Around the World with a Solar Powered Aircraft1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Solar Power, Basics Flying Power, Basics Solar Powered AC History Technology Status Solar Impulse Program, Summary
Primary Energy Collection Parameters Earth Rotational Axis
Sun Radiation (W/m²), Oberpfaffenhofen 1000
800
Sun light Summer
600
400 Winter
200
4
8
12 16 Day Time (hrs)
Source: B.Keidel Dissertation
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
20
24
Lattitude, Time of the year, Time of the day, Altitude (Clouds, humidity), Cell Temperature Cell Orientation
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Solar Energy Collection
Energy (W) Collected
Theoretical Limit of SC efficiency: ~28 %, monocristaline Silizium ~29 % Gallium Arsenid ~20% for high tech application ~14 % for ground based systems (e.g.solar roof)
Solar Cell Cost
Energy collected is proportional to solar cell area! Solar Cell Area (m²) Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Solar Power, Basics Flying Power, Basics Solar Powered AC History Technology Status and Challenges Manned Solar Powered AC, SI Summary
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Available Solar Power
radiation on horizontal surface [W/m²]
Solar constant 1300W/m² extraterrestrial At flight altitudes approx. 1000W/m² noon peak 1000 900
Solar Power Collection
800 700
Energy Storage Required:
600
Potential Energy, Battery
500 400 300 200
Average Solar Power ~260 W/m²
100 0 0
3
6
9
12
15
h sunrise to sunset Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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18
21
24
Power Train Schematic And Typical Losses/Efficiencies
Solar Cells, 20% Converter 98,5% MPPT ~95%
Electric Lines 99,5% Motor 93%
Battery Manager 99,5%
Batteries 96.5%
Propeller 85% Other consumers
From solar energy to propeller ~ 85% losses!! MPPT= Maximum Power Point Tracker
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Wing Loading and Power Loading For Horizontal Flight → P = D *V Power = Drag *Velocity → D = CD * 2ρ *V ^ 2 * S Drag →V = 2 Velocity
2 W 1 * * ρ S CL
ρ P = CD * 2 *V ^3 * S
P 2 W CD = 2 * ^3 / 2 * ρ S S CL^3 / 2 W P CL ρ = ^ (2 / 3) * ^ (1 / 3) * S S CD ^ (2 / 3) 2
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Design Space 9,00
Wingloading, kg/m² L/D=37
Design Point
35 33
8,00
31 29
7,00 Max. Solarpower available Aspect Ratio
6,00 0,02
0,025
0,03
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 www.solarimpulse.com Solar Power, KW/m² DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
0,035
Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Solar Power, Basics Flying Power, Basics Solar Powered AC History Technology Status and Challenges Manned Solar Powered AC, SI Summary
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Solar Powered AC since 1974
Ray Boucher‘s „Sunrise1“, 1974
Gossamer Condor, P. McReady, 1979
Alan Cocconi, 2005 48 hours
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Qinetic, Zephyr 1 week, 2010
Solar Aircraft History Solar Challenger 1981 McReady
2001 Aerovironment 30’000 m, 21 KW 2000
E. Raymond 400 km
262 km, 5 hrs, 2.5 KW 1980
1990
Solair 1 1983 Günter Rochelt
> 5 hrs, 2.2 KW Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
Unmanned Helios
Sunseeker 1990
Icare 2 1996
Voit-Nitschmann 350 km, 3.5 KW
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Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Solar Power, Basics Flying Power, Basics Solar Powered AC History Technology Status and Challenges Manned Solar Powered AC, SI Summary
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Technological Challenges For manned ac with flight time >24 hr’s
Propulsion • high specific power solar array >20% • high specific energy batteries > 200 Wh/kg • high efficiency electric motors • high efficiency propeller • thermal control systems for batteries, engines Structures • lightweight composite structures • acceptable aero-elastic characteristics Systems with Low Power Consumption •
FCS, ECS, Communication, Navigation,
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Solar Cell Efficiency 22
Stand 2008
20
2004 Source: ZAE Bayern
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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2006
2008
Lithium-Ion Battery Development
US$/Wh
Wh/l
Wh/kg
Source: www.battery university.com
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Helios, normal wing bending at 1g
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Helios Accident High Aspect Ratio and low wing loading result in high wing span elastic structure
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Contents 1. 2. 3. 4.
Solar Power, Basics Flying Power, Basics Solar Powered AC History Technology Status and Challenges 5. Manned Solar Powered AC: The Solar Impulse Project 6. Summary
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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March 1999
Bertrand Piccard decided to launch into a new futuristic enterprise: to fly round the world in a solar-powered aeroplane Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Solar Impulse Program Initiated 2001 by Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg Objective: Develop a manned solar powered aircraft which can fly around the world with solarpower only Feasibility Study 2002-2003 Approach: Develop a „Demonstrator“ aircraft to show a 24hr energy neutral day and night Cycle HB-SIA Develop the „Record“ aircraft, capable of crossing Atlantic, Pacific in 4 to 5 day`s and fly around the world in 5 to 6 legs Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Relative Flight Power Required and Solarpower generated=f(Altitude) 1,9 1,8
Relative Values
1,7
Power Required Solar Power Available
1,6 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2
Flying at low altitude requires less energy
1,1 1 0
2
4
6
Altitude (km) Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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8
10
12
Mission Profile Max cruise altitude
3
Altitude
4
1
2 Min night altitude
5
0
24 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Fly at minimum night altitude Climb Cruise at at max altitude,if power is available Descent at idle power Fly at minimum night altitude
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Design/Scaling Program Requirements Assumptions Design Experience Creativity
Baseline aircraft Design data
Performance
Require ments met?
Yes
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Iteration
no
Mission Parameter (1)
Altitude
Alt*5 [km] SOLP [Kw]
Solarpower
PBAT [Kw] PTOT [Kw]
Power required Battery Power
0
4
8
12
16 Daytime
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Daytime
20
24
Refined Baseline, W/S=8.05, AR=18.36 Mission Parameter (2) 300
Collected Solar Energy
Energy (KWh), 10 ALT(km)
Alt*10 [km]
SOLENAC [Kwh]
250
ENBATAC [Kwh]
ENTOTAC [Kwh]
Required Flight Energy
ENWASTEAC [Kwh]
200 150
Battery energy 100 50
Altitude
0 0
4
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
8
12
Daytime (h)
Daytime (h) www.solarimpulse.com
16
20
24
Optimum Design Solutions
Weight, Span, AR
2,5 AR(relative)
2
Span (relative) Weight (relative)
1,5 1 0,5 0,6
0,8
1 Wing Area
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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1,2
1,4
Size Comparison
© Solar Impulse/EPFL Claudio Leonardi
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
1
Operational Performance L/D 70 60 50
Solar Powered Airplanes
Sailplanes
40 Ultral Light Sailplanes
30 20
Commercial Airplanes Sport/Utiliy AC
10
Military Aircraft 100
200
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
300
400
500
Velocity, km/hr www.solarimpulse.com
600
700
800
Design Characteristics Thrust/Weight 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1
Military Aircraft
Solar ac = 0,03 Commercial AC
Motorgliders
100
200
300
400
500
Wingloading,(kp/m²) Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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600
700
Load Limit Tests
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Cockpit Structure: CFC sandwich and foam shell
© Solar Impulse/Stéphane Gros
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Low Cost „Windtunnel“ Testing
MPPT´s
Gear Cooling Fan
Engine Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Initial Ground Vibration Test, 3
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Wing Assembly 3
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Solar Cell Attachment
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Instrument Panel
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Finally: Lift-off, 7.April 2010
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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In The Air
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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First Landing
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Demonstration of a 24 Hour Neutral Energy Cycle
26 hour flight 7th/8th July 2010
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Swiss Flights to Genf, Zürich
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Program Schedule
It is a long term project: 2003 2003 2004-2006 2007-2009
Feasibility study at the EPFL de Lausanne Announcement of challenge on 28 November Concept the final Development Design and Manufacturing of the prototype A/C, test of the airplane, 2009 June Unveiling of Prototype, initial test flights 2010 April First flight in Payerne 2010 7/8 July 26 hour record flight, from Payerne 2011----------------------------------------------------------------- time now 2011-2012 Design, construction, start ground tests 2013 Flight test, Missions of several days 2014 Crossing continents, Atlantic and tour of the world five/six legs, each about 5 days long Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Because of the Sponsors: A low cost program!
Main Partners
Official Partners Official Supporters Official Suppliers Scientific and aeronautical partnerships Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Design of the Record Aircraft To fly around The World
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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Principle Design Window
Wing Loading Aspect Ratio
Weight Wingspan Design Point Payload
Max Wing Chord
Wing Area • For a given payload the minimum weight is achieved with the highest AR Limited by the maximum tolerable wingspan!! • The more stringent the design mission is, the more will the design window Hannes IBR , higher 20.01.2011 ShiftRoss, towards weight www.solarimpulse.com and larger wing area!! DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
Solarimpulse: ONE TEAM
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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END
Hannes Ross, IBR , 20.01.2011 DGLR, RAeS, VDI, @HAW Hamburg
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