Guidelines for Battery Electric Vehicles in the Underground. Section 3 Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design
Guidelines for Battery Electric Vehicles in the Underground Section 3 Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design www.cmic-ccim.org
Underground Batt...
Guidelines for Battery Electric Vehicles in the Underground Section 3 Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design www.cmic-ccim.org
Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Presented by: Matthew K Conklin Chief Mining Engineer trans4mine group Sandvik Mining and Rock Technology
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design trans4mine™
ABOUT
SANDVIK
▪ Founded in 1861 in Sandviken Sweden ▪ First steel manufacture to use the Bessemer Process. ▪ 1870 Entered the mining market producing drill steel. ▪ 1919 North American subsidiary supplying mining industry. ▪ Today 47,000 employs in 150 countries in 3 Main Divisions: - SMS Sandvik Machining Solutions (includes Sandvik Coromant) - SMT Sandvik Materials Technology - SMART Sandvik Mining and Rock Technology ▪ Manufacture “razor blades to refrigerators” plus the tools to make ▪ them. Renewables – Manufacture Wind Turbine and Fuel Cell components.
Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Why GMSG Sandvik, as an Original Equipment Manufacture, works with the Global Mining Standards and Guidelines Group to help create solutions for questions or problems within the mining industry.
Why CMIC:
Sandvik is a member of Canada Mining Innovation Council to help represent the mining community leading the way to innovative strategy for advanced environmental stewardship by creating “Towards Zero Waste Mining”.
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design What is a BEV: (BatteryElectricVehicle) UNDERGROUND
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Why BEV Guidelines?
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Mining a history of innovation:
Mining is labor intensive.
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Mining a history of innovation:
Especially Underground Mining
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Mining a history of innovation:
Wagons / Mechanical Advantage
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Mining a history of innovation:
Beasts of Burden
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Mining a history of innovation:
Steam Power
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Mining a history of innovation:
Compressed Air
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Mining a history of innovation:
Connected Electric
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Mining a history of innovation:
Internal Combustion
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Mining a history of innovation:
Battery Electric
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design
Why Battery Equipment?
A question of Efficiency
More POWER to the Wheels = Better Efficiency
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Why Battery Equipment? Factors driving development: Environmental - Geopolitical Mine Site Logistics – Steady electric power availability versus questionable fuel supply Deposit Depth – Mining deeper = mining hotter EHS – Improved mine air quality Legislation – Ventilation based upon diesel particulate
Bottom Line – Battery Equipment offers options to develop the most cost effective alternative to exploit a deposit. www.cmic-ccim.org
Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design
General Underground Mobile Equipment: Low Dynamic Use
Utility / Drilling / Ground Support
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design
General Underground Mobile Equipment: High Dynamic Use
Loading / Hauling
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design
General Underground Mobile Equipment:
Low Dynamic Use:
High Dynamic Use:
• High relative demand • Low relative demand • Periodic/short duration use • Constant/long duration use • Minimal charge time • Significant charge time
The Dynamic Use predicates what Battery Chemistry and/or Battery Charging Methodology is optimal for the application.
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Battery Density:
• Battery Density is how much energy is stored versus battery weight or volume. • Higher the Battery Density the more applicable it is especially for High Dynamic equipment use.
• Battery Density is a function of the Battery Chemistry. • Newer more “exotic” chemistries generally have a higher Battery Density. • The higher the Battery Density the more expensive the battery tends to be.
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Battery Density: (by Common Battery Chemistry)
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Battery Chemistry
(Points important to an OEM)
• Different Battery Chemistries have different physical characteristics such as E.D. and energy output curve. • Generally the more “exotic” the chemistry the more restrictive the use may be, however these restrictions are often outweighed by associated opportunities.
• Typically the more “exotic” the chemistry the more expensive the battery. • The Battery Chemistry and its specific application dictate the Charging Mythology necessary to design functional BEV equipment.
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Charging Methodology: • Onboard Charging: Battery Charger is integrated into the equipment
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Charging Methodology: • Off board Charging: Battery Charger independent of the equipment
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Charging Methodology: • Off board Charging/Battery Swap: • Battery Charger independent of the equipment.
• Battery physically removed from equipment for charging
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design First Gen Underground Battery Electric Vehicles Currently or historically operational
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design First Gen Underground Battery Electric Vehicles Battery technology finally able to offer enough power to utilize batteries to power underground production equipment. ➢ Aftermarket suppliers retrofit battery and electric motor into existing production fleet equipment. ➢ OEM manufactures follow suit with minor modifications to basic design targeting space for battery and motor.
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design First Gen Underground Battery Electric Vehicles Lessons learned ➢ Due to limited battery power, duration and recharge time typical installation necessitated Battery Swap methodology to achieve realistic operating capabilities. ➢ Existing powertrain inefficiencies drastically reduce effectiveness of sustained battery power operations. ➢ Existing Battery Chemistry / Energy Density is minimal to achieve effective and functioning equipment. ➢ Battery life and durability not as good as expected.
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Second Gen Underground Battery Electric Vehicles What is new or about to reach the market.
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Second Gen Underground Battery Electric Vehicles New Equipment is being designed from top to bottom embracing Battery drive technology.
➢ Batteries with higher Energy Densities. ➢ Incorporate flexibility to adapt battery/battery chemistry as technology improves. ➢ Include innovative ways to incorporate the battery and drive components into the basic design of the equipment. ➢ Replacing inefficient drivetrain and hydraulic components with direct electric and high efficiency design components.
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Second Gen Underground Battery Electric Vehicles Low Dynamic Use: - The Battery: ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢
Good Energy Density. Deep Cycle Use. High Charge Cycle Life. Topping with no detriment
- The Machine: ➢ Equipment designed to maximize battery life. ➢ Equipment designed to take advantage of stored battery power.
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Second Gen Underground Battery Electric Vehicles Low Dynamic Use - Example: The Battery Jumbo Drill: ➢ Connected to power grid for drilling. ➢ Uses battery for tramming locations and setup. ➢ High efficient motor, hydraulic, pumps, drop box. ➢ Designed to use the battery to boost drill when drilling in peak demand applications.
The Battery of Choice: ➢ Sodium Nickle Chloride (molten salt)
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Second Gen Underground Battery Electric Vehicles Low Dynamic Use: Sodium Nickle Chloride Battery ➢ High Energy Density (+150 Wh/kg) ➢ Deep consistent power cycle. ➢ Charge Cycle Life in the thousands. ➢ Can be Topped, (re-charged when not fully discharged) with out damage to the battery. ➢ Plus - high battery operating temperature so high ambient temperature wont degrade battery with life.
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Second Gen Underground Battery Electric Vehicles High Dynamic Use: - The Battery: ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢
High / Ultra High Energy Density. Deep Cycle Use. High Charge Cycle Life. Quick charge.
- The Machine: ➢ Equipment designed to maximize battery life. ➢ Offboard charging due to equipment / battery constraints.
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Second Gen Underground Battery Electric Vehicles High Dynamic Use - Example: The Battery LHD (Load Haul Dump): ➢ Independent of power supply for long duration operation. ➢ Uses battery for primary functions, movement, mucking. ➢ High efficient motor, hydraulic pumps, drop box. ➢ Designed maximize battery space for largest battery functionally possible
The Battery of Choice: ➢ LTO – Lithium Titanate Oxide
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Second Gen Underground Battery Electric Vehicles High Dynamic Use: LTO Battery ➢ High Energy Density (+177 Wh/kg) ➢ Deep consistent power cycle. ➢ 15,000 to 20,000 Life Cycles. ➢ Quick charge – Nominal 2 hours operating on 15 minute charge cycle with external battery cooling. (no battery swap needed) ➢ Can be Topped, re-charged when not fully discharged with out damage to the battery.
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Next Gen Underground Battery Electric Vehicles: What is around the corner and beyond.
CAUTION: May contain information of a sensitive and competitive nature
NEW MODELS
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Next Gen Underground Battery Electric Vehicles:
INIGRATION OF BATTERY TECHNOLOGY
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Underground Battery Electric Vehicle Design Other Possible Next Gen BEV Opportunities: ▪ New Battery Technology
▪ Incorporate Pantograph Use (automated off-board charging)
▪ Trolley Assist (onboard charging in motion) ▪ Induction Charging ▪ Ultra Fast Charging ▪ Hybrid / Battery Electric
