Ground Motion Detection Using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry - Berlin Case Study Friedrich Kuehn

BGR - Remote Sensing Unit Terrafirma User Workshop Essen, March 22, 2011

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Ground Motion Detection and Monitoring Moving ground can be caused by various reasons … … focus of geo-engineering on - Collapsing mines and mine convergence (salt mining) - Over-abstraction of ground water - Building ground compaction - Active tectonics and volcanoes - Underground storage of gas and liquids (natural gas, brine, CO2, …).

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Terrafirma II – Land Subsidence due to Mining Stassfurt: Simplified vertical section explaining formation of land subsidence and collapse sinkholes at the flanks of the rock salt diapir SW

NE Land subsidence

Overburden

Historic town center is ground water lake now

Mass movement

Land subsidence marker (4.5 m level)

Rock Salt

ta Po

sh

Abandoned mines – flooded and subject to convergence

Buildings, severely damaged by land subsidence Remote Sensing [email protected]

Extreme Land Subsidence Caused by Ground Water Over-Abstraction

Semarang, Indonesia: Severe damages to infrastructure due to groundwater over-pumping

Reference: Kuehn, F., Albiol, D., Cooksley, G,, Duro, J., Granda, J., Haas, S., Hoffmann-Rothe. A., Murdohardono, D. (2010): Detection of land subsidence in Semarang, Indonesia, using stable points network (SPN) technique, Environ Earth Sci, DOI 10.1007/s12665-009-0227-x

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Ground Motion Detection and Monitoring - Moving ground may cause hazards and risks to people and public infrastructure. - Risk reduction needs reliable hazard and risk assessment - Precise measurement of motion rates required.

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Ground Motion Detection and Monitoring Ground-based observation technique - Provides precise data at points and profiles - Information on large areas is result of interpolation and shows inaccuracies.

PSI marks milestone of remote sensing - Benefits from ability of remote sensing of covering large areas - Provides high precision motion rates for a large number of measurement points - Demonstration of this advantage with Berlin data. Remote Sensing [email protected]

Berlin Ground Motion Case Study

Approx. population: 4,800,000

Airphoto reference: http://www.kaiserhoefe-unterdenlinden.de

CIR satellite image Landsat 7 (4/R, 3/G, 2/B) Remote Sensing [email protected]

Berlin Ground Motion Case Study Distribution of salt domes in the surroundings of Berlin Salt pillows provide suitable conditions for underground storage of gas

Reference: Kuehn, F., Hoth, P., Stark, M., Burren, R., Hole, J. (2009): Experience with Satellite Radar for Gas Storage Monitoring, Erdöl Erdgas Kohle, Vol. 125, 11.

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Berlin Ground Motion Case Study Salt pillow structure used for underground gas storage Reservoir rocks are sandstones of Lower Triassic age. Anhydrite, shale, and salt form the sealing section on the top of the reservoir.

Aerial photograph of with Berlin Olympic Stadium Airphoto: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung Berlin, Vermessungswesen

Reference: Kuehn, F., Hoth, P., Stark, M., Burren, R., Hole, J. (2009): Experience with Satellite Radar for Gas Storage Monitoring, Erdöl Erdgas Kohle, Vol. 125, 11.

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Berlin Ground Motion Case Study Berlin PSI processing results are known from various projects - Terrafirma I: PSI Processing by Altamira Information, Spain (2004/2005) - DLR: PSI-Processing [in Kampes, B. M. (2006): Radar Interferometry – Persistent Scatterer Technique. Dordrecht] - Fugro NPA on behalf of GASAG (Underground Gas Storage Operator) - Clausthal University of Technology (2009/2010).

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Berlin Ground Motion Case Study ?

Fugro NPA on behalf of GASAG (ERS-1/2 data 1992-2005) Reference: Kuehn, F., Hoth, P., Stark, M., Burren, R., Hole, J. (2009): Experience with Satellite Radar for Gas Storage Monitoring, Erdöl Erdgas Kohle, Vol. 125, 11.

Data © ESA processed by DLR 70 Scenes; 10 years observation

mm/year -4 Remote Sensing [email protected]

0

+4

Berlin Case Study GASAG/NPA Data Total Motion in mm 271,829 Point Targets identified PSI-Observation: 13/05/1992 to 01/10/ 2005 Upliftmax = 4.57 cm

Reference: Kuehn, F., Hoth, P., Stark, M., Burren, R., Hole, J. (2009): Experience with Satellite Radar for Gas Storage Monitoring, Erdöl Erdgas Kohle, Vol. 125, 11.

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Berlin Ground Motion Case Study

Continuous motion of the Teufelberg is caused by the compaction of the debris body.

Av. motion in cm/year

Observation Period: 13/05/1992 to 31/12/1999 (67551 points data set) Airphoto: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung Berlin, Vermessungswesen

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Terrafirma I data

Berlin Ground Motion Case Study Teufelsberg air photo

Abandoned cold war listening post on the Berlin “Teufelsberg” mountain. The “Teufelsberg” is an artificial mountain made from building debris of the WWII. Airphoto: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung Berlin, Vermessungswesen

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Berlin Ground Motion Case Study Berlin area of maximum subsidence in the observation period from 13/05/1992 and 31/12/1999 with - 7.792 cm Av. motion in cm/year (444040 Pts)

Av. motion in cm/year

Terrafirma I data Remote Sensing [email protected]

Berlin Ground Motion Case Study Uneven ground due to compaction of land fill material (-1.47 cm/year: max. subsidence in Berlin)

Land fill (abandoned peat and sand quarry) = =

Peat, humus, fine sand Fine to medium sand Airphoto: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung Berlin, Vermessungswesen Geological Map: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umweltschutz IV Berlin, Landesgeologie

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Berlin Ground Motion Case Study GASAG/NPA Processing Total Motion in mm 271,829 Point Targets identified PSI-Observation: 13/05/1992 to 01/10/ 2005 Upliftmax = 4.57 cm

Reference: Kuehn, F., Hoth, P., Stark, M., Burren, R., Hole, J. (2009): Experience with Satellite Radar for Gas Storage Monitoring, Erdöl Erdgas Kohle, Vol. 125, 11.

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Berlin Ground Motion Case Study

TB: EP:

Teufelsberg Egelpfuhl

Röt-Basis (Salt Pillow)

Reference: Kuehn, F., Hoth, P., Stark, M., Burren, R., Hole, J. (2009): Experience with Satellite Radar for Gas Storage Monitoring, Erdöl Erdgas Kohle, Vol. 125, 11.

Remote Sensing [email protected]

Berlin Ground Motion Case Study + represent total uplift 3 to 4 cm, + total uplift ≥ 4 cm (1992-2005)

More details: Kuehn, F., Hoth, P., Stark, M., Burren, R., Hole, J. (2009): Experience with Satellite Radar for Gas Storage Monitoring, Erdöl Erdgas Kohle, Vol. 125, 11. (Air photo: Copyright Berlin Senatsverwaltung für Bau- und Wohnungswesen)

Remote Sensing [email protected]

Berlin Ground Motion Case Study + represent total uplift 3 to 4 cm, + total uplift ≥ 4 cm (1992-2005)

More details: Kuehn, F., Hoth, P., Stark, M., Burren, R., Hole, J. (2009): Experience with Satellite Radar for Gas Storage Monitoring, Erdöl Erdgas Kohle, Vol. 125, 11. (Air photo: Copyright Berlin Senatsverwaltung für Bau- und Wohnungswesen)

Remote Sensing [email protected]

Berlin Ground Motion Case Study + represent total uplift 3 to 4 cm, + total uplift ≥ 4 cm (1992-2005)

More details: Kuehn, F., Hoth, P., Stark, M., Burren, R., Hole, J. (2009): Experience with Satellite Radar for Gas Storage Monitoring, Erdöl Erdgas Kohle, Vol. 125, 11. (Air photo: Copyright Berlin Senatsverwaltung für Bau- und Wohnungswesen)

Remote Sensing [email protected]

Berlin Ground Motion Case Study + represent total uplift 3 to 4 cm, + total uplift ≥ 4 cm (1992-2005)

More details: Kuehn, F., Hoth, P., Stark, M., Burren, R., Hole, J. (2009): Experience with Satellite Radar for Gas Storage Monitoring, Erdöl Erdgas Kohle, Vol. 125, 11. (Air photo: Copyright Berlin Senatsverwaltung für Bau- und Wohnungswesen)

Remote Sensing [email protected]

Berlin Summary - PSI contributes to improving monitoring of underground gas storages to large extend - Allows wide coverage detection of uplift caused - Size of uplift area: 12 km in diameter; maximum uplift above top of storage (4.57 cm after operation start) - Low gradient towards flanks of uplift feature - Hazard consideration: Inclination of up to 1:500 (2 mm/m) allowed for residential buildings - Berlin gas storage: 5 cm uplift over distance of 6 km represents inclination of 1:200.000 (0.008 mm/m) - Featuring of storage pressure changes without time offset - PSI becomes standard monitoring technique initiated by Terrafirma. Remote Sensing [email protected]

Thanks

Airphoto reference: http://www.kaiserhoefe-unterdenlinden.de

Remote Sensing [email protected]