Great Exhibi,on London Crystal Palace 1900 France. Germany. England

1800
 1851
Great Exhibi,on London
Crystal
Palace
 1900
 France
 1760













JNL

Durand















1834
 1755






Quatremère
de
Quincy...
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1800


1851
Great Exhibi,on London
Crystal
Palace


1900


France
 1760













JNL

Durand















1834
 1755






Quatremère
de
Quincy










1849
 1814












Eugène‐Emmanuel
Viollet‐le‐Duc













1879
 1841





























Auguste
Choisy






























1909


Germany
 1781 


















Schinkel























1841
 1803





























Go4ried
Semper





























1879
 1841






























O8o
Wagner






































1918
 1870













Adolf
Loos








1933


England
 1812











Pugin









1852
 1819

















































Ruskin














































1900
 1834























William
Morris


















1896


1812


Born
in
London,
middle
class
family
 Father,
Augustus
Charles
Pugin
(1762‐1832),
 publ.
Specimens of Gothic Architecture  (1821‐28).
French.


1835


Converted
to
Catholicism


1836


Contrasts  Non‐architectural and non‐aesthe,c  considera,ons gained the upper hand.


1838‐44


Professor
of
EcclesiasQcal
AnQquiQes,
 St.
Mary’s
College,
Osco8.


1841


True Principles of Pointed Architecture


1859


Death


Auguste
Welby
 Northmore

 Pugin
(1812_52)


Contrasts    1836 

Parallel between the Noble Edifices of the Middle Ages   and   Corresponding Buildings of the Present Day;  Showing the Present Decay of Taste


Ch
1:
On
the
Feelings
which
produced
 the
Great
Edifices
of
the
Middle
Ages
 Ch
2:
On
the
Revived
Pagan
Principles
 Ch
3:
Of
the
Protestant
Principle
and
Pillage
and


 DestrucXon
of
churches
under
Henry
the
Eight
 Ch
4:
On
the
Ravages
and
DestrucXon
of
the
Churches

 Under
Edward
VI,
and
A]er
the
Final
Establishment

 of
the
New
Opinions
of
the
Act
of

Parliament

 Ch
5:
On
the
Present
Degraded
State
of
EcclesiasXcal
Buildings


Contrasts    1836 

Parallel between the Noble Edifices of the Middle Ages and   Corresponding Buildings of the Present Day;  Showing the Present Decay of Taste


Combines medieval architecture (which he considered superior to post‐medieval architecture)   with French func,onalist views:
  “the great test of Architectural Theory is the fitness of the design to the purpose for which it  is intended, and that the style of a building should so correspond with its use that the  spectator may at once perceive the purpose for which it was erected.”
 For
medieval
architecture
that
purpose
was
religious.


Contrasts    1836 

Parallel between the Noble Edifices of the Middle Ages   and   Corresponding Buildings of the Present Day;  Showing the Present Decay of Taste


Transcribes the role of architecture into a call for social reform.  
”the
once
glorious
Gothic
town

 
has
become
place
of
decaying
churches,
prisons

 

smoking
factory
chimneys
and
tenements.”


True Principles of Pointed or ChrisFan Architecture


1841
 Two great immutable principles of architecture :
 “1st. that there should be no features about a building which are not necessary  for convenience, construc,on, or propriety;  2nd. that all ornament should consist of enrichment of the essen,al construc,on  of the building.”  Only clima,c and na,onal varia,ons are permiSed.  “ True architectural Principles = Gothic = Chris,an”


1812‐52
 Introduces a new polemic and  ideological tone in the Neo‐Gothic  debate.  A Fervent Catholic convert.  Transcends the role of architecture  pure into a call of social reform.  Combines medieval architecture  with French funcFonalist views.
 Rejects Greek Architecture‐Pagans  Demagogic‐ Insane‐Intolerant


Auguste
Welby
 Northmore

 Pugin
(1812_52)


1819


Born
in
London
to
ScoZsh
parents
 Utopian
Theorist,
Social
CriQc,
Author,
Art
 CriQc,
ArQst,
&
Poet.
 Most
important
protagonist
of
the
Gothic
 cause
in
England
 Studied
at
King’s
College
of
London,
Christ
 Church,
Oxford


1849


The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849)  

1851‐53


The Stones of Venice   Volume I. The Founda,ons (1851)
 Volume II. The Sea–Stories (1853)
 Volume III. The Fall (1853)


1868‐79


First
Slade
Professor
of
Art
in
Oxford


1900


Death


John
Ruskin
(1819‐1900)


The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849)
 Influenced
by
Pugin,

 Pugin’s
Religion
became
Ruskin’s
Ethics.
 Moral
tone.

 Architecture
is
only
a
part
of
 a
much
larger
sociological
complex.
 “Laws
of
architecture
are
idenXcal

 
 
 
with
those
of
man’s
moral
life.”

 Like
Semper,
 “There
is
no
law,
no
principle,
based
on
past
pracXce,
which
may
not
be
overthrown
 in
a
moment,
by
the
arising
of
a
new
condiXon,
or
the
invenXon
of
a
new
 material.”


The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849)
 seven
lamps
(chapters)


•  •  •  •  •  • 


sacrifice,

 truth,

 power,

 beauty,
 

life,

 memory

 












and

 obedience


The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849)
 seven
lamps
(chapters)


•  •  •  •  •  • 


sacrifice,

 truth,

 power,

 beauty,
 

life,

 memory

 












and

 obedience


The
Lamp
of
Truth

 Ruskin
warns
against
three
‘architectural
deceits’:
 1st


The
suggesXon
of
a
mode
of
structure
or
support,
other
 than
the
true
one…
 
 

 nd 2 

The
painXng
of
surfaces
to
represent
some
other
 material
other

than
that
of
which
they
actually
exist…
 
 

 3rd
The
use
of
cast
or
machine
made
ornaments
of
any
kind.
 “
One
should
stay
true
to
materials
and
use
of
hand
made
 ornament”
 ”forms
which
are
not
taken
from
natural
objects,
must
be
 ugly”


The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849)
 seven
lamps
(chapters)


•  •  •  •  •  • 


sacrifice,

 truth,

 power,

 beauty,
 

life,

 memory

 












and

 obedience


The
Lamp
of
Beauty
 only
chapter
that
deals
with
aestheXcs
 
views
ornament
 



as
the
expression
of
its
creators
state
of
mind





should
be
from
nature





reflects
on
society





symmetry
is
balancing
equal
quanXXes


Influenced
Sullivan


RestoraXon
 meant
destrucXon
to
Ruskin
 his
slogan
was,
 
“take
proper
care
of
your
monuments,
and
you
will
not
need
to
restore
them.”




Not
RestoraXon
but
ConservaXon


The Stones of Venice (1851‐53)


Volume I. The Founda,ons (1851)
 Volume II. The Sea–Stories (1853)
 Volume III. The Fall (1853)


1819‐1900
 truth
to
materials
 construcXve
honesty
 organic
ornament
 the
cra]smanship
of
the
 individual
(not
machines)
 conservaXon
(not
restoraXon)


John Ruskin (1819-1900)


“What
we
think
or
what
we
know
or
what
we
believe
is,
in
the
end,
of
 likle
consequence.
 
The
only
consequence
is
what
we
do.”

































‐
John
Ruskin


1834


Born
in
London

 Designer,
Illustrator,
Printer,
Poet,
Socialist
 Influenced
by
Pugin
and
Ruskin
 Classical
EducaQon
at
Marlborough
 Oxford


1861


Est.
Firm
Morris
and
Co.,
with
Marshall,
 Faulkner,
Brown,
RosseZ,
Webb,
and
Burne‐ Jones



1868‐70


Lectures:   The Earthly Paradise 

1877


The DecoraFve Arts 

1883


Art under Plutocracy 

1884


Useful Work versus Useless Toil 

1888


The Revival of Architecture  picturesqueness 

1890


News from Nowhere 

William Morris (1819-1900)


The Revival of Architecture(1888)


Equally
opposed
to
Classicism
and
neo‐Gothic
 However,
sXll
advocaXng
historical
study.
 ‘a logical organic style evolved as a ma[er of necessity from the ancient styles of the  classical peoples.’  ‘there is sFll only one style of architecture on which it is possible to found a true  living art…and that style is Gothic.’  ‘Architecture is the expression of social life.’ 

News from Nowhere(1890)


Proposes
a
new
utopia
for
London
in
the
21st
Century
 Emulates
the
Middle
Ages
and
their
cra]ed
forms
 Abolishes
factories
and
machines
 Introduces
the
principle
of
voluntary
labor
 Art
is
applied
art,
shaping
of
man’s
environment
 Work
and
happiness
–
banded
workshops
–
guilds


1819‐1900
 With
Ruskin
 the
pioneers
of
the

 ARTS
&
CRAFTS
movement
 which
combined
a
commitment
 to
socialism
with
the
integraXon
 of
art
and
handicra]s


John Ruskin (1819-1900)


And
precursor
of
the

 Art
Nouveau
 1871


Ruskin’s
St.
George’s
Guild
 Morris’
Century
Guild
 Workshops
 Werkstake


William Morris (1819-1900)


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