIND, D. W, EISENBERG, H. M. et al. Auditory brain stem evoked responses in comatose head injured patients. Neurosurgery, 1986, Vol. 18 (2), pp 173-175 PEARCE, J. M. S. The locked in syndrome. British Medical Journal, Vol. 294, pp 198-199 PHOEBUS, B. Coma stimulation: the role of the speech pathologist. Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, 1989, Vol. 13 (2), pp35-39 RADER, M. A. & ELLIS, D. W. The Sensory Stimulation Assessment Measure (SSAM): a tool for early evaluation of severely brain-injured patients. Brain Injury, 1994, Vol. 8 (4), pp 309-321 RAPPAPORT, M, DOUGHERTY, A. M. & KELTING, D. L. Evaluation of coma and vegetative states. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1992, Vol. 73, pp 628-634 RUSSELL, W. & SMITH, A. Post-traumatic amnesia in closed head injury. Archives of Neurology, 1961, Vol. 5, pp 417 SCHWARTZ, M. L, CARRUTH, F, BINNS, M. A, BRANDYS, C, MOULTON, R, SNOW, W. G. & STUSS, D. T. The course of post-traumatic amnesia: three little words. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, Vol. 25, pp 108-116 SHORE, E, MAROSSZEKY, J, SANDANAM, J. & BATCHELOR, J. Preliminary validation of a clinical scale for measuring the duration of post-traumatic amnesia. The Medical Journal of Australia, 1986, Vol. 144, pp 499-501 TEASDALE, G. & JENNETT, B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet, 1974, Vol. 2, pp 81-84 WADE, D. Ethical issues in diagnosis and management of patients in the permanent vegetative state. British Medical Journal, 2001, Vol. 322, pp 352-354

WILSON, J. T. L, TEADALE, G. M, HADLEY, D. M. et al. Post-traumatic amnesia: still a valuable yardstick. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1994, Vol. 57, pp 198-201 WILSON, S. L, POWELL, G. E, BROCK, D. & THWAITES, H. Vegetative state and responses to sensory stimulation: an analysis of 24 cases. Brain Injury, 1996, Vol. 10 (11), pp 807-818 WILSON, S. L, BROCK, D, POWELL, G. E, THWAITES, H. & ELLIOTT, K. Constructing arousal profiles for vegetative state patients - A preliminary report. Brain Injury, 1996, Vol. 10 (2), pp 105-113 WOOD, R. L. Critical analysis of the concept of sensory stimulation for patients in vegetative states. Brain Injury, 1991, Vol. 5 (4), pp 401-409 WOOD, R. L, WINKOWSKI, T. & MILLER, J. Sensory regulation as a method to promote recovery in patients with altered states of consciousness. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 1993, Vol. 3, pp 177-190

5. OUTCOME AND REHABILITATION BEN YISHAY, Y. & DILLER, L. Cognitive remediation in traumatic brain injury: update and issues. Archives of Physical Medicine, 1993, Vol. 74, pp 204-213 BEN YISHAY, Y, SILVER, S. M, PIASETSKY, E. & RATTOK, J. Relationship between employability and vocational outcome after intensive holistic cognitive rehabilitation. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 1987, Vol. 2 (1), pp 35-48 BERG, KONING-HAMSTRA & DEELMAN Long-term effects of memory rehabilitation: a controlled study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 1991, Vol. 1, pp 97-112 BROOK, N, MCKINLAY, W, SYMINGTON, C, BEATTIE, A. & CAMPSIE, L. Return to work within the first seven years of severe head injury. Brain Injury, 1987, Vol. 1 (1), pp 5-19 BROOKS, N. The effectiveness of post-acute rehabilitation. Brain Injury, 1991, Vol. 5 (2), pp 103-109 BURKE, W. ‘Head injury rehabilitation: developing social skills’. Publ: HDI Publishers, 1988 CHAMBERLAIN, M, NEUMANN, V. & TENNANT, A. (eds.) ‘Traumatic brain injury: rehabilitation services, treatment and outcomes’. Publ: Chapman & Hall Medical, 1995 COPE, D. N, COLE, J. R, HALL, K. M. & BARKHAN, H. Brain injury: analysis of outcome in a post-acute rehabilitation system. Pt 1 General analysis. Brain Injury, 1991, Vol. 5 (2), pp 111-125 COSTOFF, H, GROSWASSER, Z. & GOLDSTEIN, R. Long-term follow up review of 31 children with severe closed head trauma. Journal of Neurosurgery, 1990, Vol. 73, pp 684-687 CRAWFORD, S, WENDON, F. & WADE, D. T. The Rivermead Head Injury Follow Up Questionnaire: a study of a new rating scale and other measures to evaluate outcomes following head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgey & Psychiatry, 1995 DACEY, DIKMEN et al. Relative effects of brain and non-brain injuries on neuropsycholoical and psychosocial outcome. Journal of Trauma, 1992, Vol. 31, pp 217-222 DAVIS, A, DAVIS, S, MOSS, N. et al. First steps towards an interdisciplinary approach to rehabilitation. Clinical Rehabilitation, 1992, Vol. 6, pp 237-244 DAVIES, P.

Starting again: early rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury or other severe brain lesion. In ‘Reanimating the face and mouth’ (Chapter five). Publ: Springer Verlag

EAMES, P. & WOOD, R. Rehabilitation after severe brain injury: a follow up study of a behaviour modification approach. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgey & Psychiatry, 1985, Vol. 48, pp 613-619 EVANS, C. D, GIBSON, J, JONES, T. & WILLIAMS, M. J. A medical diagnostic index for rehabilitation. Disability & Rehabilitation, 1993, Vol. 15 (3), pp 127-135 FUSSEY, I. & GILES, G. ‘Rehabilitation of the severely brain-injured adult: a practical approach’. Publ: Croom Helm, 1998 GIACINO, J. & ZASLER, N. Outcome after severe traumatic brain injury: coma, the vegetative state and the minimally responsive state. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 1995, Vol. 10, p 1 GRAY, J. M, ROBERTSON, I, PENTLAND, B. & ANDERSON, S. Microcomputer-based attentional retraining after brain damage: a randomised group controlled trial. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 1992, Vol. 2, pp 97-115 GREENWOOD, R. J, BARNES, M, MCMILLAN, T. M. & WARD, C. (eds.) ‘Neurological rehabilitation’. Publ: Churchill Livingstone, 1993 HALL, M, BRANDYS, C. & YETMAN, L. Multidisciplinary approaches to management of acute head injury. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 1992, August, Vol. 24 (4), pp 199-204 HALPERN, A. & FUHRER, M. (eds.) ‘Functional assessment in rehabilitation’. Publ: Paul Brookes Publishing Co, 1984 HEINEMANN, A, HAMILTON, B, LINACRE, J, WRIGHT, B. & GRANGER, C. Functional status and therapeutic intensity during inpatient rehabilitation. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, July-Aug 1995, Vol. 74 (4), pp 315-326 JOHNSON, D. & ROETHIG-JOHNSON, K. Early rehabilitation of head injured patients. Nursing Times, January 1989, Vol. 85, p 4 JOY, V. & COOK, M. A. In ‘Rehabilitation of the adult and child with traumatic brain injury’ (eds. Rosenthal, M, Griffith, E. R, Bond, M. R. & Miller, J. D.). Publ: F. A. Davies, 1990 KLONOFF, O’BRIEN, PRIGATANO et al. Cognitive retraining after traumatic brain injury and its role in facilitating awareness. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 1989, Vol. 4, pp 37-45 IP, R. Y, DORNAN, J. & SCHENTAG, C. Traumatic brain injury: factors predicting return to work or school. Brain Injury, 1995, Vol. 9 (5), pp 517-532 KATZ, D. I. & ALEXANDER, M. P. Traumatic brain injury - predicting course of recovery and outcome for patients admitted to rehabilitation. Archives of Neurology, 1994, Vol. 51, pp 661-670

McGRATH, J. R. & DAVIES, A. M. Rehabilitation: where we are going and how do we get there? Clinical Rehabilitation, 1992, Vol. 6, pp 25-235 McKINLAY, W, BROOKS, D, BOND, M. MARTINAGE, D. & MARSHALL, M. The short-term outcome of severe blunt head injury as reported by relatives of injured persons. Journal of Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1981, Vol. 44, pp 527-533 McMILLAN, T. M. & SPARKES, C. Goal planning and neurorehabilitation: the Wolfson neurorehabilitation approach. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 1999, Vol. 93 (4), pp 241-252 PENTLAND, B. & MILLER, J. D. Head injury rehabilitation: 4 years’ experience in Edinburgh. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1988, Vol. 2, pp 61-65 PONSFORD, J. L. & KINSELLA, G. Evaluation of a remedial programme for attentional deficits following closed head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 1988, Vol. 10, pp 693-708 PONSFORD, J. L, OLVER, H. J. & CURRAN, C. A profile of outcome: 2 years after traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 1995, Vol. 9 (1), pp 1-10 PONSFORD, J, SLOAN, S. & SNOW, P. ‘Traumatic brain injury - rehabilitation for everyday adaptive living’. Publ: Psychology Press, 1995 PRIGATANO, G. (ed.) Neuropsychological rehabilitation of children with brain dysfunction. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 1993, Special Issue, Vol. 3, pt 4 PRIGATANO, G. et al. ‘Neuropsychological rehabilitation after brain injury’. Publ: John Hopkins Press, 1986. ROSENTHAL, M, GRIFFITH, E, BOND, M. & MILLER, J. ‘Rehabilitation of the adult and child with traumatic brain injury’ (Second edition). Publ: F. A. Davies Co, 1990 SMITH, G. & YLVISAKER, M. Cognitive rehabilitation therapy: early stages of recovery. In ‘Head injury rehabilitation: children and adolescents’ (ed. Ylvisaker, M.). Publ: College-Hill, 1985, pp 275-286 STAMBROOK, M, MOORE, A. D, PETERS, L. C, et al. Effects of mild, moderate and severe closed head injury on long-term vocational status. Brain Injury, 1990, Vol. 4 (2), pp 183-190 STRATTON, M. C. & GREGORY, R. J. After traumatic brain injury: a discussion of consequences. Brain Injury, 1994, Vol. 8 (7), pp 631-645

STUCKEY, N. A national service for the brain-injured with severe behavioural disturbance - referrals, treatment and outcome in the first two years. Health Bulletin, 1995, Vol. 53 (1), pp 40-46 VON CRAMON, D. Y, MATTHES-VON CRAMON, G. & MAI, N. Problem-solving deficits in brain-injured patients: a therapeutic approach. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 1991, Vol. 1, pp 45-64 WADE, D. T. ‘Measurement in neurological rehabilitation’. Publ: Oxford Medical Publications, 1992 WEBER, M. A practical clinical approach to understanding and treating attentional problems. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, Vol. 5 (2), pp 73-85 WESOLOWSKI, M. D. & ZENCIUS, A. H. ‘A practical guide to head injury rehabilitation’. Publ: Plenum Press, 1994 WOOD, R. L. Rehabilitation of patients with disorders of attention. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 1986, Vol. 1, pp 43-53 WILSON, B. A. & MOFFAT, N. (eds.) ‘Clinical management of memory problems’. Publ: Croom Helm YLVISAKER, M. (ed.) ‘Head injury rehabilitation: children and adolescents’. Publ: Taylor & Francis

6. FAMILY AND PSYCHOSOCIAL AUBREY, J. B, DOBBS, A. R. & RULE, B. G. Laypersons’ knowledge about the sequelae of minor head injury and whiplash. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 1989, Vol. 52, pp 842-846 GLECKMAN, A. D. & BRILL, S. The impact of brain injury on family functioning: implications for subacute rehabilitation. Brain Injury, 1995, May-June, Vol. 9 (4), pp 385-393 JOHNSON, D. A, UTTLEY, D. & WYKE, M. ‘Children’s head injury: who cares?’. Publ: Taylor & Francis, 1989 KREUTZER, J. S, GERVASIO, A. H. & CAMPLAIR, P. S. Primary care givers’ psychological status and family functioning after traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 1994, Vol. 8 (3), pp 197-210 KREUTZER, J. S, GERVASIO, A. H. & CAMPLAIR, P. S. Patient correlates of caregivers’ distress and family functioning after traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 1994, Vol. 8 (3), pp 211-230 KREUTZER, J. S, MARWITZ, J. H. & KEPLER, K. Traumatic brain injury: family response and outcome (Review article). Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 1992, Vol. 72, pp 771-778 LEACH, L. R, FRANK, R. G, BOUMAN, D. E. & FARMER, J. Family functioning, social support and depression after traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 1994, Vol. 8 (7), pp 599-606 LEZAK, M. D. Brain damage is a family affair. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 1988, Vol. 10 (1), pp 111-123 LEZAK, M. D. Living with the characterologically altered brain injured patient. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1978, Vol. 39, pp 592- 598 LIVINGSTON, M. G. & BROOKS, D. N. The burden on families of the brain-injured: a review. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 1988, Vol. 3 (4), pp 6-15 McKINLAY, W. & HICKOX, A. How can families help in the rehabilitation of the head injured? Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 1988, Vol. 3 (4), pp 64-72 McKINLAY, W. & BROOKS, D. N. Methodological problems in assessing psychological recovery following severe head injury. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1984, Vol. 6 (1), pp 87-99 MORTON, M. V. & WEHMAN, P.

Psychosocial and emotional sequalae of individuals with traumatic brain injury: a literature review and recommendations. Brain Injury, 1995, Vol. 9 (1), pp 81-92

MULLINS, L. Hate revisited: power, envy and greed in the rehabilitation setting. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 1989, Vol. 70, pp 740-744 PESSAR, L. F, COAD, M. L, LINN, R. T. & WILLER, B. S. The effects of parental traumatic brain injury on the behaviour of parents and children. Brain Injury, 1993, Vol. 7, pp 231-240 PETERS, L. C, STAMBROOK, M, MOORE, A. D. & ESSES, L. Psychosocial sequelae of closed head injury: effects on the marital relationship. Brain Injury, 1990, Vol. 4 (1), pp 39-47 WEHMAN, P, KREGEL, J, SHERRON, P. et al Critical factors associated with the successful supported employment placements of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 1993, Vol. 7, pp 31-44 WHALLEY HAMMEL, K. R. Psychosocial outcome following severe closed head injury. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 1994, Vol. 17, pp 319-322 WILLER, B. JOHNSON, W. E, REMPEL, R. G. & LINN, R. A note concerning misconceptions of the general public about brain injury. Archives of Clinical Neurology, 1993, Vol. 8, pp 461-465

HEADWAY PUBLICATIONS: available from Headway National Head Injuries Association, 7 King Edward Court, King Edward Street, Nottingham, NG1 1EW, Telephone: 0115 924 0800 ‘Coma After Head Injury - How You Can Help’ ‘Communication Problems After Head Injury’ ‘Psychological Effects of Head Injury’ ‘Memory Problems - After Head Injury’

7. SERVICE PLANNING COCKBURN, J. M. & GATHERER, A. Facilities for rehabilitation of adults after head injury. Clinical Rehabilitation, 1988, Vol. 2, pp 315-318 DONALDSON, L. Registering a need. Disease registers are as important to purchasers as to clinicians. British Medical Journal, 1992, Vol. 305, pp 597-598 ENDERBY, P. & DAVIES, P. Communication disorders: planning a service to meet the needs. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 1989, Vol. 24 (3), pp 301-331 ENDERBY, P. & PHILLIPP, R. Speech and language handicap: towards knowing the size of the problem. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 1986, Vol. 21, pp 151-165 GLOAG, D. Rehabilitation after head injury. Behaviour and emotional problems, long-term needs and the requirements for services. British Medical Journal, 1985, Vol. 290, pp 913-916 GREENWOOD, R. J, MCMILLAN, T. M, BROOKS, D. N. et al. Effects of case management after severe head injury. British Medical Journal, 1992, Vol. 308, pp 1199-1205 HARRISON, C. L. & DIJKERS, M. Traumatic brain injury registries in the United States: an overview. Brain Injury, 1992, Vol. 6 (3), pp 203-212 KING, N. S, CRAWFORD, S, WENDEN, F. J, MOSS, N. E. G. & WADE, D. T. Interventions and service need following mild and moderate head injury: the Oxford Head Injury Service. Clinical Rehabilitation, 1997, Vol. 11, pp 13-27 LIVINGSTON, M. G. Assessment of need for co-ordinated approach in families with victims of head injury. British Medical Journal, 1986, Vol. 293, pp 742-744 McMILLAN, M. & GREENWOOD, R. Models of rehabilitation programmes for the brain injured adult: model services and suggestions for change in the UK. Clinical Rehabilitation, 1993, Vol. 7, pp346-355 McMILLIAN, T. M, GREENWOOD, R. J, MORRIS, J. R. et al. An introduction to the concept of head injury case management with respect to the need for service provision. Clinical Rehabilitation, 1988, Vol. 2, pp 319-322 PENTLAND, S. & BARNES, M. Staffing provision for early head injury rehabilitation. Clinical Rehabilitation, 1988, Vol. 2, pp 309-313

SUMNERS, D. & LEWIN, J. Patients with brain injuries. A national rehabilitation service is needed to lift the burden from carers. British Medical Journal, 1993, Vol. 306, pp 1220-1221 TENNANT, A, MacDERMOTT, N. & NEARY, D. The long-term outcome of head injury: implications for service planning. Brain Injury, 1985, Vol. 9 (6), pp 595-605 THORNHILL, S, TEASDALE, G. M, MURRAY, G. D, McEWEN, J, ROY, C. W. & PENNY, K. Disability in young people and adults one year after head injury: prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal, 2000, Vol. 320, pp 1631-1635 WADE, D. T. Designing district disability services - the Oxford experience. Clinical Rehabilitation, 1990, Vol. 4, pp 147-158 WADE, D. T, KING, N. S, WENDEN, F. J, CRAWFORD, S. & CALDWELL, F. E. Routine follow up after head injury: a second randomised controlled trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1998, Vol. 65 (2), pp 117-183 WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION ‘Mental disorders: glossary and guide to their classification in accordance with 9th revision of the International Classification of Diseases’. Publ: World Health Organisation, 1978, Chapter 5, p 51

‘Services for young adult patients with acquired brain damage’. British Psychological Society, 1989 ‘The management of traumatic brain injury’. Medical Disability Society, 1988 ‘Physical disability in 1986 and beyond’. Royal College of Physicians, 1986 ‘A hidden disability. Traumatic brain injury rehabilitation project’. Social Services Inspectorate, Department of Health, 1996 ‘Directory of rehabilitation services’. Rehabilitation Studies Unit, Charles Bell Pavilion, Astley Ainsley Hospital, Edinburgh

8. DYSPHAGIA BLEACH, N. The gag reflex and aspiration: a retrospective analysis of 120 patients assessed by videofluoroscopy. Clinical Otolaryngology, 1993, 303-307 BRADY, S. & HILDNER, C. Simultaneous videofluoroscopic swallow study and modified Evans Blue Dye Procedure: an evaluation of blue dye visualisation in cases of known aspiration. Dysphagia, 1999, Vol. 14 (3) DEVITA, M. A. & SPIERER-RUNBACK, L. Swallowing disorders in patients with prolonged orotracheal intubation or tracheostomy tubes. Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 18, pp 1328-1330 DIKEMAN, K. & KAZANDJIAN ‘Communication and swallowing management of tracheostomised and ventilatordependent adults’. Publ: Singular Publishing Group, 1995 FIELD, W. C. Dysphagia with head injury. Brain Injury, 1989, Vol. 3, pp 19-26 GROHER, M. ‘Dysphagia diagnosis and management’ (Third edition). Publ: Butterworth & Heinemann, 1977 LAZARUS, C. & LOGEMANN, J. A. Swallowing disorders in closed head trauma patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1987, Vol. 68, pp 79-87 LEDER, S. B. Gag reflex and dysphagia. Head and Neck, 1966, Vol. 18, pp 138-141 LOGEMANN, J. ‘Evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders’ (Second edition). Publ: Pro-Ed Inc, 1998 LOGEMANN, J, KAHRILAS, P, KOBARA, M. & VAKIL, N. The benefit of head rotation in pharyngoesophageal dysphagia. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 1989, Vol. 70 (10), pp 767-771 NASH, M. Swallowing problems in the tracheostomized patient. Otolaryngolic Clinics of North America, 1988, Vol. 21 (4), pp 701-709 NEUMANN, S. Swallowing therapy with neurologic patients. Results of direct and indirect therapy methods in 66 patients suffering from neurological disorders. Dysphagia, 1993, Vol. 8, pp 150-153

PINKUS, N. The dangers of oral feeding in the presence of cuffed tracheostomy tubes. Medical Journal of Australia, 1971, Vol. 1, pp 1238-1240 ROYAL COLLEGE OF SPEECH AND LANGUAGE THERAPISTS ‘Guidelines on endoscopy and radiological imaging of dysphagia’. 1999 SMITH, C, LOGEMANN, J, COLANGO, L, RADEMAKER, A. & PAULOSKI, B. Incidence and patient characteristics associated with silent aspiration in the acute care setting. Dysphagia, 1999, Vol. 14 (1) SMOOT, E. & KONRAD, H. Dysphagia associated with head and neck trauma: report of a case. Journal of Oral and Maxillo-facial Surgery, 1989, Vol. 47 (2), pp 190-194 WINSTEIN, C. Neurogenic dysphagia: frequency, prognosis and outcome following head injury. Physical Therapy, 1983, Vol. 63 (12), pp 1992-1997 YLVISAKER & LOGEMANN, J. A. Therapy for feeding and swallowing following head injury. In ‘Management of head injured patients’ (ed. Ylvisaker, M.). Publ: College Hill, 1986 YORKSTON, K. M, HONSINGNER, M. J, MITSUDA, P. M. & HAMMEN, V. The relationship between speech and swallowing disorders in head-injured patients. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 1989, Vol. 4 (4), pp 1-16 YOUNG et al. The effect of nutritional support on outcome from severe head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery, 1987, Vol. 67, pp 668-676