UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA
GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy Lecture 9: Sulfides
Instructor: Dr. Douglas Haywick
Last Time Native elements 1. 2. 3.
Chemistry and Crystallography (properties) Occurrences and Associations Economics (resources, reserves, extraction)
Featured Minerals: Gold
Native Elements Copper Metals Gold Silver Platinum Arsenic Semi-metals Antimony Bismuth Tellurium Sulfur Non-metals Graphite Diamond
Cu Au* Ag* Pt* As Sb Bi Te S C* C*
Isometric Isometric Isometric Isometric Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Trigonal Orthorhombic Hexagonal Isometric
* primary production from native elements
Metallic Native Elements Gold (Au) Crystal: Isometric ─ Pt. Group: 4/m32/m Habit: octahedral, dendritic SG: 15.6-19.3 (depending on Ag content)
H: 2.5-3* L: metallic Col: gold-yellow Str: gold-yellow Clev: none Optical: Opaque Name Derivation: Anglo Saxon, of uncertain origin.
http://www.rocksandgems.info
Metallic Native Elements Resources: a concentration of a material useful to humanity (water, food, minerals) Geological Resources: all materials (mineral and energy) including those only surmised to exist, that have present or anticipated future value and which can be extracted from the Earth via economically feasible methods ($$$) (i.e., gold, diamonds, coal, oil, natural gas, water) Reserve Base: The in-place demonstrated (measured+indicated) amount of a resource that can be extracted via current mining and production techniques (currently economical + marginal +/- subeconomical). Equivalent to the old “geological reserve” definition. Reserve (current): That part of the reserve base that could be economically extracted today Production: refined metal produced per year (metric tons)
Metallic Native Elements Gold (production, reserves in tonnes*)
Production: refined metal produced per year (metric tons) *1 metric ton (tonne) = 1000 kg = 32,150.7 troy ounces http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2015/mcs2015.pdf
Metallic Native Elements Gold (US data)
2015 Mineral Commodity Summaries. USGS
Metallic Native Elements Silver (Ag) Crystal: Isometric ─ Pt. Group: 4/m32/m Habit: massive, acicular SG: 10.1-10.5 H: 2.5-3 L: metallic Col: silver-white Str: silver-white Clev: none Optical: Opaque http://webmineral.com/specimens/picshow.php?id=1060
Name: Derivation: Anglo Saxon, of uncertain origin.
Metallic Native Elements Platinum Group (Pt, Ir, Pa, Rh, Ru, Os,) Crystal: Isometric ─ Pt. Group: 4/m32/m Habit: massive, acicular SG: 21.47 H: 4-4.5 L: metallic Col: gray-silver Str: gray-silver Clev: none Optical: opaque Name Derivation: Spanish, platina = "silver."
Non-metallic Native Elements Graphite (C) Crystal: Hexagonal Pt. Group: 6/m 2/m 2/m Habit: platey, massive SG: 2.1-2.2 H: 1-2 L: submetallic Col: lead-gray, black Str: black Clev: perfect basal {001} Optical: opaque Name derivation: From the Greek, graphein, "to write
Gold Gold precipitation depends on: • Temperature • Pressure • pH • Cl- concentration of hydrothermal solutions • H2S fugacity* *pressure of an ideal gas which has the same chemical potential as the real gas.
http://www.mawsonresources.com
Gold Gold is usually transported as [AuCl2-] in systems hotter than 400 C. [Au(HS)2-] is the dominant ion complex at lower temperatures
Maximum solubility occurs near the H2S-HS--SO42equilibrium point
Gold Gold is usually transported as [AuCl2-] in systems hotter than 400 C. [Au(HS)2-] is the dominant ion complex at lower temperatures AU dissolution
(Zhu, An and Tan, 2011)
Gold Precipitation of gold usually occurs following reduction in oxygen fugacity (Au-S complexes break down leading to precipitation of other sulfides like pyrite and precipitation of gold):
AU precipitation
(Zhu, An and Tan, 2011)
Gold Gold is largely produced through hydrothermal precipitation
http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/synth_dep/gold/vms/pdf/deposit_synthesis.gold_vms.dube.pdf
Gold Golden Giant Mine (Newmont)
Gold Extraction Cyanide Leeching Method 4Auo + 8CN- + O2 + 2H2O = 4Au(CN)2- + 4OH-
http://www.daa.com.au/uploads/RTEmagicC_mm_leachfeed.jpg.jpg
Gold Extraction Heap Cyanide Leeching Method
Non-metallic Native Elements Diamond (C) Crystal: Isometric ─ Pt. Group: 4/m32/m Habit: octahedral, twinned SG: 3.5 H: 10 L: adamantine Col: colorless, rare blue, red, yellow Str: n/a Optical: isotropic, n=2.419 Clev: perfect {111}
Diamonds Diamond Phase diagram
http://members.tm.net/lapointe/Carbon_Phase_Diagram.gif
Diamonds Diamond Kimberlite Pipes
http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~oesis/field/medium/kimberlite.jpg http://www.kimcordiamonds.com/formation.php
Diamonds Diamond Kimberlite Pipes
http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/diamonds/kirkland/images/c14_3.jpg
http://www.kimcordiamonds.com/formation.php
Diamonds
Diamonds
http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/synth_prov/slave/pdf/regional_synthesis.slave.bleeker.pdf
Today’s Agenda Sulfides and Sulfosalts 1. 2.
Properties of select sulfides/sulfosalts Occurrences and Associations Featured minerals: Cu-sulfides
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides
Pb-ore
Mineral
Formula
System
Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite
Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13
Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides
Zn-ore
Mineral
Formula
System
Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite
Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13
Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides
Mo-ore
Mineral
Formula
System
Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite
Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13
Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Ag-ore
Mineral
Formula
System
Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite
Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13
Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides
Hg-ore
Mineral
Formula
System
Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite
Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13
Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides
Co-ore
Mineral
Formula
System
Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite
Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13
Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides As-ore
As-ore As-ore
Mineral
Formula
System
Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite
Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13
Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides
Ni-ore Ni-ore Ni-ore Ni-ore
Mineral
Formula
System
Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite
Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13
Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric
Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Cu-ore
Cu-ore
Cu-ore
Mineral
Formula
System
Argentite Arsenopyrite Bornite Boulangerite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Cinnabar Cobaltite Covellite Domeykite Digenite Enargite Galena Jamsonite Marcasite Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline/Niccolite Orpiment Pararamnelsbergite Pyrite Pyrrhotite Realgar Skutterudite/smaltite Sphalerite Stibnite Tetrahedrite
Ag2S FeAsS Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 Cu2S CuFeS2 HgS CoAsS CuS Cu3As Cu9S5 Cu3AsS4 PbS Pb4FeSb6S14 FeS2 NiS MoS2 NiAs As2S3 NiAs2 FeS2 Fe(1-x)S AsS (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x ZnS Sb2S3 (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13
Isometric Monoclinic Tetragonal/ Isometric Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal Isometric Hexagonal (trigonal) Orthorhombic Isometric Monoclinic Orthorhombic Hexagonal Hexagonal Hexagonal Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Orthorhombic Isometric Variable Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Isometric Isometric Orthorhombic Isometric
Sulfides etc. Sulfides come in two distinct structural coordinations (and a third that is a more “complex” mixture of the two).
Sulfides etc. 1) Tetrahedral: S (and As) are closely packed and all metal ions are in tetrahedral coordination. Solid solutions are possible.
Sphalerite Chalcopyrite Bornite Enargite
Sulfides etc. 2) Octahedral: S (and As) are closely packed and all metal ions are in octahedral coordination.
Galena Pyrrhotite Niccolite
Sulfides etc. 3) Complex coordinations: either tetragonal or octahedral
Pentlandite Molybdenite Millerite Cinnabar Covellite Argentite Pyrite Marcasite
Cobaltite Arsenopyrite Skutterudite Stibnite Tetrahedrite Orpiment Realgar
Sulfides etc. Cu-Fe sulfides assemblages plot
Source: Perkins, D., 2002. Mineralogy. Second Ed., Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 483p.
Sulfides etc. Cu-Fe sulfides assemblages plot
Tie lines connect minerals that normally co-exist under specific conditions of P and T
Sulfides etc. Cu-Fe sulfides assemblages plot
Mineral assemblages found in ore deposits
Covellite/digenite/bornite assemblage
Sulfides etc. Today’s dog and pony mineral show features Copper Sulfides: Covellite Bornite Chalcocite
CuS Cu5FeS4 Cu2S
Hexagonal Isometric Monoclinic
Other sulfides worth mentioning (and showing): Argentite Pyrrhotite Realgar Orpiment Stibnite Arsenopyrite
Ag2S Fe(1-x)S AsS As2S3 Sb2S3 FeAsS
Isometric Variable Monoclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Triclinic
Sulfide Minerals Covellite (CuS) Crystal: Hexagonal Pt. Group: 6/m 2/m 2/m Habit: platy SG: 4.6 H: 1.5-2 L: metallic to submetallic Col: indigo blue Str: dark grey Clev: perfect (001) Name derivation: After N. I. Covelli (1790-1829), who found the mineral on Mt. Vesuvius
Sulfide Minerals Covellite (CuS) Occurrence: near surface hydrothermal deposits, porphyry igneous rocks (porphyry copper deposits). Associated Mins: bornite, chalcopyrite and pyrite Related Mins: forms solid solutions with klockmannite [CuSe] May be confused with: nothing
Sulfide Minerals Bornite (Cu5FeS4) Crystal: Orthorhombic Pt. Group: 2/m2/m2/m Habit: tabular, commonly striated SG: 6 H: 3 L: metallic Col: bronze to iron black Str: dark grey to black Clev: poor {111} Name derivation: After I. von Born (1742-1791), a German mineralogist
Sulfide Minerals Bornite (Cu5FeS4) Occurrence: sulfide veins, secondary (enriched) sulfide deposits. Associated Mins: chalcopyrite, chalcocite, covellite, pyrrhotite, quartz and pyrite Related Mins: chalcopyrite [CuFe S2] May be confused with: niccolite, pyrrhotite, chalcocite and chalcopyrite
Sulfide Minerals Chalcocite (Cu2S) Crystal: Monoclinic Pt. Group: 2/m Habit: massive SG: 5.8 H: 2.5-3 L: metallic Col: blue-white to lead grey Str: grey-black Clev: poor {110} Name derivation: from the Greek chalkos meaning “copper”
Sulfide Minerals Chalcocite (Cu2S) Occurrence: common primary and secondary mineral in sulfide veins and alteration zones. Associated Mins: bornite, enargite, galena, tetrahedrite, cuprite, chalcopyrite and pyrite Related Mins: digenite is a similar species [Cu2-xS] May be confused with: argentite and bornite
Copper
Copper
Copper Emplacement Copper ores are widely disseminated throughout the world. One of the more classic deposits was mined for decades near Butte Montana. •Porphyry copper deposit •Hydrothermal veins cross-cutting granites
Porphyry Copper Ores
Plate Tectonic Setting
John, D.A., (ed) 2010, Porphyry Copper Deposit Model, USGS Special Investigations Report 2010-5070-B; http://pubs.usgs.gov
Porphyry Copper Ores 1) Primary mineralization (hypothermal fluids ~400°C)
http://reynolds.asu.edu/sierra_cobre/p_formation.htm
Porphyry Copper Ores 2) Supergene mineralization (epithermal fluids ~25°C)
Porphyry Copper Ores 3) Burial
Sulfide Chemistry Copper sulfide precipitation is controlled by 1) temperature (high to medium) 2) pH (acidity promotes Cu+ solution) 3) Sulfur content (as S2- or SO2)
4Cu+ + 4Fe2+ 8H2S +O2 →4CuFeS2 + 12 H+ +2H2O
Sulfide Chemistry Other considerations: 1) Production of sericite [KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2] is accelerated in acidic solutions and this lowers temperature of CuFeS2 formation
Sulfide Chemistry Other considerations: 1) Production of sericite [KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2] is accelerated in acidic solutions and this lowers temperature of CuFeS2 formation 2) Hornblende alters to biotite releasing more Fe2+ and promoting precipitation of CuFeS2
Sulfide Chemistry Other considerations: 1) Production of sericite [KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2] is accelerated in acidic solutions and this lowers temperature of CuFeS2 formation 2) Hornblende alters to biotite releasing more Fe2+ and promoting precipitation of CuFeS2 3) at high temperatures, SO2 content is higher than H2S content, but this changes as the temperature decreases to 400 °C:
4SO2 +4H2O →3H2SO4 + H2S
By the way..... Gold can also be precipitated in porphyry copper assemblages: Gold transported as: AuSxx+ AuSxx+ + xH+ →Au0 + XH2S AuSxx+ + 4Cu+ + 4Fe2+ + (x-1)H2S +O2 → Au0 + 4CuFeS2 + (12-x) H+ +2H2O
Porphyry Copper Deposits Today’s dog and pony mineral show features: Covellite Bornite Chalcocite
CuS Cu5FeS4 Cu2S
Hexagonal Isometric Monoclinic
Other sulfides worth mentioning (and showing): Argentite Pyrrhotite Realgar Orpiment Stibnite Arsenopyrite
Ag2S Fe(1-x)S AsS As2S3 Sb2S3 FeAsS
Isometric Variable Monoclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Triclinic
John, D.A., (ed) 2010, Porphyry Copper Deposit Model, USGS Special Investigations Report 2010-5070-B; http://pubs.usgs.gov
John, D.A., (ed) 2010, Porphyry Copper Deposit Model, USGS Special Investigations Report 2010-5070-B; http://pubs.usgs.gov
Today’s Stuff To Do 1.
Study your minerals
On Line Lecture The Sulfides part 2 (lecture 10)
1.
Today’s Lab First look at minerals in lab! Prep for our first mineral quiz next week 1.
2.
GY 302: Crystallography and Mineralogy Lecture 9: Sulfides Part 1 Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick
[email protected] This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes. For personal use only.