GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy Lecture 9: Sulfides Instructor: Dr. Douglas Haywick Last Time Native elements 1. ...
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA

GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy Lecture 9: Sulfides

Instructor: Dr. Douglas Haywick

Last Time Native elements 1. 2. 3.

Chemistry and Crystallography (properties) Occurrences and Associations Economics (resources, reserves, extraction)

Featured Minerals: Gold

Native Elements Copper Metals Gold Silver Platinum Arsenic Semi-metals Antimony Bismuth Tellurium Sulfur Non-metals Graphite Diamond

Cu Au* Ag* Pt* As Sb Bi Te S C* C*

Isometric Isometric Isometric Isometric Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Trigonal Orthorhombic Hexagonal Isometric

* primary production from native elements

Metallic Native Elements Gold (Au) Crystal: Isometric ─ Pt. Group: 4/m32/m Habit: octahedral, dendritic SG: 15.6-19.3 (depending on Ag content)

H: 2.5-3* L: metallic Col: gold-yellow Str: gold-yellow Clev: none Optical: Opaque Name Derivation: Anglo Saxon, of uncertain origin.

http://www.rocksandgems.info

Metallic Native Elements Resources: a concentration of a material useful to humanity (water, food, minerals) Geological Resources: all materials (mineral and energy) including those only surmised to exist, that have present or anticipated future value and which can be extracted from the Earth via economically feasible methods ($$$) (i.e., gold, diamonds, coal, oil, natural gas, water) Reserve Base: The in-place demonstrated (measured+indicated) amount of a resource that can be extracted via current mining and production techniques (currently economical + marginal +/- subeconomical). Equivalent to the old “geological reserve” definition. Reserve (current): That part of the reserve base that could be economically extracted today Production: refined metal produced per year (metric tons)

Metallic Native Elements Gold (production, reserves in tonnes*)

Production: refined metal produced per year (metric tons) *1 metric ton (tonne) = 1000 kg = 32,150.7 troy ounces http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2015/mcs2015.pdf

Metallic Native Elements Gold (US data)

2015 Mineral Commodity Summaries. USGS

Metallic Native Elements Silver (Ag) Crystal: Isometric ─ Pt. Group: 4/m32/m Habit: massive, acicular SG: 10.1-10.5 H: 2.5-3 L: metallic Col: silver-white Str: silver-white Clev: none Optical: Opaque http://webmineral.com/specimens/picshow.php?id=1060

Name: Derivation: Anglo Saxon, of uncertain origin.

Metallic Native Elements Platinum Group (Pt, Ir, Pa, Rh, Ru, Os,) Crystal: Isometric ─ Pt. Group: 4/m32/m Habit: massive, acicular SG: 21.47 H: 4-4.5 L: metallic Col: gray-silver Str: gray-silver Clev: none Optical: opaque Name Derivation: Spanish, platina = "silver."

Non-metallic Native Elements Graphite (C) Crystal: Hexagonal Pt. Group: 6/m 2/m 2/m Habit: platey, massive SG: 2.1-2.2 H: 1-2 L: submetallic Col: lead-gray, black Str: black Clev: perfect basal {001} Optical: opaque Name derivation: From the Greek, graphein, "to write

Gold Gold precipitation depends on: • Temperature • Pressure • pH • Cl- concentration of hydrothermal solutions • H2S fugacity* *pressure of an ideal gas which has the same chemical potential as the real gas.

http://www.mawsonresources.com

Gold Gold is usually transported as [AuCl2-] in systems hotter than 400 C. [Au(HS)2-] is the dominant ion complex at lower temperatures

Maximum solubility occurs near the H2S-HS--SO42equilibrium point

Gold Gold is usually transported as [AuCl2-] in systems hotter than 400 C. [Au(HS)2-] is the dominant ion complex at lower temperatures AU dissolution

(Zhu, An and Tan, 2011)

Gold Precipitation of gold usually occurs following reduction in oxygen fugacity (Au-S complexes break down leading to precipitation of other sulfides like pyrite and precipitation of gold):

AU precipitation

(Zhu, An and Tan, 2011)

Gold Gold is largely produced through hydrothermal precipitation

http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/synth_dep/gold/vms/pdf/deposit_synthesis.gold_vms.dube.pdf

Gold Golden Giant Mine (Newmont)

Gold Extraction Cyanide Leeching Method 4Auo + 8CN- + O2 + 2H2O = 4Au(CN)2- + 4OH-

http://www.daa.com.au/uploads/RTEmagicC_mm_leachfeed.jpg.jpg

Gold Extraction Heap Cyanide Leeching Method

Non-metallic Native Elements Diamond (C) Crystal: Isometric ─ Pt. Group: 4/m32/m Habit: octahedral, twinned SG: 3.5 H: 10 L: adamantine Col: colorless, rare blue, red, yellow Str: n/a Optical: isotropic, n=2.419 Clev: perfect {111}

Diamonds Diamond Phase diagram

http://members.tm.net/lapointe/Carbon_Phase_Diagram.gif

Diamonds Diamond Kimberlite Pipes

http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~oesis/field/medium/kimberlite.jpg http://www.kimcordiamonds.com/formation.php

Diamonds Diamond Kimberlite Pipes

http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/diamonds/kirkland/images/c14_3.jpg

http://www.kimcordiamonds.com/formation.php

Diamonds

Diamonds

http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/synth_prov/slave/pdf/regional_synthesis.slave.bleeker.pdf

Today’s Agenda Sulfides and Sulfosalts 1. 2.

Properties of select sulfides/sulfosalts Occurrences and Associations Featured minerals: Cu-sulfides

Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides

Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides

Pb-ore

Mineral

Formula

System

Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite

Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13

Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric

Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides

Zn-ore

Mineral

Formula

System

Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite

Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13

Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric

Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides

Mo-ore

Mineral

Formula

System

Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite

Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13

Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric

Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Ag-ore

Mineral

Formula

System

Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite

Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13

Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric

Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides

Hg-ore

Mineral

Formula

System

Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite

Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13

Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric

Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides

Co-ore

Mineral

Formula

System

Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite

Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13

Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric

Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides As-ore

As-ore As-ore

Mineral

Formula

System

Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite

Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13

Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric

Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides

Ni-ore Ni-ore Ni-ore Ni-ore

Mineral

Formula

System

Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite

Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13

Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric

Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Cu-ore

Cu-ore

Cu-ore

Mineral

Formula

System

Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite

Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13

Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric

Sulfides etc. Sulfides come in two distinct structural coordinations (and a third that is a more “complex” mixture of the two).

Sulfides etc. 1) Tetrahedral: S (and As) are closely packed and all metal ions are in tetrahedral coordination. Solid solutions are possible.

Sphalerite Chalcopyrite Bornite Enargite

Sulfides etc. 2) Octahedral: S (and As) are closely packed and all metal ions are in octahedral coordination.

Galena Pyrrhotite Niccolite

Sulfides etc. 3) Complex coordinations: either tetragonal or octahedral

Pentlandite Molybdenite Millerite Cinnabar Covellite Argentite Pyrite Marcasite

Cobaltite Arsenopyrite Skutterudite Stibnite Tetrahedrite Orpiment Realgar

Sulfides etc. Cu-Fe sulfides assemblages plot

Source: Perkins, D., 2002. Mineralogy. Second Ed., Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 483p.

Sulfides etc. Cu-Fe sulfides assemblages plot

Tie lines connect minerals that normally co-exist under specific conditions of P and T

Sulfides etc. Cu-Fe sulfides assemblages plot

Mineral assemblages found in ore deposits

Covellite/digenite/bornite assemblage

Sulfides etc. Today’s dog and pony mineral show features Copper Sulfides: Covellite Bornite Chalcocite

CuS Cu5FeS4 Cu2S

Hexagonal Isometric Monoclinic

Other sulfides worth mentioning (and showing): Argentite Pyrrhotite Realgar Orpiment Stibnite Arsenopyrite

Ag2S Fe(1-x)S AsS As2S3 Sb2S3 FeAsS

Isometric Variable Monoclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Triclinic

Sulfide Minerals Covellite (CuS) Crystal: Hexagonal Pt. Group: 6/m 2/m 2/m Habit: platy SG: 4.6 H: 1.5-2 L: metallic to submetallic Col: indigo blue Str: dark grey Clev: perfect (001) Name derivation: After N. I. Covelli (1790-1829), who found the mineral on Mt. Vesuvius

Sulfide Minerals Covellite (CuS) Occurrence: near surface hydrothermal deposits, porphyry igneous rocks (porphyry copper deposits). Associated Mins: bornite, chalcopyrite and pyrite Related Mins: forms solid solutions with klockmannite [CuSe] May be confused with: nothing

Sulfide Minerals Bornite (Cu5FeS4) Crystal: Orthorhombic Pt. Group: 2/m2/m2/m Habit: tabular, commonly striated SG: 6 H: 3 L: metallic Col: bronze to iron black Str: dark grey to black Clev: poor {111} Name derivation: After I. von Born (1742-1791), a German mineralogist

Sulfide Minerals Bornite (Cu5FeS4) Occurrence: sulfide veins, secondary (enriched) sulfide deposits. Associated Mins: chalcopyrite, chalcocite, covellite, pyrrhotite, quartz and pyrite Related Mins: chalcopyrite [CuFe S2] May be confused with: niccolite, pyrrhotite, chalcocite and chalcopyrite

Sulfide Minerals Chalcocite (Cu2S) Crystal: Monoclinic Pt. Group: 2/m Habit: massive SG: 5.8 H: 2.5-3 L: metallic Col: blue-white to lead grey Str: grey-black Clev: poor {110} Name derivation: from the Greek chalkos meaning “copper”

Sulfide Minerals Chalcocite (Cu2S) Occurrence: common primary and secondary mineral in sulfide veins and alteration zones. Associated Mins: bornite, enargite, galena, tetrahedrite, cuprite, chalcopyrite and pyrite Related Mins: digenite is a similar species [Cu2-xS] May be confused with: argentite and bornite

Copper

Copper

Copper Emplacement Copper ores are widely disseminated throughout the world. One of the more classic deposits was mined for decades near Butte Montana. •Porphyry copper deposit •Hydrothermal veins cross-cutting granites

Porphyry Copper Ores

Plate Tectonic Setting

John, D.A., (ed) 2010, Porphyry Copper Deposit Model, USGS Special Investigations Report 2010-5070-B; http://pubs.usgs.gov

Porphyry Copper Ores 1) Primary mineralization (hypothermal fluids ~400°C)

http://reynolds.asu.edu/sierra_cobre/p_formation.htm

Porphyry Copper Ores 2) Supergene mineralization (epithermal fluids ~25°C)

Porphyry Copper Ores 3) Burial

Sulfide Chemistry Copper sulfide precipitation is controlled by 1) temperature (high to medium) 2) pH (acidity promotes Cu+ solution) 3) Sulfur content (as S2- or SO2)

4Cu+ + 4Fe2+ 8H2S +O2 →4CuFeS2 + 12 H+ +2H2O

Sulfide Chemistry Other considerations: 1) Production of sericite [KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2] is accelerated in acidic solutions and this lowers temperature of CuFeS2 formation

Sulfide Chemistry Other considerations: 1) Production of sericite [KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2] is accelerated in acidic solutions and this lowers temperature of CuFeS2 formation 2) Hornblende alters to biotite releasing more Fe2+ and promoting precipitation of CuFeS2

Sulfide Chemistry Other considerations: 1) Production of sericite [KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2] is accelerated in acidic solutions and this lowers temperature of CuFeS2 formation 2) Hornblende alters to biotite releasing more Fe2+ and promoting precipitation of CuFeS2 3) at high temperatures, SO2 content is higher than H2S content, but this changes as the temperature decreases to 400 °C:

4SO2 +4H2O →3H2SO4 + H2S

By the way..... Gold can also be precipitated in porphyry copper assemblages: Gold transported as: AuSxx+ AuSxx+ + xH+ →Au0 + XH2S AuSxx+ + 4Cu+ + 4Fe2+ + (x-1)H2S +O2 → Au0 + 4CuFeS2 + (12-x) H+ +2H2O

Porphyry Copper Deposits Today’s dog and pony mineral show features: Covellite Bornite Chalcocite

CuS Cu5FeS4 Cu2S

Hexagonal Isometric Monoclinic

Other sulfides worth mentioning (and showing): Argentite Pyrrhotite Realgar Orpiment Stibnite Arsenopyrite

Ag2S Fe(1-x)S AsS As2S3 Sb2S3 FeAsS

Isometric Variable Monoclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Triclinic

John, D.A., (ed) 2010, Porphyry Copper Deposit Model, USGS Special Investigations Report 2010-5070-B; http://pubs.usgs.gov

John, D.A., (ed) 2010, Porphyry Copper Deposit Model, USGS Special Investigations Report 2010-5070-B; http://pubs.usgs.gov

Today’s Stuff To Do 1.

Study your minerals

On Line Lecture The Sulfides part 2 (lecture 10)

1.

Today’s Lab First look at minerals in lab! Prep for our first mineral quiz next week 1.

2.

GY 302: Crystallography and Mineralogy Lecture 9: Sulfides Part 1 Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick [email protected] This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes. For personal use only.