Grape Industry Analysis for Investment and Redevelopment

FINAL REPORT 15 September 2014

Project lead Mildura Development Corporation

Project contributors Regional Development Victoria, Mildura Development Corporation, Dried Fruits Australia, Australian Table Grape Association and Murray Valley Winegrowers’

Authors

Sue Argus and Alison MacGregor, SunRISE Mapping and Research

a division of Mallee Family Care Inc. Postal Address: PO Box 1870, Mildura VIC 3502 Telephone: (03) 5021 7492 international + 61 3 5021 7492 Facsimile: (03) 5021 4455 international + 61 3 5021 4455 Email: [email protected] Internet: http://www.sunrisemapping.org.au

SunRISE mapping & research

Acknowledgments The following are acknowledged for their contribution to the study: •

Sunbeam Foods

•

Australian Premium Dried Fruits

•

Andrew Nemtsas, Murray River Organics

•

Australian Vintage

•

Sunworld for information on proprietary varieties

•

Sheehan Genetics for information on proprietary varieties

•

Murray Valley irrigators for their participation in the SunRISE mapping program

Disclaimer Information in this report is derived from analysis of data from a range of sources. The report may be of assistance to you but SunRISE Mapping and Research and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any errors, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this report.

Contents 1.

Summary

6

2.

Introduction

9

2.1 2.2

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Study area Project background and consultant’s brief

10 11

Data sources and method

12

3.1 3.2 3.3

12 13 14

SunRISE crop data acquisition and accuracy Source of crop production and crop prices data Limitations

Murray Valley grape plantings 1997 to 2014

15

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Change in wine, table & dried plantings 1997 to 2014 Summary of grape varieties 1997 to 2014 Value of grape production in the Murray Valley Farm gate value of wine, table and dried grapes Change in irrigation methods 1997 to 2014 Change in rootstocks 1997 to 2014 Change in property numbers and size 1997 to 2014

Wine grape industry analysis

23

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8

23 28 29 30 34 36 37 38

Change in wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014 Wine grape production 1997 to 2014 Wine grape plantings yet to come into production Wine grape prices 1997 to 2014 Crop value of wine grapes 1997 to 2014 Irrigation methods for wine grape plantings Rootstocks of wine grape plantings 1997 to 2014 Wine grape property numbers and size 1997 to 2014

Dried grape industry analysis

39

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8

39 42 43 44 46 48 49 50

Change in dried grape varieties 1997 to 2014 Dried grape production 1997 to 2014 Dried grape plantings yet to come into production Dried grape prices 1997 to 2014 Crop value of dried grapes 1997 to 2014 Irrigation methods for dried grape plantings Rootstocks of dried grape plantings 1997 to 2014 Dried grape property numbers and size 1997 to 2014

Table grape industry analysis

51

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8

51 54 55 57 60 62 63 64

Change in table grape plantings 1997 to 2014 Table grape production from 1997 to 2014 Table grape plantings yet to come into production Table grape prices 1997 to 2014 Crop value of table grapes 1997 to 2014 Irrigation methods for table grape plantings Rootstocks of table grape plantings 1997 to 2014 Table grape property numbers and size 1997 to 2014

Bibliography

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Grape Industry Analysis

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List of figures Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 5: Figure 6: Figure 7: Figure 8: Figure 9: Figure 10: Figure 11: Figure 12: Figure 13: Figure 14: Figure 15: Figure 16: Figure 17: Figure 18: Figure 19: Figure 20: Figure 21: Figure 22: Figure 23: Figure 24: Figure 25: Figure 26: Figure 27: Figure 28: Figure 29: Figure 30: Figure 31: Figure 32: Figure 33: Figure 34: Figure 35: Figure 36: Figure 37: Figure 38: Figure 39: Figure 40: Figure 41: Figure 42: Figure 43: Figure 44:

Map of the study area Hectares of wine, table and dried grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 Summary of changes in grape varieties and areas (hectares) from 1997 to 2014 Crop value ($ million) of Murray Valley wine, table and dried grapes 1997 to 2014 Farm gate value (weighted average $/hectare) of wine, dried and table grapes Change in irrigation methods for Murray Valley grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 Change in rootstocks of grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 Change in property numbers and size 1997 to 2014 Grape growing properties in 2014 Summary of wine, table and dried grape property numbers and average property size Change in wine grape plantings (hectares) from 1997 to 2014 Hectares of bearing and non-bearing white wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014 Hectares of bearing and non-bearing red wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014 Area (hectares) planted to white wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014 Area (hectares) planted to red wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014 Average yield (tonnes/hectare) from bearing wine grape plantings 1997 to 2014 Projected tonnage from wine grape plantings that were non-bearing in 2014 Weighted average price ($/tonne) for wine grapes from the Murray Valley Average prices ($/tonne) for white wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014 Average prices paid for red wine grape varieties ($/tonne) 1997 to 2014 Trends in the planted hectares of Murray Valley wine grapes as prices fluctuate Crop value ($ million) from Murray Valley wine grape crush surveys 1997 to 2014 Change in farm gate value ($/hectare) of wine grapes from 1997 to 2014 Change in irrigation methods for wine grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 Change in rootstocks of wine grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 Change in property numbers and size of wine grape properties from 1997 to 2014 Wine grape properties in 2014 Summary of bearing and non-bearing dried grape plantings Hectares of bearing and non-bearing dried grape varieties 1997 to 2014 Change in hectares of dried grape varieties from 1997 to 2014 Dried grapes from the Murray Valley (tonnes) delivered to packers 1997 to 2013 Average yields (dried tonnes/ha) for dried grape fruit 1997 to 2013 Projected tonnage from dried grape varieties that were non-bearing in 2014 Weighted average price ($/dried tonne) for dried grape fruit from 1997 to 2013, and estimated prices for 2014 Trends in planted hectares of dried grapes as prices fluctuate Regional income ($ million) from dried grape fruit based on intake data and 2014 estimates Farm gate value or gross income ($/hectare) for dried grape fruit 1997 to 2014 Change in irrigation methods for dried grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 Change in rootstocks of dried grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 Property numbers and average size of dried grape properties 1997 to 2014 Dried grape properties in 2014 Summary of bearing and non-bearing table grape plantings (hectares) 1997 to 2014 Hectares of bearing and non-bearing table grape varieties 1997 to 2014 Change in table grape varieties (hectares) 1997 to 2014

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10 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 50 51 52 53

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Figure 45: Figure 46: Figure 47: Figure 48: Figure 49: Figure 50: Figure 51: Figure 52: Figure 53: Figure 54: Figure 55: Figure 56:

Annual production estimate (tonnes) of table grapes 1997 to 2014 54 Seasonality of bearing and non-bearing table grape varieties in 2014 55 Projected tonnage from table grape varieties that were non-bearing in 2014 56 Average wholesale price ($ per kilogram) for table grapes delivered into Melbourne and Sydney markets 1997 to 2014 57 Monthly average wholesale prices ($ per kilogram) for table grapes at Melbourne and Sydney markets between January and April, 1997 to 2014 58 Trends in planted hectares of table grapes as prices fluctuate 59 Regional income ($ million) from table grapes 1997 to 2014 60 Changes in farm gate value (weighted average $/ha) of table grapes 1997 to 2014 61 Change in irrigation methods for table grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 62 Change in rootstocks of table grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 63 Change in property numbers and size for table grape growers from 1997 to 2014 64 Table grape properties in 2014 64

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1. Summary The study area, referred to as the ‘Murray Valley’ in this report, encompasses the Lower Murray Darling region of Victoria and New South Wales (Figure 1). The region has over 1,200 growers producing wine, table and dried grapes from 31,085 hectares of grapevines. This report tracks the three industries over the past seventeen years with respect to grape varieties, hectares (bearing and non-bearing), production (tonnes), yields (tonnes/ha), prices, crop value ($ million), farm gate value ($/ha), irrigation methods, rootstocks, grower numbers and property sizes. With over-supply of wine grapes still an issue, the table grape industry on the rise and the dried grape industry looking to increase its production base, an understanding of development and investment over the past seventeen years will better inform future investment and adjustment in response to changing markets and growing conditions.

Non-bearing (new and redeveloped) plantings In 1997, 22% (5,980 ha) of grapevine plantings were non-bearing (less than three years old). This high proportion of new (including redeveloped) plantings was fuelled by the wine grape boom, with 4,640 ha of the non-bearing plantings being wine grape varieties (Figure 2). Possibly high wine grape prices in the late 1990’s also assisted investment in dried and table grapes as there were 1,845 ha of non-bearing table grape plantings in 2003 and 1,135 ha of dried grape plantings; the largest areas of new table and dried grape plantings compared with the 1997, 2006, 2009 and 2014 seasons. New dried grape plantings in the early 2000’s would also coincide with conversion to trellis drying. By 2014, only 8% (2,420 ha) of all plantings were non-bearing. 69% of the non-bearing plantings were table grape varieties (1,670 ha); predominantly Crimson Seedless (Figure 43). Production from the 2014 non-bearing table grape plantings represents a 24% (40,080 tonnes) increase on 2014 production from bearing plantings (170,040 tonnes) (Figure 47).

Grape varieties Diversification to new grape varieties is evident in the study region. New dried grape varieties include Sunmuscat, Sunglo, Diamond Muscat, Black Gem, Selma Pete and Summer Muscat. Wine grape varieties new to the region include Pinot Gris, Fiano, Montepulciano, Nero d’Avola and other Muscat and Italian varieties. New table grape varieties include Autumn Royal, Ralli Seedless, Crimson Seedless and a range of proprietary varieties. The dominant grape varieties (52% of plantings) are Chardonnay (5,145 ha), Sultana/Thompson Seedless (4,159 ha), Shiraz (3,576 ha) and Crimson Seedless (3,377 ha) (Figure 3). Sultana (including Thompson Seedless) plantings decreased by 10,289 ha between 1997 and 2014. As there were around 2,000 ha of new Sultana plantings in this period, 12,289 ha of old Sultana plantings were removed. Crimson Seedless plantings increased by 3,329 ha between 1997 and 2014. This was the most popular variety followed by Shiraz (an increase of 2,290 ha) and Chardonnay (2,114 ha).

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Yields The average yield in 2014 across all wine grapes was 23 tonnes/ha, based on the 2014 Wine Grape Crush Report (tonnes) and SunRISE crop mapping (hectares). Average wine grape yields ranged from 18 to 23 tonnes/ha in the seasons 1997, 2003, 2006 and 2009 (Figure 16). Average dried grape yields across the region ranged from 3.6 to 6.0 dried tonnes per ha, based on intake tonnages and SunRISE crop mapping (Figure 32). Table grape production was estimated based on average yields of 20 kg/vine from 1,200 vines/ha. The greatest increase in production between 1997 and 2014 was in mid- to late-season red grape varieties; an estimated increase of 59,534 tonnes (Figure 45). There was a significant decrease in mid-season white table grape production estimated at 22,817 tonnes between 1997 and 2014.

Prices Prices for wine grapes purchased from the Murray Valley decreased by 59% for red grape varieties and by 33% for white grape varieties between 1997 and 2014 (Figure 18). The weighted average price for dried grapes increased from $1,431 per dried tonne in 1997 to an estimated $1,700 per dried tonne in 2014 (Figure 34). Average prices returned to table grape growers from the wholesale markets increased overall by $0.20 between 1997 and 2014 (Figure 48). The greatest price increase ($0.79) was for black grapes. The price of white grapes between 1997 and 2014 fell by $0.18.

Crop value ($ million) The estimated crop value of Murray Valley wine, table and dried grapes totalled $362 million in 2014 (Figure 4). Crop value has increased by $101 million (39%) since 1997. Wine grapes accounted for 35% of the crop value of Murray Valley grapes in 2014, dried grapes 9% and table grapes 56%.

Farm gate value ($/ha) Farm gate value of wine grapes declined by 37%; from $11,300/ha in 1997 to $7,100/ha in 2014. For dried and table grapes it increased in the same period by 66% and 19% respectively (Figure 5)

Irrigation methods Murray Valley grapevines are predominantly (89%) irrigated with drippers or low level sprinklers (Figure 6). The dominant irrigation method was furrow in 1997; however this changed to drippers by 2003. In 2014 wine and dried grape plantings were predominantly drip irrigated, and table grape plantings predominantly irrigated with low level sprinklers (Figure 24, Figure 38 and Figure 53).

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Rootstocks The proportion of Murray Valley grape plantings on a rootstock increased from 30% in 1997 to 71% in 2014 (page 20). The dominant rootstocks are Ramsey (33% of grape plantings), Schwarzmann (13%) and Paulsen 1103 (10%) (Figure 7). 67% of wine grape plantings are on a rootstock (Figure 25), 69% of dried grape plantings are on a rootstock (Figure 39) and 81% of table grape plantings are on a rootstock (Figure 54).

Grower numbers and property size From 1997 to 2014 grower numbers declined from an estimated 2,445 to 1,277 properties, while average property size (grapevine area) increased by 119%, from 11.1 ha to 24.3 ha per property (Figure 8).

In 2014, 24% of grape properties were over 20 ha, growing 75% of grape plantings (Figure 9). 31% of properties growing wine grapes also produce table and/or dried grapes (page 38). 43% of properties growing dried grapes also produce wine and/or table grapes (page 50). 25% of properties growing table grapes also produce wine and/or dried grapes (page 64).

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2. Introduction Mildura Development Corporation has a vision of “Our Region. Our Prosperity.” To achieve this, it is important that we maintain a detailed understanding of the horticultural commodities that provide a significant contribution to the prosperity of the region. To that end, Mildura Development Corporation’s 2013-16 Strategic Plan includes a goal to facilitate regional innovation and business development, which we do by working with industry and business to facilitate growth in our region, making economic and statistical research on the region available, identifying investment opportunities through proactive research, assisting in building vibrant and sustainable communities by making such research accessible, and supporting innovative alliances to encourage business development. Grape industries in the Lower Murray Darling have experienced fluctuating conditions in the recent decade (wine glut, drought, abnormal climatic events, low water allocations, rocketing of temporary water prices, flooding, water buyback and exit grants, a high Australian dollar, and opening of markets in China). Significant changes in planting areas, varieties, water use, rootstocks, property numbers and size, and irrigation methods are evident across the region’s horticulture (Mallee CMA 2012 Crop Report and 2012 Irrigated Horticulture of the Lower MurrayDarling (SunRISE 21, 2012)). With 31,085 hectares of grapevines planted in the region and a further 10,000 hectares of vacant, irrigable land that has the potential to be brought back into production, it is critical to collate accurate and comparative information for sound investment and planning decisions, to assist new investors coming into the region and existing growers transitioning between wine, table and dried viticulture, or diversifying to other crop types. In particular, a focus on varietal mix and tonnage projections, based on current and potential plantings, was required to inform industries’ planning and marketing strategies. In 2014 the Mildura Development Corporation in collaboration with Regional Development Victoria and the three grape industry bodies, contracted SunRISE Mapping and Research to conduct an industry position analysis of grape crops across the three industry sectors in the Lower Murray Darling region of Victoria and New South Wales. The analysis is based on SunRISE crop databases (1997 to 2014) obtained from mapping of irrigated crops utilising orthophoto imagery (scale accurate, digital, aerial photography), grower input and industry collaboration.

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2.1 Study area This report covers grapevine plantings in the Lower Murray Darling region of Victoria and New South Wales (Figure 1). The study area is referred to as the ‘Murray Valley’ in this report. It encompasses the Murray Darling and Swan Hill wine regions as well as plantings along the Darling River upstream to Menindee. Figure 1:

Map of the study area

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2.2 Project background and consultant’s brief Irrigated horticulture in the Lower Murray Darling is recovering from a decade of extreme conditions. New export market opportunities are fuelling confidence in the industry, with redevelopment and new investment occurring across different irrigated commodities, and rapid expansion particularly in table grape varieties. Accurate and detailed industry data is required to inform investment and redevelopment. With the promise of modernised irrigation delivery in the Older Irrigated Areas of Merbein, Mildura and Red Cliffs, this information will be critical to redevelopment and new investment in viticulture. The launch of the National Food Plan and its focus on Asia, will also deliver new investment into horticultural production as markets grow into the next decade. Changes to plantings in each industry (investments, redevelopment) will underlie the economic success of each industry. Clarity on plantings is required to inform decision making, paramount to a sustainable recovery, avoidance of another ‘boom and bust’ scenario, and sustainable growth within each industry. Significant changes in planting areas, varieties, water use, rootstocks, property numbers and size, and irrigation methods are already evident across the region’s horticulture (Mallee CMA 2012 Crop Report and 2012 Irrigated Horticulture of the Lower Murray-Darling (SunRISE 21, 2012)) although those Crop Reports did not provide analysis to the grape variety level. Similarly, data on grape plantings from the state government, industry bodies and ABS census data are not available to the variety level. Each of the Murray Darling grape industry sectors has conducted their own analyses, but not using consistent types or sources of information. This report represents the first coordinated analysis of data to the grape variety level, including irrigation and cultural management details. The SunRISE crop database includes planting details from 1997 to 2014. The crop mapping provides accurate areas as it is based on a time series of high resolution orthophoto imagery (scale accurate, digital, aerial photography). Crop details, such as crop type, area and irrigation method, are derived from input from irrigators, field surveys and visual interpretation of the imagery. The analysis encompasses grape plantings in the lower Murray-Darling region of Victoria and New South Wales (Figure 1). The region is referred to as the ‘Murray Valley’ in this report. 2014 planting data is compared in this report with data from 1997, 2003, 2006 and 2009.

The Brief SunRISE Mapping and Research was contracted to collect, collate and report on: 1. grape variety data in collaboration with dried, wine and table grape growers and industry groups, with at least 80% of each industry surveyed to the variety level 2. changes in plantings between 1997 and 2014, by variety, property numbers & size, vine ages, irrigation methods, rootstocks and new plantings for each of the three industries (wine, table & dried) 3. average production and crop (farm gate) values 4. production projections for dominant varieties, and by seasonality for table grapes

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3. Data sources and method 3.1 SunRISE crop data acquisition and accuracy SunRISE crop mapping SunRISE crop mapping is based on high resolution orthophoto imagery (i.e. scale accurate digital imagery processed from aerial photography) which has been updated every three years since 1997. The scale accurate imagery provides accurate areas. Crop database details such as ownership, crop type, variety, rootstock, irrigation method and year planted are acquired by a combination of: •

Interpretation of orthophoto imagery and field surveys

•

Preparation of property crop maps for Sunbeam Foods contracted growers

•

Preparation of property crop maps for Australia Premium Dried Fruits contracted growers

•

Preparation of property crop maps for table grape export registration

•

Public domain real estate sales information

•

Preparation of property maps for growers for property planning and management; irrigation design, soil surveys, quality assurance, redevelopment.

65% of the Murray Valley’s 1,277 grape growers have had input to the databases within the last three years. 90% of growers have been surveyed since inception of the mapping system in 1997. The imagery is used to identify changes to crops. When a change in planting is identified from the imagery the crop variety is recorded as ‘not surveyed’ and the approximate year of change recorded. Hence, crop details for growers who have not been surveyed recently will have crop variety details recorded for plantings that don’t appear to have changed since the survey and ‘not surveyed’ recorded for plantings that appear to have changed since the survey. When details are received for crops previously ‘not surveyed’ the earlier databases are back filled where relevant.

Orthophoto imagery Information presented in this report is for the years 1997, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2014. The orthophoto imagery used as a map base for each of these years was captured at the start of the year. Hence the information represents the 1996-97, 2002-03, 2005-06, 2008-09 and 2013-14 irrigation seasons respectively. The imagery is high resolution, generally 35cm or 30cm pixels. Every crop patch is checked against the imagery time series to ensure changes are correctly recorded. The imagery from 1997 to 2009 is the property of SunRISE Mapping and was acquired in collaboration with regional agencies. 2013 and 2014 imagery was sourced from Google Earth and from NearMap via a web portal.

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3.2 Source of crop production and crop prices data Wine grapes Wine grape production and price data was sourced from public domain data: •

Murray Valley Winegrape Utilisation Survey 1997 (Agriculture Victoria, 1997)

•

Murray Valley Winegrape Utilisation Survey 2003 (Department of Primary Industries, 2003),

•

Australian Regional Wine Grape Crush Survey Murray Darling, Swan Hill 2006 (Department of Primary Industries, 2006),

•

Wine Grape Crush Survey Murray Darling / Swan Hill 2009 (Department of Primary Industries, 2009)

•

Wine Grape Crush Report Murray Darling Swan Hill 2014 (Hickey & Hengsen, 2014)

Dried grapes Dried grape production and price data was sourced from Sunbeam Foods, and from Horticulture Australia via Dried Fruits Australia.

Table grapes Table grape production was estimated based on an assumption of 1,200 vines per hectare yielding an average of 2 boxes per vine in full production (i.e. 2,400 boxes per hectare or 970 boxes per acre). Table grape prices were sourced from Ausmarket Consultants (2014) based on average prices ($/box): •

for each grape variety

•

for grapes sourced from the Murray Valley (Victoria and NSW)

•

for grapes sent to Sydney and Melbourne markets in the months January to April inclusive, for the years 1997, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2014

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3.3 Limitations Extrapolation of SunRISE crop data Information on grape varieties, irrigation methods, rootstocks and property ownership are derived from analyses of the SunRISE crop databases and extrapolation for unknown (‘not surveyed’) records. At least 80% of crop varieties are recorded for each year (1997, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2014) with the exception of: •

2014 non-bearing wine grape varieties where only 25% of non-bearing varieties are recorded. The 2014 non-bearing wine grape varieties have not been extrapolated (Figure 12, Figure 14, Figure 13 and Figure 15).

•

2014 non-bearing table grape varieties where only 62% of non-bearing varieties are recorded. The 2014 non-bearing table grape varieties were still extrapolated (Figure 43).

At least 70% of crop rootstocks are recorded for each year (1997, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2014) with the exception of: •

2009 and 2014 table grape plantings where only 63% and 54% respectively of rootstocks are recorded. The 2009 and 2014 table grape rootstock data was still extrapolated (Figure 54).

Areas and varieties of non-bearing plantings (less than three years old) are provided however the areas are likely to be under-stated as not all new and redeveloped plantings will have been recorded. SunRISE relies on visual identification of changes to plantings from the imagery and from information provided by growers.

Multi use varieties Total areas (hectares) of grapevine plantings for each year in this report are accurate as they are mapped from scale accurate high resolution imagery. However, the area split for multi-use varieties, such as Gordo and Sultana, between the three markets (wine, table and dried) can be subject to error. Given that there are large areas of multi-use varieties their influence on total wine/dried/table areas can be significant. Without direct input from a grower on the market for their produce in a given season, SunRISE uses the history of the growers produce types, trellising details, crop prices etc. to assess the likely market that the fruit was consigned to. Also, the imagery provides visual clues as to produce type; such as white plastic covers over table grapes, smaller canopy on wine grape plantings and the patterning of canopy on a Shaw trellis for drying is often distinct.

Area harvested versus area planted Areas (hectares) stated in this report are the areas planted, not the area harvested. No attempt has been made to determine the proportion of crop not harvested in each of the seasons presented. Production and crop value estimates are based on all bearing plantings having been harvested, whereas this is not necessarily the case.

Property numbers Property numbers are estimates only. In the SunRISE crop databases a ‘property’ is a corporate entity or family business where the family business can encompass multiple farms and family members. However, ‘property’ names are entered into the crop database as specified by growers and they may represent individual family members rather than the family company. This would suggest that property numbers are over stated in the analysis. SunRISE Mapping & Research

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4. Murray Valley grape plantings 1997 to 2014 4.1 Change in wine, table & dried plantings 1997 to 2014 Figure 2 summarises bearing and non-bearing hectares of wine, table and dried grape plantings across the Murray Valley from 1997 to 2014. • New plantings and redevelopment in the vineyard has slowed considerably since 1997. While 22% of plantings were non-bearing in 1997, only 8% were non-bearing in 2014. •

The largest area of non-bearing plantings in 2014 was table grape plantings (1,670 hectares).

•

There were 4,400 hectares of non-bearing wine grape plantings in 2006, despite falling grape prices; however the ensuing years of continued oversupply, low prices, drought and low water allocations saw non-bearing wine grape plantings decline to just 530 hectares by 2014. Nonbearing wine grape plantings in 2014 are predominantly on large corporate holdings.

•

The large area (1,135 hectares) of non-bearing dried grape plantings in 2003 is mostly Sultana, Sunmuscat and Carina plantings coinciding with the removal of over 2,000 hectares of old Sultana plantings between 1997 and 2003. Possibly income generated from the wine grape boom assisted redevelopment of dried grape plantings along with conversion to trellis drying.

Figure 2:

Hectares of wine, table and dried grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

40,000 35,000 Wine non-bearing

hectares

30,000

Wine bearing

25,000

Table non-bearing

20,000

Table bearing 15,000

Dried non-bearing

10,000

Dried bearing

5,000 0 Grapes Wine

1997

2003

2006

2009

% of 2014 Change (ha) total 1997-2014 18,220 59% +9,130

2014

Bearing

9,090

17,260

19,400

19,805

Non-bearing

4,640

4,430

4,400

2,120

530

2%

-4,110

4,630

5,840

6,465

6,225

7,085

23%

+2,455

910

1,845

1,575

1,095

1,670

5%

+760

7,520

4,995

4,835

3,455

3,360

11%

-4,160

430

1,135

400

185

220

1%

-210

27,220

35,505

37,075

32,885

31,085

100%

+3,865

% Bearing

78%

79%

83%

90%

92%

% Non-bearing

22%

21%

17%

10%

8%

Table Bearing Non-bearing Dried Bearing Non-bearing Total hectares

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4.2 Summary of grape varieties 1997 to 2014 Figure 3 lists the main grape varieties grown in the Murray Valley region and the change in hectares from 1997 to 2014. Significant changes in this period were: •

The area of Sultana/Thompson Seedless plantings decreased by 10,289 hectares. (Over 12,290 hectares of Sultanas were removed as there was at least 2,000 hectares of new Sultana plantings between 1997 and 2014)

•

The area of Crimson Seedless increased by 3,329 hectares

•

52% of plantings in 2014 comprised four varieties; Chardonnay (5,145 ha), Sultana/Thompson Seedless (4,159 ha), Shiraz (3,576 ha) and Crimson Seedless (3,377 ha)

Figure 3:

Dried

Multiuse

Table black Table red Table Table

Wine red

Wine white

Wine

Summary of changes in grape varieties and areas (hectares) from 1997 to 2014 Variety

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

Other dried Black Muscat Carina Flame Seedless Gordo Menindee Seedless Merbein Seedless Sultana/Thompson Sunmuscat Waltham Zante Autumn Royal Other black Crimson Seedless Other red Ralli Seedless Red Globe Other white 1 PBR varieties Cab. Sauvignon Merlot Other red Pinot Noir Ruby Cabernet Shiraz Chardonnay Colombard Other white Pinot Grigio/Gris Sauvignon Blanc Semillon Not surveyed

3 18 251 171 1,551 905 49 14,448 17 282 390 0 88 48 309 38 842 350 4 1,077 379 172 12 255 1,287 3,031 446 352 0 99 346 -

10 22 285 170 1,262 1,326 36 10,179 364 144 205 13 66 808 231 112 1,513 400 15 3,463 1,900 565 136 571 3,749 5,784 1,050 454 38 155 480 -

35 16 413 152 1,291 1,266 33 7,499 442 102 136 243 77 1,259 297 122 1,496 585 52 3,295 2,104 564 209 444 4,280 7,439 1,046 559 570 513 535 -

36 14 357 113 1,306 1,074 24 4,660 480 48 35 348 68 1,889 68 109 1,271 263 142 2,990 1,907 595 284 326 4,089 6,414 1,017 704 827 892 534 -

124 15 363 173 1,004 915 15 4,159 606 34 26 354 55 3,377 30 210 1,042 151 597 2,629 1,664 560 292 225 3,576 5,145 660 566 808 836 476 397

Total hectares

27,220

35,505

37,075

32,885

31,085

% of Change 2014 1997-2014 0% +121 0% -4 1% +112 1% +3 3% -547 3% +10 0% -34 13% -10,289 2% +589 0% -249 0% -364 1% +354 0% -33 11% +3,329 0% -279 1% +171 3% +200 0% -198 2% +593 8% +1,553 5% +1,285 2% +388 1% +280 1% -30 12% +2,290 17% +2,114 2% +214 2% +214 3% +808 3% +737 2% +129 1% +397 100%

+3,865

1

PBR (Plant Breeders’ Rights) in this table refers to proprietary varieties only recently, or still waiting to be, granted plant variety rights

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4.3 Value of grape production in the Murray Valley Figure 4 summarises crop values for wine grapes (Figure 22), dried grapes (Figure 36) and table grapes (Figure 51) and provides an estimate of the total value of the grape industry in the Murray Valley region from 1997 to 2014.

Crop value of Murray Valley grape production increased by 39% ($101 million); from $261 million in 1997 to $362 million in 2014. Wine grapes account for 35% of the 2014 Murray Valley grape crop value, dried grape fruit 9% and table grapes 56%.

Figure 4:

Crop value ($ million) of Murray Valley wine, table and dried grapes 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

$143

$183

2009

2014

$180

$202

Value of grapes ($ million dollars)

$400

$300

$200

$117

Total dried

$25 $36

$100

$30

$31

$155

$139

$129

2006

2009

2014

$41 $184

Total table

$103

Total wine

$0

White wine

$79.8

$101.6

$87.1

$72.3

$70.3

% of 2014 total 19%

Red wine

$23.0

$82.4

$68.3

$66.3

$59.0

16%

$102.7

$184.0

$155.3

$138.6

$129.4

$33.3

$18.2

$27.9

$21.9

$18.8

5%

- $14.5

-

$1.2

$2.3

$2.9

$5.5

2%

+ $4.3

Raisins

$3.4

$2.2

$2.1

$2.0

$1.9

1%

- $1.5

Currants

$4.5

$3.8

$3.4

$3.5

$4.2

1%

- $0.3

-

$0.1

$0.1

$0.0

$0.1

0%

+ 0.0

Total dried value

$41.2

$25.4

$35.9

$30.4

$30.6

White table

$90.6

$94.6

$98.8

$73.6

$58.6

16%

- $32.0

Red table

$25.0

$46.8

$81.3

$94.3

$123.2

34%

+ $98.2

Black table

$1.7

$2.0

$2.4

$12.3

$20.3

6%

+ $18.6

$117.3

$143.3

$182.5

$180.3

$202.1

$261

$353

$374

$349

$362

Grapes

Total wine value Sultanas

1997

Sunmuscat

Other

Total table value Murray Valley income ($ million)

SunRISE Mapping & Research

2003

Grape Industry Analysis

Change 1997-2014 - $9.4 + $36.1 + $26.6

- $10.6

+ $84.8 100%

+ $101

Page 17 of 65

4.4 Farm gate value of wine, table and dried grapes Figure 5 shows the change in farm gate value of wine, dried and table grapes from 1997 to 2014. (Values are summarised from Figure 23, Figure 37 and Figure 52 respectively.) Farm gate value ($/hectare) represents the gross return to growers before deducting costs of production. Costs of production are not considered in this analysis (and are not a part of the project brief), but they vary for wine, dried and table grape production and vary over time having a significant impact on net income. For instance, while farm gate value of table grapes is much higher than wine and dried grapes, table grapes have considerably higher production costs impacting on net income. Information on costs of production can be sourced from relevant industry groups.

Farm gate value of wine grapes declined by 37%; from $11,300 per hectare in 1997 to $7,100 per hectare in 2014. Farm gate values of sultanas, sunmuscats, raisins and currants increased between 1997 and 2014, with a 66% increase overall for dried grapes. Farm gate value of white table grapes decreased in the same period by 17%, but red and black table grapes increased by 31% and 88% respectively.

Figure 5:

Farm gate value (weighted average $/hectare) of wine, dried and table grapes

WINE

Grapes

2003

2006

2009

2014

$10,127

$12,257

$9,058

$7,089

$7,528

-26%

-$2,599

$18,917

$9,180

$6,975

$6,901

$6,650

-65%

-$12,267

$11,300

$10,658

$8,007

$6,998

$7,100

-37%

- 4,200

$5,031

$4,269

$7,150

$8,749

$8,300

+65%

+$3,269

-

$8,289

$6,469

$6,882

$10,313

+24%

+$2,024

Raisins

$8,048

$8,677

$11,172

$11,709

$10,877

+35%

+$2,829

Currants

$9,867

$11,171

$9,301

$10,033

$11,326

+15%

+$1,460

-

$7,046

$6,782

$14,676

$14,924

+112%

+$7,878

$5,479

$5,076

$7,422

$8,802

$9,104

+66%

+$3,625

White table

$25,409

$27,318

$24,468

$20,145

$21,112

-17%

-$4,246

Red table

$25,506

$26,304

$31,359

$36,533

$33,295

+31%

+$8,224

Black table

$21,474

$26,659

$30,577

$33,624

$40,396

+88%

+$18,180

$24,657

$26,728

$28,859

$31,625

$29,425

+19%

+$4,768

White wine

Red wine $/hectare wine grapes

DRIED

Sultanas Sunmuscat

Other dried $/hectare dried grapes TABLE

Change 1997-2014 % $/ha

1997

$/hectare table grapes

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 18 of 65

4.5 Change in irrigation methods 1997 to 2014 Figure 6 summarises irrigation methods for grapevines across the Murray Valley from 1997 to 2014. The dominant irrigation method changed from furrow irrigation to drip irrigation between 1997 and 2003. 89% of grapevines are irrigated with drippers or low-level sprinklers.

Figure 6:

Change in irrigation methods for Murray Valley grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

40,000

Hectares

30,000

Drip Low level

20,000

Overhead Furrow

10,000 0 Irrigation method

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

% of 2014 total

Change (ha) 1997-2014

Drip

3,880

11,885

16,515

19,950

21,420

69%

+17,540

Low level

3,890

7,510

7,860

6,765

6,245

20%

+2,355

Overhead

8,450

9,715

8,495

4,625

2,600

8%

-5,850

Furrow

11,000

6,395

4,205

1,545

820

3%

-10,180

Total (ha)

27,220

35,505

37,075

32,885

31,085

100%

+3,865

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 19 of 65

4.6 Change in rootstocks 1997 to 2014 Figure 7 lists rootstocks of grapevine plantings in the Murray Valley study area and shows the proportion of plantings that are not on a rootstock (29% in 2014). Plantings not on a rootstock are either on their own roots or have been top-worked on to the roots of the previous variety. The proportion of plantings on a rootstock increased from 30% in 1997 to 71% in 2014. The dominant rootstocks are Ramsey (33%), Schwarzmann (13%) and Paulsen 1103 (10% of plantings).

Figure 7:

Change in rootstocks of grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

40,000 35,000

hectares

30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0

2

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

Not on rootstock Dog Ridge Harmony Kober 5BB K51-32 K51-40 101-14 Paulsen 1103 Ramsey Richter 99,110 Ruggeri 140 Schwarzmann SO4 Teleki 5A,5C 2 Other rootstocks

19,188 176 299 9 51 127 25 40 4,943 14 229 1,571 31 486 32

17,428 433 301 242 119 271 128 1,083 9,368 59 1,144 3,902 57 918 50

14,667 547 274 300 121 286 260 2,362 11,070 59 1,632 4,357 80 1,004 57

10,784 596 208 344 98 263 276 2,678 10,620 90 1,606 4,208 78 979 56

8,983 689 196 355 87 193 304 3,228 10,139 98 1,721 4,000 70 976 46

Total hectares

27,220

35,505

37,075

32,885

31,085

% No rootstock

70%

49%

40%

33%

29%

% on a rootstock

30%

51%

60%

67%

71%

Other rootstock Teleki 5A,5C SO4 Schwarzmann Ruggeri 140 Richter 99,110 Ramsey Paulsen 1103 101-14 K51-40 K51-32 Kober 5BB Harmony Dog Ridge Not on rootstock % of 2014 Change total 1997-2014 29% -10,205 2% +513 1% -104 1% +346 0% +37 1% +66 1% +279 10% +3,187 33% +5,195 0% +84 6% +1,493 13% +2,429 0% +39 3% +490 0% +14 100%

+3,865

Other rootstocks: 34EMFoex, 3309 Couderc, Freedom, Riparia Gloire, Rupestris du Lot, Salt Creek

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 20 of 65

4.7 Change in property numbers and size 1997 to 2014 Figure 8 provides estimates of property numbers and average property size (grapevine area) across the Murray Valley study area from 1997 to 2014. • The study area has approximately 1,277 properties growing grapevines for wine, dried and/or table grape production. Average property size (grapevine area) is 24.3 hectares. •

The average property size (grapevine area) more than doubled; from 11.1 hectares in 1997 to 24.3 hectares in 2014.

•

There were 1,168 fewer grape growing properties in 2014 than in 1997; a 48% decline in property numbers.

•

The number of properties below 20 hectares decreased by 1,245 properties, while the number of properties over 20 hectares increased by 77.

Figure 8:

Change in the number and size of grape growing properties 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

2,500 Number of properties

> 500 ha 2,000

640

100 to 500 ha

629 551

1,500 1,000

887

50 to 100 ha 20 to 50 ha

379

792

705 510

500 688

667

626

498

2006

2009

0 Property size (grapevine area)

1997

2003

282

10 to 20 ha

366

5 to 10 ha

322

1 to 5 ha

2014

% of 2014 total

Change 1997-2014

1 to 5 ha

688

667

626

498

322

25%

-366

5 to 10 ha

887

792

705

510

366

29%

-521

10 to 20 ha

640

629

551

379

282

22%

-358

20 to 40 ha

182

229

214

186

188

15%

+6

40 to 100 ha

38

59

65

62

75

6%

+37

100 to 500 ha

10

39

42

42

38

3%

+28

1

5

6

6

0%

+6

100%

-1,168

> 500 ha Total properties

2,445

2,416

2,208

1,683

1,277

Average size (ha)

11.1

14.7

16.8

19.5

24.3

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 21 of 65

4.7.1 Grape growing properties in 2014 In 2014, 24% of grape properties were over 20 ha, growing 75% of grape plantings (Figure 9).

Figure 9:

Grape growing properties in 2014 Property size (grape area) 1 to 5 ha 5 to 10 ha 10 to 20 ha 20 to 40 ha 40 to 100 ha 100 to 500 ha

2014 Properties 322 366 282 188 75 38

% of total properties 25% 29% 22% 15% 6% 3%

2014 Hectares 995 2,620 4,005 5,800 5,110 8,145

% of total hectares 3% 8% 13% 19% 16% 26%

6

0%

4,410

14%

1,277

100%

31,085

100%

> 500 ha 2014 total

31% of properties growing wine grapes also produce table and/or dried grapes (page 38). 43% of properties growing dried grapes also produce wine and/or table grapes (page 50). 25% of properties growing table grapes also produce wine and/or dried grapes (page 64).

4.7.2 Summary of wine, table & dried property numbers and size Figure 10:

Summary of wine, table and dried grape property numbers and average property size

Property numbers

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

% of 2014 Change total 1997-2014

Wine grapes

1,414

1,509

1,362

997

667

44%

-747

Table grapes

590

667

614

512

443

30%

-147

Dried grapes

1,270

928

767

497

397

26%

-873

Total properties*

2,445

2,416

2,208

1,683

1,277

100%

-1,168

Average property size (grape ha) Properties with wine grapes Properties with table grapes Properties with dried grapes Average size (grape ha)

Change 1997-2014 % ha 13.2

17.7

20.8

25.2

32.9

+ 150%

+ 19.7

13.6

17.1

18.3

19.5

23.2

+ 71%

+ 9.6

9.9

11.1

11.6

11.7

13.6

+ 38%

+ 3.7

11.1

14.7

16.8

19.5

24.3

*Note: Total property numbers across the study area are less than the sum of property numbers for each of the wine, table and dried grape growers as many growers produce across two or more of the three markets.

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 22 of 65

5. Wine grape industry analysis 5.1 Change in wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014 5.1.1 Bearing and non-bearing plantings Wine grape plantings increased by 5,020 hectares between 1997 and 2014, largely due to the planting of red wine grape varieties between 1997 and 2003. The area of wine grape plantings peaked around 2006. In 1997, 34% of wine grape plantings were non-bearing (i.e. new plantings less than 3 years old) but by 2014, non-bearing plantings reduced to only 3%.

Figure 11:

Change in wine grape plantings (hectares) from 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

25,000 20,000 hectares

White non-bearing 15,000

White bearing Red non-bearing

10,000

Red bearing 5,000 0

2,530 7,877 2,110 1,213

2,958 8,287 1,472 8,973

3,265 9,612 1,135 9,788

1,505 10,204 615 9,601

230 9,342 300 8,878

% of 2014 total 1% 50% 2% 47%

13,730

21,690

23,800

21,925

18,750

100%

% Bearing

66%

80%

82%

90%

97%

% Non-bearing

34%

20%

18%

10%

3%

% White grapes

76%

52%

54%

53%

51%

% Red grapes

24%

48%

46%

47%

49%

Wine grapes White non-bearing White bearing Red non-bearing Red bearing Total wine grapes (ha)

1997

SunRISE Mapping & Research

2003

2006

2009

Grape Industry Analysis

2014

Change 1997-2014 -2,300 +1,465 -1,810 +7,665 +5,020

Page 23 of 65

5.1.2 Hectares of bearing and non-bearing white wine grapes Figure 12 shows the area (hectares) of bearing and non-bearing (less than three years old) white wine grape varieties from 1997 to 2014. Planting of white wine grape varieties has slowed considerably since 1997. Only 2% (230 ha) of white wine grape plantings were non-bearing in 2014, compared with 24% (2,530 ha) in 1997.

Figure 12:

Hectares of bearing and non-bearing white wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014

WHITE wine grapes

Variety Chardonnay Chenin Blanc Colombard Crouchen Doradillo Fiano Frontignac Gordo Muscat Canada Muscat other 3 Other white Pinot Grigio/Gris Riesling Sauvignon Blanc Semillon Sultana Traminer Verdelho Vermentino Viognier Waltham Not surveyed*

1997 (ha) 2003 (ha) 2006 (ha) 2009 (ha) 2014 (ha) NonNonNonNonNonbearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing 1,228 1,802 3,635 2,149 5,608 1,831 6,278 136 5,142 3 42 2 49 1 40 0 34 0 12 341 105 734 315 995 51 890 127 660 24 0 37 6 42 5 41 5 45 61 1 26 0 11 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 23 11 0 1 0 2 9 9 0 14 1,166 114 869 216 875 229 805 340 832 18 25 1 11 0 8 22 22 35 52 26 4 46 2 48 0 44 93 126 6 22 0 9 3 8 3 7 2 4 5 0 0 0 38 37 532 574 253 801 6 130 0 112 5 109 45 120 5 82 67 31 125 30 145 368 485 407 826 10 22 325 446 34 436 99 499 35 470 5 4,652 145 2,094 86 1,092 4 174 0 58 5 0 1 12 12 0 12 0 12 1 0 63 4 67 0 67 16 60 4 0 0 2 2 4 0 5 16 24 0 1 10 55 62 68 127 11 97 52 0 18 0 11 0 3 0 1 172

Total white hectares

7,877

2,530

8,287

2,958

9,612

3,265

10,204

1,505

9,342

230

% bearing/non-bearing

76%

24%

74%

26%

75%

25%

87%

13%

98%

2%

*Not surveyed: 75% (172 hectares) of non-bearing white wine grape varieties are unrecorded for 2014; hence 2014 non-bearing areas have not been extrapolated. All other figures have been extrapolated with over 80% of varieties recorded.

3

Other white wine varieties include: Arneis, Flora, Italia, other Italian varieties, Malvasia, Palomino, Prosecco, Savignin, Taminga, Tokay Friulilo and Verdejo. SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 24 of 65

5.1.3 Hectares of bearing and non-bearing red wine grapes Figure 13 shows the area (hectares) of bearing and non-bearing (less than three years old) red wine grape varieties from 1997 to 2014. Planting of red wine grape varieties has slowed considerably since 1997. Only 3% (300 ha) of red wine grape plantings were non-bearing in 2014, compared with 63% (2,110 ha) in 1997.

Figure 13:

Hectares of bearing and non-bearing red wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014

RED wine grapes

Variety Black Muscat Cab. Sauvignon Carina, Zante Chambourcin Cienna Dolcetto Durif Graciano Grenache Malbec Mataro Merlot Montepulciano Nebbiolo Negro Amaro Nero d'Avola 4 Other red Petit Verdot Pinot Noir Red Frontignac Rubired Ruby Cabernet Sagrantino Sangiovese Shiraz Tarrango Tempranillo Not surveyed*

Total red (ha) % Bearing/non-bearing

1997 (ha) 2003 (ha) 2006 (ha) 2009 (ha) 2014 (ha) NonNonNonNonNonbearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing 10 0 7 6 8 0 5 0 6 349 727 3,203 260 3,255 40 2,868 122 2,594 35 123 8 48 0 16 2 20 0 1 9 3 9 0 5 0 5 0 3 0 0 0 30 29 18 47 0 43 0 0 8 4 12 0 12 0 5 0 0 2 12 15 9 24 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 81 5 52 18 53 8 46 0 36 2 0 11 0 11 5 12 0 17 12 19 2 21 36 49 2 40 0 31 80 299 1,658 242 1,833 271 1,896 11 1,657 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 15 0 0 7 4 11 0 8 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 12 4 7 1 4 7 10 3 11 5 14 0 0 63 110 159 0 139 45 162 6 6 69 66 135 74 207 77 292 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 21 0 17 0 0 0 0 8 7 12 140 114 529 43 438 6 326 0 225 1 0 1 0 1 4 4 0 7 1 2 69 44 89 7 76 0 68 345 942 3,179 569 3,630 651 3,817 272 3,570 6 19 0 15 12 21 9 4 0 4 0 0 0 9 9 25 34 33 57 225 1,213

2,110

8,973

1,472

9,788

1,135

9,601

615

8,878

300

37%

63%

86%

14%

90%

10%

94%

6%

97%

3%

*Not surveyed: 75% (225 hectares) of non-bearing red wine grape varieties are unrecorded for 2014; hence these figures have not been extrapolated. All other figures have been extrapolated with over 80% of varieties recorded.

4

Other red varieties includes; Barbera, Cabernet Franc, Gamay, Italian varieties, Lagrein, Lambrusco Maestri, Tannat, Touriga and Zinfandal SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 25 of 65

5.1.4 White wine grape varieties Figure 14 shows the total area (bearing plus non-bearing hectares (Figure 12)) of white wine grape varieties and change from 1997 to 2014. The dominant white wine varieties Chardonnay (54%), Gordo (9%), Sauvignon Blanc (9%), Pinot Grigio (8%), Colombard (7%) and Semillon (5%) make up 92% of the 2014 planted area of white wine grapes. White wine grape plantings decreased by 835 hectares between 1997 and 2014.

Figure 14:

Area (hectares) planted to white wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014

3,031 44 446 24 63 11 1,280 25 30 23 130 99 346 4,797 5 1 1 52 -

5,784 50 1,050 43 26 2 1,084 11 48 12 38 116 155 480 2,180 12 67 4 65 18 -

7,439 40 1,046 47 11 10 1,104 30 48 11 570 154 513 535 1,096 12 67 5 129 11 -

6,414 34 1,017 47 7 23 9 1,145 58 137 9 827 126 892 534 174 12 83 21 138 3 -

5,145 12 660 45 2 23 14 850 52 132 9 808 82 836 476 58 12 64 24 97 1 172

% of 2014 total white 54% 0% 7% 0% 0% 0% 0% 9% 1% 1% 0% 8% 1% 9% 5% 1% 0% 1% 0% 1% 0% 2%

10,407

11,246

12,877

11,709

9,572

100%

% Bearing

76%

74%

75%

87%

98%

% Non-bearing

24%

26%

25%

13%

2%

WHITE wine grapes

Variety

1997

Chardonnay Chenin Blanc Colombard Crouchen Doradillo Fiano Frontignac Gordo Muscat Canada Muscat other 5 Other white Pinot Grigio / Gris Riesling Sauvignon Blanc Semillon Sultana Traminer Verdelho Vermentino Viognier Waltham

Not surveyed Total white (ha)

2003

2006

2009

2014

Change 1997-2014 +2,114 -32 +214 +21 -61 +23 +3 -429 +26 +102 -14 +808 -49 +737 +129 -4,739 +7 +62 +24 +97 -51 +172 -835

5

Other white wine varieties include: Arneis, Flora, Italia, other Italian varieties, Malvasia, Palomino, Prosecco, Savignin, Taminga, Tokay Friulilo and Verdejo. SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 26 of 65

5.1.5 Red wine grape varieties Figure 15 shows the total area (bearing and non-bearing hectares (Figure 13)) of red wine grape varieties and change from 1997 to 2014. The dominant red wine varieties Shiraz (39%), Cabernet Sauvignon (29%) and Merlot (18%) make up 86% of the 2014 planted area of red wine grapes. Red wine grape plantings increased by 5,855 hectares between 1997 and 2014.

Figure 15:

Area (hectares) planted to red wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014

10 1,077 132 12 86 2 20 379 8 0 12 21 255 1 3 1,287 19 -

13 3,463 48 9 30 12 15 71 11 57 1,900 11 11 173 136 17 571 1 113 3,749 26 9 -

8 3,295 18 5 47 12 24 61 15 52 2,104 11 13 159 209 0 444 5 97 4,280 30 34 -

5 2,990 20 5 47 12 24 8 46 12 40 1,907 7 8 9 10 17 183 284 8 8 326 4 76 4,089 4 66 -

6 2,629 1 3 43 5 19 8 36 29 31 1,664 15 8 9 16 14 162 292 8 19 225 7 68 3,576 4 57 225

% of 2014 total 0% 29% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 18% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 3% 0% 0% 2% 0% 1% 39% 0% 1% 2%

3,323

10,444

10,923

10,216

9,178

100%

% Bearing

37%

86%

90%

94%

97%

% Non-bearing

63%

14%

10%

6%

3%

RED wine grapes

Variety Black Muscat Cabernet Sauvignon Carina, Zante Chambourcin Cienna Dolcetto Durif Graciano Grenache Malbec Mataro Merlot Montepulciano Nebbiolo Negro Amaro Nero d'Avola 6 Other red Petit Verdot Pinot Noir Red Frontignac Rubired Ruby Cabernet Sagrantino Sangiovese Shiraz Tarrango Tempranillo Not surveyed

Total red (ha)

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

Change 1997-2014 -4 +1,553 -130 -9 +43 +5 +19 +8 -51 +27 +10 +1,285 +15 +8 +9 +16 +6 +162 +280 +8 -2 -30 +7 +65 +2,290 -16 +57 +225 +5,855

6

Other red varieties includes; Barbera, Cabernet Franc, Gamay, Italian varieties, Lagrein, Lambrusco Maestri, Tannat, Touriga and Zinfandal SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 27 of 65

5.2 Wine grape production 1997 to 2014 Estimates of wine grape yields (tonnes/hectare) in the Murray Valley study area were derived by dividing tonnages reported in annual Wine Grape Crush Surveys7 by hectares of bearing vines from SunRISE crop mapping (Figure 12 and Figure 13). The average yield in 2014 across all varieties was 23 tonnes/ha, and ranged from 18 to 23 tonnes/ha in the seasons 1997, 2003, 2006 and 2009 (Figure 16). The yield averages are slightly higher than those reported previously (19 tonnes/ha; Martin, Dunn, & Krstic (2007), or 20 tonnes/ha (range 5 to 43 tonnes/ha); Retallack (2012)). Note that the average yields in Figure 16 are derived from bearing plantings across corporate, contracted and uncontracted vineyards. The estimate assumes that: •

All bearing vines were harvested; whereas each season some crop is not harvested due to being uncontracted or damaged for example by drought, heat damage, flooding or moulds.

•

Vines less than three years old are not harvested (although there may be some small crop).

Note also that the Wine Grape Crush Survey may slightly over or under-represent intake in the earlier surveys because not all wineries submit their data, and some Murray Valley fruit is crushed by wineries outside the survey or wineries bring fruit in from outside the Murray Valley study area.

Figure 16:

Average yield (tonnes/hectare) from bearing wine grape plantings 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

yield (tonnes/hectare)

30 25

whites reds

20

total

15 10

Wine grapes

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

Change 1997-2014 % t/ha

White

22.9

20.7

24.5

20.8

25.3

+ 11%

+ 2.5

Red

23.3

15.7

18.4

17.0

19.9

- 15%

- 3.4

22.9

18.1

21.4

18.9

22.7

- 1%

- 0.2

Average tonnes/ha

7

Wine Grape Crush Survey data compiled and published on behalf of Murray Valley Winegrowers Inc. by Agriculture Victoria (1997), Department of Primary Industries (2003), Department of Primary Industries (2006), Department of Primary Industries (2009) and Hickey & Hengsen (2014). SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 28 of 65

5.3 Wine grape plantings yet to come into production Only 530 hectares (3%) of wine grape plantings were non-bearing in 2014 (less than three years old), and these were predominantly planted on large corporate holdings. The non-bearing plantings will come into production in 2015-2017. Figure 17 provides an indication of the tonnages (11,801 tonnes) that the 2014 non-bearing plantings will contribute once they reach full production. The tonnages are estimates based on 2014 average yields as per Figure 16. Production from the 2014 non-bearing plantings represents a 3% increase on the 2014 production (413,627 tonnes) from bearing plantings.

Figure 17:

Projected tonnage from wine grape plantings that were non-bearing in 2014 2014 Bearing (ha)

2014 Nonbearing (ha)

Production from 2014 Wine Grape Crush Report (tonnes)

Projected production from 2014 nonbearing plantings (tonnes)

White wine grapes

9,342

230

236,803

5,820

Red wine grapes

8,878

300

176,824

5,981

18,220

530 413,627

11,801

Total hectares Production estimate (tonnes)

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 29 of 65

5.4 Wine grape prices 1997 to 2014 Price ($/tonne) data presented in Figure 18 is sourced from Wine Grape Crush Reports 1997 to 2014. The prices are averages that include purchased grapes as well as winery grown grapes. Prices for wine grapes purchased from the Murray Valley decreased by 59% for red grape varieties and by 33% for white grape varieties between 1997 and 2014.

Figure 18:

Weighted average price ($/tonne) for wine grapes from the Murray Valley 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

$900 $800

price $/tonne

$700 white varieties $600 red varieties $500

all varieties.

$400 $300 $200 Wine grapes

Change 1997-2014 % $

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

White

$ 443

$ 591

$ 369

$ 341

$ 297

- 33 %

-$ 146

Red

$ 811

$ 586

$ 379

$ 407

$ 334

- 59 %

-$ 477

$ 493

$ 589

$ 373

$ 370

$ 313

- 37 %

-$ 180

Weighted average ($/tonne)

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 30 of 65

5.4.1 Average prices for white wine grape varieties Average prices ($/tonne) for white wine grapes grown in the Murray Valley (Figure 19) were collated from annual Wine Grape Crush Surveys. The weighted average price for white varieties has decreased by $146/tonne since 1997.

Figure 19:

Average prices ($/tonne) for white wine grape varieties 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

$1,100

Chardonnay Chenin Blanc Colombard Crouchen Gordo Other white Pinot Gris Riesling SauvignonBlanc Semillon Sultana Viognier Verdelho

$1,000

price $/tonne

$900 $800 $700 $600 $500 $400 $300 $200 $100

8

White varieties Chardonnay Chenin Blanc Colombard Crouchen Doradillo Fiano Frontignac Gordo Muscat 9 Other white Pinot Gris Riesling Sauvignon Blanc Semillon Sultana Traminer Verdelho Viognier Waltham Weighted average $/tonne

1997 $1,024 $431 $393 $584 $206 $88 $356

2003

2006

$867 $373 $366 $483 $258

$260

$383 $353 $1,133 $300 $687 $505 $523 $483 $309 $610 $416 $1,014 $287

$ 443

$ 591

$193 $424 $395 $528 $269 $259

$382 $337 $301 $496

2009

2014

$293 $460 $283 $444

$242 $239 $251 $414

$328 $542

$366 $694 $395 $611 $381 $456 $309 $272 $246 $274 $389

$397 $287 $279 $356 $314 $455 $481 $354 $233 $194 $209 $347 $348

$ 369

$ 341

$ 297

$350 $416 $677 $395 $502 $378 $263

% of 2014 Change crush 1997-2014 45% -$782 0% -$192 6% -$143 1% -$170 1% $397 0% $199 11% -$78 3% -$777 0% $120 14% -$232 1% $57 12% -$41 5% -$296 0% -$75 0% -$50 0% -$69 1% -$666 100%

-$ 146

8

The change is measured from 2003 if there was no intake reported for a particular variety in 1997. Other white wine varieties include: Arneis, Flora, Italia, other Italian varieties, Malvasia, Palomino, Prosecco, Savignin, Taminga, Tokay Friulilo and Verdejo 9

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 31 of 65

5.4.2 Average prices for red wine grape varieties Average prices paid for red wine grapes grown in the Murray Valley (Figure 20) were collated from annual Wine Grape Crush Reports. The weighted average price for red varieties has decreased by $477/tonne since 1997. Figure 20:

Average prices paid for red wine grape varieties ($/tonne) 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

$1,100

Cabernet Sauvignon

$1,000

Grenache Malbec

$900

Merlot

price $/tonne

$800

Other red varieties

$700

Petit Verdot $600

PinotNoir

$500

RubyCabernet

$400

Sangiovese

$300

Shiraz

$200

Tempranillo

Red varieties

1997

Cab. Sauvignon

$1,051

2003

2006

$538

$362

$328

% of 2014 crush 27%

Change 1997-2014 -$722

$576

0%

-

$453

$249

0%

-$329

$409

$360

0%

-$335

2009 $413

Cienna Grenache

$578

$447

Malbec

$695

$485

Mataro

$723

$320

$262

$238

$315

0%

-$408

$982

$596

$385

$381

$349

19%

-$633

$431

$510

$472

$321

$461

0%

+$30

$464

$321

$392

$290

2%

-$174

$509

$448

$475

$366

3%

-$315

$597

0%

-$244

Merlot Other reds

10

Petit Verdot Pinot Noir

$682

Red Frontignac Ruby Cabernet

$841 $848

Sangiovese Shiraz Tempranillo Weighted average $/tonne

$356

2014

$1,023

$ 811

$513

$270

$500

$422

2%

-$91

$494

$269

$402

$347

0%

-$147

$657

$399

$416

$323

44%

-$700

$513

$396

$460

$290

1%

-$224

$ 586

$ 379

$ 407

$ 334

100%

-$ 477

10

Other red varieties includes; Barbera, Cabernet Franc, Gamay, Italian varieties, Lagrein, Lambrusco Maestri, Tannat, Touriga and Zinfandal SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 32 of 65

5.4.3 Pricing and wine grape planting trends High prices for red wine grapes in the late 1990s coincides with a surge in planting of red wine grape varieties in the Murray Valley between 1997 and 2003. Hectares peaked in 2006 although prices were very low by 2006. Similarly, an increase in the average price for white wine grapes between 1997 and 2003 was followed by an increase in white wine grape plantings that continued to 2006. Wine grape planted areas have retracted since 2006 coinciding with stable but low average prices.

Trends in the planted hectares of Murray Valley wine grapes as prices fluctuate 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014 14,000

return ($/tonne)

12,000 10,000

$600

$591 8,000 $443 $369

$300

$341

6,000 $297

4,000 2,000

$0 $900

14,000 $811

return ($/tonne)

hectares planted (bearing and non bearing)

$900

12,000 10,000

$600

$586 8,000 $379

$407 $334

$300

6,000 4,000 2,000

$0 2006

2009

2014

White

2003

Change 19972014

Hectares

10,407

11,246

12,877

11,709

9,572

- 835 ha

Price ($/t)

$ 443

$ 591

$ 369

$ 341

$ 297

-$ 146

Red

1997

hectares planted (bearing and non bearing)

Figure 21:

Hectares

3,323

10,444

10,923

10,216

9,178

+ 5,855 ha

Price ($/t)

$ 811

$ 586

$ 379

$ 407

$ 334

-$ 477

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 33 of 65

5.5 Crop value of wine grapes 1997 to 2014 5.5.1 Regional income from wine grapes Crop values provide an indication of the (potential) contribution to regional or National income from annual production of a crop. Crop values for Murray Valley wine grapes are published in the annual Wine Grape Crush Surveys and are summarised in Figure 22.

Regional income from wine grapes increased from $103 million in 1997 to $129 million in 2014; a 26% increase.

Figure 22:

Crop value ($ million) from Murray Valley wine grape crush surveys 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

Crop value ($ million dollars)

$120 $100 $80

white varieties

$60

red varieties

$40 $20 Wine grapes

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

% of total 2014 income

Change 1997-2014

White

$79.8

$101.6

$87.1

$72.3

$70.3

54%

Red

$22.9

$82.4

$68.3

$66.3

$59.0

46%

- $9.4 + $36.17

Total ($ million)

$102.7

$184.0

$155.3

$138.6

$129.4

100%

+ $26.6

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 34 of 65

5.5.2 Farm gate value of wine grape production Figure 23 shows the change in farm gate value of wine production from 1997 to 2014. The farm gate values (return $/hectare) have been calculated using Grape Crush Survey crop values (Figure 22) and hectares of bearing wine grape plantings from SunRISE crop mapping (Figure 11). Farm gate value ($/hectare) represents the gross return to growers before deducting costs of production. Costs of production are not considered in this analysis (and are not a part of the project brief), but they vary over time and have a significant impact on net income. Costs of production from 2002 to 2011 have been reported by WGGA (2008), Retallack (2010) and Retallack (2012). Information on costs of production can also be sourced from relevant industry groups. Farm gate value of wine production has declined by 37% since 1997; from $11,300 per hectare in 1997 to $7,100 per hectare in 2014.

Figure 23:

Change in farm gate value ($/hectare) of wine grapes from 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

$20,000 farm gate value $/hectare

white varieties $15,000

red varieties

Average of red and white varieties.

$10,000

$5,000 Wine grapes

1997

2003

White

$10,127

Red $/hectare

Change 1997-2014 % $/ha

2006

2009

2014

$12,257

$9,058

$7,089

$7,528

- 26%

- $2,599

$18,917

$9,180

$6,975

$6,901

$6,650

- 65%

- $12,267

$11,300

$10,658

$8,007

$6,998

$7,100

- 37%

- $4,200

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 35 of 65

5.6 Irrigation methods for wine grape plantings Figure 24 summarises irrigation methods for wine grape plantings from 1997 to 2014. The dominant irrigation method changed from furrow irrigation to drip irrigation between 1997 and 2003. 81% of wine grape plantings are drip irrigated.

Figure 24:

Change in irrigation methods for wine grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

25,000 20,000 Hectares

Drip 15,000

Low level Overhead

10,000 Furrow 5,000 0

Irrigation method

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

% of 2014 total

Change (ha) 1997-2014

Drip

2,990

9,200

12,900

15,885

15,190

81%

+12,200

Low level

1,090

2,730

2,750

1,950

1,290

7%

+200

Overhead

6,000

7,630

6,900

3,750

2,160

12%

-3,840

Furrow

3,650

2,130

1,250

340

110

1%

-3,540

13,730

21,690

23,800

21,925

18,750

100%

+5,020

Total (ha)

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 36 of 65

5.7 Rootstocks of wine grape plantings 1997 to 2014 Figure 25 lists rootstocks of wine grape plantings in the Murray Valley study area and shows the proportion of plantings that are not on a rootstock (33% in 2014). Plantings not on a rootstock are either on their own roots or have been top worked on to the roots of the previous variety. The proportion of plantings on a rootstock increased from 37% in 1997 to 67% in 2014. The dominant rootstocks are; Ramsey (30% of plantings), Schwarzmann (12% of plantings), Paulsen 1103 (8% of plantings) and Ruggeri (7% of plantings).

Figure 25:

Change in rootstocks of wine grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

25,000

Other rootstock Teleki 5A,5C SO4 Schwarzmann Ruggeri 140 Richter 99,110 Ramsey Paulsen 1103 101-14 K51-40 K51-32 Kober Harmony Dog Ridge Not on rootstock

hectares

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0

8,697 86 149 8 31 114 23 25 2,955 11 220 1,073 31 293 15

9,817 209 140 185 99 252 125 676 5,696 56 1,062 2,740 56 548 29

9,005 293 125 232 102 269 252 1,533 6,986 55 1,337 2,913 79 589 31

7,333 342 82 269 81 249 264 1,727 6,731 69 1,425 2,682 78 568 25

6,247 318 66 248 64 172 266 1,477 5,698 75 1,362 2,206 70 464 18

% of 2014 total 33% 2% 0% 1% 0% 1% 1% 8% 30% 0% 7% 12% 0% 2% 0%

13,730

21,690

23,800

21,925

18,750

100%

% No rootstock

63%

45%

38%

33%

33%

% on a rootstock

37%

55%

62%

67%

67%

1997 Not on a rootstock Dog Ridge Harmony Kober 5BB K51-32 K51-40 101-14 Paulsen 1103 Ramsey Richter 99,110 Ruggeri 140 Schwarzmann SO4 Teleki 5A,5C Other rootstocks Total hectares

SunRISE Mapping & Research

2003

2006

2009

Grape Industry Analysis

2014

Change 1997-2014 -2,449 +232 -83 +240 +33 +57 +243 +1,452 +2,744 +63 +1,142 +1,133 +39 +171 +3 +5,020

Page 37 of 65

5.8 Wine grape property numbers and size 1997 to 2014 Figure 26 provides an estimate of the number of wine grape growers and their average property size. Property size is the total hectares of grapevines, including table and dried grape plantings.

Figure 26:

Change in property numbers and size of wine grape properties from 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

Number of properties

1,600 1,400

> 500 ha

1,200

100 to 500 ha

1,000

429

50 to 100 ha

443 394

20 to 50 ha

800 600

453

401

400 200

5 to 10 ha 295

342

354

154 172

313

234

141

2006

2009

2014

0 Property size (grape area) 1 to 5 ha 5 to 10 ha 10 to 20 ha 20 to 40 ha 40 to 100 ha 100 to 500 ha > 500 ha

10 to 20 ha

245

442

1 to 5 ha

342 453 429 147 34 9

354 442 443 182 53 34 1

313 401 394 156 56 37 5

234 295 245 133 50 34 6

141 172 154 110 55 28 7

% of 2014 total 21% 26% 23% 16% 8% 4% 1%

Total properties

1,414

1,509

1,362

997

667

100%

Average size (ha)

13.2

17.7

20.8

25.2

32.9

1997

2003

Change 1997-2014 -201 -281 -275 -37 +21 +19 +7 -747

In 2014, there were 667 wine grape properties with a total of 21,915 hectares of grapevines. 31% (205) of the 667 wine grape properties also produced table and/or dried grapes. Production across the 21,915 hectares of grapevines comprised 1,560 hectares dried, 1,605 hectares fresh table grapes and 18,750 hectares wine grapes. 30% of wine grape properties are over 20 ha and grow 82% of the grape plantings (Figure 27). Figure 27:

Wine grape properties in 2014 Property size(grape area) 1 to 5 ha 5 to 10 ha 10 to 20 ha 20 to 40 ha 40 to 100 ha 100 to 500 ha > 500 ha 2014 total

SunRISE Mapping & Research

2014 Properties 141 172 154 110 55 28

% of total properties 21% 26% 23% 17% 8% 4%

2014 Hectares 445 1,225 2,185 3,425 3,705 5,960

% of total hectares 2% 6% 10% 16% 17% 27%

7

1%

4,970

23%

667

100%

21,915

100%

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 38 of 65

6. Dried grape industry analysis 6.1 Change in dried grape varieties 1997 to 2014 In 1997, 2009 and 2014 the proportion of non-bearing areas (less than 3 years old) was 5% to 6% (Figure 28). The relatively high proportion (19%) of non-bearing areas in 2003 was due to large plantings of Sultanas as well as new plantings of Carina currants and Sunmuscat. Further details on the 6% of non-bearing dried grape plantings in 2014 are provided in Figure 33.

Figure 28:

Summary of bearing and non-bearing dried grape plantings 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

8,000

Hectares

Currant non-bear 7,000

Currant bearing

6,000

Raisin non-bear

5,000

Raisin bearing Sultana non-bear

4,000

Sultana bearing

3,000

Sunmuscat non-b

2,000

Sunmuscat bearing Other non-bearing

1,000

Other bearing 0

Sun Sultana Raisin Currant muscat types

1997

2006

2009

2014

% of 2014 total

Change 1997-2014

336

370

350

369

10%

-88

53

107

160

22

19

1%

-34

420

255

190

174

179

5%

-241

23

10

58

22

3

0%

-21

6,623

4,254

3,907

2,504

2,270

63%

-4,353

344

795

114

82

124

3%

-220

7

140

360

425

535

15%

+528

Non-bearing

10

222

68

55

71

2%

+61

Bearing

13

9

9

2

7

0%

-6

0

1

0

4

5

0%

+5

Total (ha)

7,950

6,130

5,235

3,640

3,580

100%

-4,370

% Bearing

95%

81%

92%

95%

94%

5%

19%

8%

5%

6%

11

456

Other

Bearing

2003

Non-bearing Bearing Non-bearing Bearing Non-bearing Bearing

Non-bearing

% Non-bearing

11

Other dried varieties include; Bruce’s Sport, Flame Seedless, Grants, Hannaman Currant, Italia Muscat, Ruby Seedless SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 39 of 65

6.1.1 Hectares of bearing and non-bearing dried grape varieties Figure 29 shows the area (hectares) of bearing and non-bearing dried grape varieties from 1997 to 2014. The non-bearing areas give an indication of the popularity of different varieties in each season.

Figure 29:

Hectares of bearing and non-bearing dried grape varieties 1997 to 2014

Sultana types

Raisin

Currant

Variety

1997 (ha) 2003 (ha) 2006 (ha) 2009 (ha) 2014 (ha) NonNonNonNonNonbearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing

Black Gem

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

1

Carina

148

35

150

107

242

159

316

22

345

17

Zante

308

18

186

0

128

0

33

0

23

0

Gordo

250

21

168

10

132

54

139

22

151

3

Waltham

170

2

87

1

58

4

35

0

28

0

Diamond Muscat

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5

6

38

MenindeeSeedless

7

6

14

5

17

1

14

1

11

4

Merbein Seedless

30

2

18

4

21

1

15

1

10

1

Selma Pete

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

7

Shirana

-

-

2

5

6

27

27

0

26

0

Sultana

6,587

336

4,221

781

3,864

86

2,449

73

2,206

48

Summer Muscat

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

9

1

Sunglo

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

25

Sunmuscat

7

10

140

222

360

68

425

55

535

71

13

0

9

1

9

0

2

4

7

5

7,520

430

4,995

1,135

4,835

400

3,455

185

3,360

220

95%

5%

81%

19%

92%

8%

95%

5%

94%

6%

Other Total hectares % bearing/non-bearing

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 40 of 65

6.1.2 Change in dried grape varieties 1997 to 2014 Figure 30 shows the total area (bearing and non-bearing hectares (Figure 29)) of dried grape varieties and change from 1997 to 2014. The overall area of Sultana plantings consigned to the dried fruit market declined by 4,669 hectares between 1997 and 2014. Gordo, Waltham, Zante and Merbein Seedless varieties have also declined. On the other hand, Sunmuscat plantings increased by 589 hectares and Carina by 179 hectares.

Figure 30:

Change in hectares of dried grape varieties from 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

8,000

Hectares

7,000 6,000

Currant

5,000

Raisin

4,000

Sultana

3,000

Sunmuscat Other

2,000 1,000

Currant

Black Gem

-

-

-

-

3

% of 2014 total 0%

Carina

183

257

401

338

363

10%

+179

Zante

326

186

129

33

23

1%

-303

Raisin

0

Gordo

271

178

187

161

154

4%

-118

Waltham

172

88

61

35

28

1%

-144

-

-

-

5

44

1%

+44

Menindee Seedless

12

18

18

14

16

0%

+3

Merbein Seedless

31

21

21

16

10

0%

-21

Selma Pete

-

-

-

-

8

0%

+8

Shirana

0

7

32

27

26

1%

+25

Sultana

6,923

5,003

3,949

2,522

2,254

63%

-4,669

Summer Muscat

-

-

-

2

10

0%

+10

Sunglo

-

-

-

-

26

1%

+26

Sunmuscat

17

361

428

480

606

17%

+589

Other

13

10

9

7

12

0%

-1

3,640

3,580

100%

-4,370

Variety

1997

2003

Sultana types

Diamond Muscat

Total hectares

SunRISE Mapping & Research

7,950

2006

6,130

2009

5,235

Grape Industry Analysis

2014

Change 1997-2014 +3

Page 41 of 65

6.2 Dried grape production 1997 to 2014 The Murray Valley accounts for 98% of National dried grape production. Figure 31 shows production (dried tonnes) for the Murray Valley based on aggregated data from Horticulture Australia, made available by Dried Fruits Australia.

Figure 31:

Dried grapes from the Murray Valley (tonnes) delivered to packers 1997 to 2013 % of total in 2013

Change (t) 1997-2013

1997

2003

2006

2009

2013

23,976

13,724

23,182

12,432

11,081

62%

- 12,895

-

895

1,847

1,641

3,247

18%

+ 3,247

Raisins

1,932

1,304

1,306

1,115

1,120

6%

- 812

Currants

2,893

2,010

2,689

1,999

2,494

14%

- 399

-

31

48

23

65

0%

+ 65

28,802

17,963

29,072

17,210

18,007

100%

- 10,794

Sultanas Sunmuscat

Other Total dried tonnes

Average yields (dried tonnes per hectare) for the Murray Valley were calculated from tonnages in Figure 31 and SunRISE hectares for bearing dried grape plantings (Figure 28). Yields have, in general, increased since 1997 with the average yield in 2013 40% (1.5 tonnes/ha) higher than in 1997. The 2013 yields are approximate as they are based on 2013 tonnages and 2014 hectares. 2014 tonnages were unavailable at the time of the analysis. Figure 32:

Average yields (dried tonnes/ha) for dried grape fruit 1997 to 2013 1997

2003

2006

2009

2013

Yield (tonnes/hectare)

8.0 7.0 Sultanas Sunmuscat Raisins Currants

6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 1997

2003

2006

2009

12

2013

Sultanas Sunmuscat Raisins Currants Other weighted average (dried tonnes/ha)

3.6 4.6 6.3 -

3.2 6.4 5.1 6.0 3.4

5.9 5.1 6.9 7.3 5.6

5.0 3.9 6.4 5.7 4.0

4.9 6.1 6.3 6.8 8.8

3.8

3.6

6.0

5.0

5.4

dried tonnes/acre

1.5

1.5

2.4

2.0

2.2

Change 1997 to 2013 % tonnes/ha + 35% + 1.3 - 5% - 0.3 + 36% + 1.7 + 7% + 0.4 + 161% + 5.4 + 40%

+ 1.5

12

Severe sunburn impacted on the Sunmuscat crop in 2009, hence the unprecedented low Sunmuscat yields in this season. SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 42 of 65

6.3 Dried grape plantings yet to come into production 220 hectares of dried grape plantings were non-bearing (less than three years old) in 2014 and will come into production in 2015-2017. Figure 33 provides an indication of the tonnages that those plantings will contribute to annual crops as they reach full production.

The projected tonnage from 2014 bearing plantings (18,007 dried tonnes) has been calculated using the 2013 average yields from Figure 32. And as 2013 yields are calculated using 2014 hectares, tonnages for 2013 and 2014 are the same. The projected tonnage from 2014 non-bearing plantings (1,936 tonnes) has been calculated using the highest 2013 average yield from Figure 32 (8.8 tonnes/ha) as new plantings and new varieties (e.g. Sunglo) are yielding much higher than district averages.

The projected production from 2014 non-bearing plantings (1,936 tonnes) represents an 11% increase on the estimated 2014 production from bearing plantings (18,007 tonnes).

Currant

Projected tonnage from dried grape varieties that were non-bearing in 2014

Black Gem

1

1

Production estimate from 2014 bearing plantings (dried tonnes) 8

Carina

345

17

2,333

152

Zante

23

-

153

-

Raisin

Figure 33:

Gordo

151

3

947

22

28

-

173

-

6

38

30

330

Menindee Seedless

11

4

54

39

Merbein Seedless

10

1

48

5

2

7

9

58

Shirana

26

-

126

-

Sultana

2,206

48

10,769

424

Summer Muscat

9

1

44

10

Sunglo

1

25

3

222

535

71

3,247

621

7

5

65

41

3,360

220 18,007

1,936

Variety

Waltham

Sultana types

Diamond Muscat

Selma Pete

Sunmuscat Other Total hectares

2014 Bearing (ha)

2014 Non-bearing (ha)

Production estimate (dried tonnes)

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Projected production from 2014 non-bearing plantings (dried tonnes) 12

Page 43 of 65

6.4 Dried grape prices 1997 to 2014 Weighted average prices ($ per dried tonne) paid for dried grapes purchased from the Murray Valley are shown in Figure 34. The weighted average price takes into account the proportion of fruit received as 5-crown, 4-crown and 3-crown, light or dark. Consolidated data were provided by Sunbeam Foods and Horticulture Australia with the exception of 2014 values which are estimates as advised by Dried Fruits Australia. 2014 was a poor season for Sultanas with only a small proportion of the crop classed as light colour and the majority being 4 crown brown at $1,700/tonne.

Figure 34:

Weighted average price ($/dried tonne) for dried grape fruit from 1997 to 201313, and estimated prices for 2014 1997

2003

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

weighted averag eprice ($/tonne)

$2,200 $2,000 $1,800 $1,600 $1,400 $1,200 sultanas

Sunmuscat

Currants

other

Raisins

$1,000 1997

2003

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

Sultana

$1,390

$1,323

$1,203

$1,252

$1,758

$1,758

$1,726

$1,609

$1,941

$1,701

$1,700

Sunmuscat

$1,390

$1,323

$1,285

$1,385

$1,850

$1,820

$1,820

$1,820

$1,880

$1,704

$1,700

Currants

$1,557

$1,869

$1,280

$1,280

$1,289

$1,754

$1,759

$1,581

$2,133

$1,776

$1,675

Raisins

$1,750

$1,700

$1,625

$1,625

$1,650

$1,825

$1,825

$1,825

$1,965

$1,900

$1,736

$1,600

$1,600

$1,600

$1,600

$1,600

$1,700

$1,767

$1,742

$1,646

$1,953

$1,725

$1,699

Other Ave. $/dried tonne

13

$1,203 $1,431

$1,412

$1,234

$1,286

$1,752

Consolidated data sourced from Horticulture Australia.

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 44 of 65

6.4.1 Trends in dried grape plantings as prices fluctuate The charts in Figure 35 track changes from 1997 to 2014 of average prices and corresponding planted area (hectares) of sultanas, sunmuscat, currants and raisins. Sunmuscat has been the preferred variety for new or redeveloped dried grape plantings. Trends in planted hectares of dried grapes as prices fluctuate

price $/ dried tonne

2014 8,000

sultanas ($/tonne)

6,000

$1,000

4,000

$500

2,000

$$2,000

1,000

sunmuscat (hectares)

sunmuscat ($/tonne)

$1,500

750

$1,000

500

$500

250

currants (hectares)

0 1,000

currants ($/tonne)

$1,500

750

$1,000

500

$500

250

$$2,000

0 1,000

$1,500

raisins (hectares)

750

raisins ($/tonne)

$1,000

500

$500

250

$-

0 1997

Sultana Sunmuscat Currant Raisin

hectares (bearing and non bearing)

2009

$1,500

$$2,000

price ($/ dried tonne)

sultanas (hectares)

2006

hecatres (bearing and non bearing)

price ($/dried tonne)

price ($/dried tonne)

$2,000

2003

hectares (bearing and non bearing)

1997

hectares (bearing and non bearing)

Figure 35:

6,967 $ 1,390 17 $ 1,390 509 $ 1,557 443 $1,750

SunRISE Mapping & Research

2003 5,050 $ 1,323 362 $ 1,323 443 $ 1,869 266 $ 1,700

2006 4,021 $ 1,203 428 $ 1,285 530 $ 1,280 248 $ 1,625

Grape Industry Analysis

2009 2,586 $ 1,758 480 $ 1,820 371 $ 1,754 196 $ 1,825

2014 2,393 $ 1,700 606 $ 1,700 387 $ 1,675 181 $ 1,736

hectares price ($/dried t) hectares price ($/dried t) hectares price ($/dried t) hectares price ($/dried t) Page 45 of 65

6.5 Crop value of dried grapes 1997 to 2014 6.5.1 Regional income from dried grapes Crop values provide an indication of the (potential) contribution to regional or National income from annual production of a crop.

Crop value of Murray Valley dried grape fruit has been calculated from: •

Bearing hectares from SunRISE mapping as per Figure 29

•

98% of National dried fruit intake as per Figure 32, and

•

Weighted average prices as per Figure 34

Crop value $ = area bearing (ha) × average yield (tonnes/ha) × average price ($/tonne) Average yields in 2013 were used to estimate 2014 crop values.

Figure 36:

Regional income ($ million) from dried grape fruit based on intake data and 2014 estimates 1997

2003

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

$45 Raisins

$40

Other

Currants

Sunmuscat

Sultanas

Regional income ($ million)

$35 $30 $25 $20 $15 $10 $5 $0 1997

2003

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

$33.3

$18.2

$27.9

$16.3

$13.3

$21.9

$14.7

$6.8

$16.1

$18.9

$18.8

-

$1.2

$2.3

$2.4

$2.1

$2.9

$3.2

$1.9

$4.8

$5.5

$5.5

Currants

$4.5

$3.8

$3.4

$2.3

$2.9

$3.5

$2.1

$1.8

$4.7

$4.4

$4.2

Raisins

$3.4

$2.2

$2.1

$1.2

$0.9

$2.0

$2.1

$0.7

$1.4

$2.1

$1.9

-

$0.1

$0.1

-

-

-

$1.4

$1.0

$0.6

$0.1

$0.1

$41.2

$25.4

$35.9

$22.2

$19.2

$30.4

$23.4

$12.2

$27.5

$31.0

$30.6

Sultanas Sunmuscat

Other Total ($ million)

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 46 of 65

6.5.2 Farm gate value of dried grape fruit from 1997 to 2014 Farm gate value ($ per hectare) of dried grape production has also been calculated (Figure 37). Farm gate value represents the gross return to growers before deducting costs of production. Costs of production are not considered in this analysis (and are not a part of the project brief), but they vary over time and have a significant impact on net income. Information on costs of production can be sourced from relevant industry groups. Between 1997 and 2014, there was a 66% increase in the average gross income ($ per hectare) for dried grape fruit.

Figure 37:

Farm gate value or gross income ($/hectare) for dried grape fruit 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

$14,000

gross income ($/ha)

$12,000 $10,000

sultanas sunmuscat

$8,000

currants raisins

$6,000 $4,000 $2,000

Sultanas

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

$5,031

$4,269

$7,150

$8,749

$8,300

Sunmuscat

Change 1997-2014 % $/ha + 65% + $3,269

-

$8,289

$6,469

$6,882

$10,313

+ 24%

+ $2,024

Raisins

$8,048

$8,677

$11,172

$11,709

$10,877

+ 35%

+ $2,829

Currants

$9,867

$11,171

$9,301

$10,033

$11,326

+ 15%

+ $1,460

-

$7,046

$6,782

$14,676

$14,924

+ 112%

+ $7,878

$5,479

$5,076

$7,422

$8,802

$9,104

+ 66%

+ $3,625

Other Weighted mean $/ha

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 47 of 65

6.6 Irrigation methods for dried grape plantings Figure 38 summarises irrigation methods for dried grape plantings from 1997 to 2014. Drip irrigation has been the dominant irrigation method since 2009, replacing furrow irrigation as the dominant method. Drip irrigation increased by 1,850 hectares between 1997 and 2014.

Figure 38:

Change in irrigation methods for dried grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

8,000

Drip

Hectares

6,000

Low level 4,000

Overhead Furrow

2,000

0 Irrigation method

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

% of 2014 total

Change (ha) 1997-2014

Drip

230

1,145

1,385

1,605

2,080

58%

+1,850

Low level

630

820

880

705

630

18%

0

Overhead

1,470

995

735

310

220

6%

-1,250

Furrow

5,620

3,170

2,235

1,020

650

18%

-4,970

Total (ha)

7,950

6,130

5,235

3,640

3,580

100%

-4,370

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 48 of 65

6.7 Rootstocks of dried grape plantings 1997 to 2014 Figure 39 lists rootstocks of dried grape plantings in the Murray Valley study area and shows the proportion of plantings that are not on a rootstock (31% in 2014). Plantings not on a rootstock are either on their own roots or have been top worked on to the roots of the previous variety. The proportion of plantings on a rootstock increased from 14% in 1997 to 69% in 2014. The dominant rootstocks are; Ramsey (39% of plantings), Paulsen 1103 (19% of plantings) and Schwarzmann (7% of plantings). Figure 39:

Change in rootstocks of dried grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

8,000

Other rootstock Teleki 5A,5C Schwarzmann Ruggeri 140 Richter 99,110 Ramsey Paulsen 1103 101-14 K51-40 K51-32 Kober 5BB Harmony Dog Ridge Not on rootstock

7,000 6,000

hectares

5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0

Not on a rootstock Dog Ridge Harmony Kober 5BB K51-32 K51-40 101-14 Paulsen 1103 Ramsey Richter 99,110 Ruggeri 140 Schwarzmann SO4 Teleki 5A,5C Other rootstocks

6,864 7 34 13 6 1 11 834 2 5 125 41 5

4,005 15 32 5 11 10 1 293 1,434 2 19 253 42 7

2,907 23 30 8 13 6 3 370 1,509 2 49 265 41 8

1,519 28 31 6 12 7 2 427 1,300 2 27 238 36 6

1,092 32 28 2 16 7 7 688 1,380 1 48 245 31 2

% of 2014 total 31% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 19% 39% 0% 1% 7% 1% 0%

Total hectares

7,950

6,130

5,235

3,640

3,580

100%

%Not on rootstock

86%

65%

56%

42%

31%

% On a rootstock

14%

35%

44%

58%

69%

1997

SunRISE Mapping & Research

2003

2006

2009

Grape Industry Analysis

2014

Change 1997-2014 -5,771 +25 -6 +2 +2 +1 +6 +677 +546 -1 +43 +120 -11 -3 -4,370

Page 49 of 65

6.8 Dried grape property numbers and size 1997 to 2014 Figure 40 provides an estimate of the number of dried grape growers and their average property size. Property size is the total hectares of grapevines, including any table and wine grape plantings. Figure 40:

Property numbers and average size of dried grape properties 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

1,400 > 500 ha

Number of properties

1,200 1,000

100 to 500 ha

366

50 to 100 ha

800 600

269 349

400 200

0 Property size (grape area) 1 to 5 ha 5 to 10 ha 10 to 20 ha 20 to 40 ha 40 to 100 ha 100 to 500 ha > 500 ha

20 to 50 ha 197

504

10 to 20 ha

266

104 174

308

237

234

169

90 149 114

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

5 to 10 ha 1 to 5 ha

308 504 366 83 8 1

237 349 269 61 7 4 1

234 266 197 55 9 5 1

169 174 104 38 8 3 1

114 149 90 32 7 4 1

% of 2014 total 29% 38% 23% 8% 2% 1% 0%

No. of properties

1,270

928

767

497

397

100%

Average size (ha)

9.9

11.1

11.6

11.7

13.6

Change 1997-2014 -194 -355 -276 -51 -1 +3 +1 -873

In 2014, there were 397 dried grape properties with a total of 5,415 hectares of grapevines. 43% (169) of the 397 dried grape properties also produced table and/or wine grapes. Production across the 5,415 hectares of grapevines comprised 3,555 hectares dried, 370 hectares table grapes and 1,490 hectares wine grapes. 34% of dried grape properties are over 10 ha and grow 75% of the grape plantings (Figure 41). Figure 41:

Dried grape properties in 2014 Property size (grape area) 1 to 5 ha 5 to 10 ha 10 to 20 ha 20 to 40 ha 40 to 100 ha 100 to 500 ha > 500 ha 2014 total

SunRISE Mapping & Research

2014 Properties 114 149 90 32 7 4

% of total properties 29% 38% 23% 8% 2% 1%

2014 Hectares 345 1,030 1,270 900 525 830

% of total hectares 6% 19% 23% 17% 10% 15%

1

0%

515

10%

397

100%

5,415

100%

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 50 of 65

7. Table grape industry analysis 7.1 Change in table grape plantings 1997 to 2014 New table grape plantings between 1997 and 2014 have predominantly been red grape varieties. The proportion of red table grape plantings increased from 25% of 1997 table grape plantings to 57% of 2014 plantings. The proportion of black table grape plantings increased slightly, from 2% of 1997 plantings to 8% of 2014 plantings, while white table grapes declined from 73% of 1997 plantings to just 36% of 2014 plantings.

Figure 42:

Summary of bearing and non-bearing table grape plantings (hectares) 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

9,000

Hectares

8,000 7,000

White non-bearing

6,000

White bearing

5,000

Red non-bearing

4,000

Red bearing

3,000

Black non-bearing

2,000 Black bearing

1,000 0

16 80 408 991 486 3,558

18 73 1,099 1,728 728 4,038

292 73 755 2,569 528 3,823

206 342 709 2,744 180 3,139

102 568 1,123 3,835 445 2,682

% of 2014 total 1% 6% 13% 44% 5% 31%

5,540

7,685

8,040

7,320

8,755

100%

% Bearing

84%

76%

80%

85%

81%

% Non-bearing

16%

24%

20%

15%

19%

% Black grapes

2%

1%

5%

7%

8%

% Red grapes

25%

37%

41%

47%

57%

% White grapes

73%

62%

54%

45%

36%

Table grapes

1997

Black non-bearing Black bearing Red non-bearing Red bearing White non-bearing White bearing Total table grapes (ha)

2003

2006

2009

2014

Change 1997-2014 +86 +488 +715 +2,844 -41 -876 +3,215

Note: Grape varieties for 38% of 2014 non-bearing plantings were not recorded. Hence, 2014 non-bearing figures in Figure 42 and Figure 43 are extrapolated from 62% of recorded varieties and are indicative only. All other figures have been extrapolated with at least 80% of varieties recorded.

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 51 of 65

7.1.1 Hectares of bearing and non-bearing table grape varieties The non-bearing areas of table grapes in Figure 43 give an indication of changes in the popularity of different varieties. For instance, Red Globe was popular from 1997 to 2003 but new plantings of the variety have since declined. Figure 43:

Colour & season

Hectares of bearing and non-bearing table grape varieties 1997 to 2014

Variety 14

Black grapes

Early Other Mid PBR varieties Mid M-L

1997 (ha) 2003 (ha) 2006 (ha) 2009 (ha) 2014 (ha) NonNonNonNonNonbearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing bearing 4 2 5 1 6 0 4 0 4 1 0

0

0

3

3

32

37

63

128

5

Black Muscat

7

2

10

0

7

1

8

1

9

0

PBR varieties

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

14

30

65

39

1

20

0

12

0

8

0

7

0

0

0

2

10

11

233

231

116

324

30

31

11

36

5

35

24

52

5

45

1

0

0

0

0

0

2

2

7

21

0

69

1

40

0

18

0

10

0

4

0

147

16

146

17

140

6

93

16

142

28

7

31

71

42

111

12

103

7

160

50

38

2

28

0

19

0

9

0

5

0

PBR varieties

0

0

0

1

1

2

3

2

14

85

Red Emperor

171

10

95

2

66

0

33

0

12

0

Red Globe

509

333

1,177

335

1,376

121

1,220

52

967

75

32

16

154

654

777

482

1,258

632

2,512

865

17

1

18

48

61

132

16

0

8

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

10

20

607

286

1,031

276

1,126

122

969

90

814

85

29

8

26

12

33

0

14

0

9

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

7

2

10

27

9

32

11

32

116

65

0

9

0

1

3

6

5

11

0

0

4

6

10

Ribier AutumnRoyal

Late

Other

15

PBR variety Cardinal Early Flame

Red grapes

Ralli Seedless Other Mid

16

Crimson M-L

Other

17

PBR variety Menindee Early Other

18

White grapes

PBR varieties Other Mid

19

PBR varieties Thompson

M-L

Late

2,595

133

2,655

341

2,292

161

1,896

68

1,658

190

Waltham

58

0

38

0

30

0

10

0

5

0

Calmeria

123

44

163

31

178

16

124

8

105

0

Ohanez

118

3

79

10

73

12

58

1

33

0

20

1

0

8

40

47

98

2

0

0

0

PBR varieties

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

41

150

4,630

910

5,840

1,845

6,465

1,575

6,225

1,095

7,085

1,670

84%

16%

76%

24%

80%

20%

85%

15%

81%

19%

Other

Total (hectares) % Bearing / non-bearing

PBR varieties are proprietary varieties only recently, or still waiting to be, granted plant variety rights. 14

Other early-mid season black varieties: Fantasy Seedless, Kyoho, Maroo Seedless Other late season black varieties: Black America, Purple Cornichon 16 Other mid season red varieties: Christmas Rose, Queen, Red Malaga, Ruby Seedless 17 Other mid-late season red varieties: Nyora, Red Prince, Red Rob, Zante 18 Other early season white varieties: Centennial, Early Muscat, Merbein Seedless, Perlette, Sunmuscat 19 Other mid season white varieties: Apple, Dawn Seedless, Golden Globe, Italia, Kismiski, Moss Sultana 20 Other late season white varieties: Hunisa, Jade Seedless, Stanley Seedless 15

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 52 of 65

7.1.2 Change in table grape varieties 1997 to 2014 Figure 44 lists table grape varieties by colour and seasonality and shows change in the total area of each variety between 1997 and 2014. The dominant table grape varieties, Crimson Seedless (39%), Thompson Seedless (21%), Red Globe (12%) and Menindee Seedless (10%), make up 82% of the 2014 planted area of table grapes.

Figure 44:

Change in table grape varieties (hectares) 1997 to 2014

Colour & 21 Variety Season Early Other varieties Mid PBR varieties Black Muscat Mid PBR varieties M-L Ribier Autumn Royal Late Other varieties PBR variety Cardinal Early Flame Ralli Seedless Other varieties PBR varieties Mid Red Emperor Red Globe Crimson M-L Other varieties PBR variety Menindee Early Other varieties PBR varieties Other varieties Mid PBR varieties Thompson M-L Waltham Calmeria Ohanez Late Other varieties PBR varieties

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

6 3 10 20 13 40 40 163 112 28 1 97 1,513 808 66 1,307 38 43 11 2,997 38 195 89 48 -

6 35 8 12 243 59 2 18 146 122 19 3 67 1,496 1,259 193 1,248 34 1 148 12 2,454 30 195 85 145 -

4 99 9 14 8 348 57 9 10 109 109 9 5 33 1,271 1,889 16 1 1,059 14 8 65 5 1,965 10 132 59 2 1

5 133 9 95 7 354 46 21 4 170 210 5 99 12 1,042 3,377 8 30 899 9 12 9 16 1,848 5 105 33 0 191

5,540

7,685

8,040

7,320

8,755

% Bearing

84%

76%

80%

85%

81%

% Non-bearing

16%

24%

20%

15%

19%

White grapes

Red grapes

Black grapes

6 8 40 42 70 163 38 40 181 842 48 18 893 37 36 4 2,728 58 167 121 1 -

Total (hectares)

% of 2014 Change total 1997-2014 0% -1 2% +133 0% +1 1% +95 0% -34 4% +354 1% +5 0% +21 0% -65 2% +8 2% +171 0% -35 1% +99 0% -169 12% +200 39% +3,329 0% -10 0% +30 10% +6 0% -27 0% +12 0% -27 0% +12 21% -880 0% -53 1% -62 0% -88 0% -1 2% +191 100%

+3,215

M-L = Mid to Late season. PBR (Plant Breeders’ Rights) in this table refers to proprietary varieties only recently, or still waiting to be, granted plant variety rights 21

Details of ‘other varieties’ are listed in a footnote on page 52.

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 53 of 65

7.2 Table grape production from 1997 to 2014 Table grape production (tonnes) has been estimated based on an average yield of 20 kg per vine from 1,200 vines/ha. Only the bearing plantings (hectares) from Figure 43 have been used in the calculation. The greatest increase in production between 1997 and 2014 was in mid- to late-season red grape varieties, equating to an estimated 59,534 tonnes of additional fruit as new plantings have come into production (Figure 45). There has been a significant decrease in mid-season white varieties equating to an estimated reduction of 22,817 tonnes between 1997 and 2014.

Figure 45:

Annual production estimate (tonnes) of table grapes 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

200,000

Black Late

Annual production estimate (tonnes)

Black Mid-Late Black Mid

150,000

Black Early-Mid Red Mid-Late Red Mid

100,000

Red Early White Late 50,000

White Mid-Late White Mid White Early

Black

Red

White

0 % of 2014 total

Change (t) 1997-2014

19,806

12%

+4,560

47,075

40,134

24%

-22,817

714

236

129

0%

-1,267

5,993

7,168

4,423

4,298

3%

-1,511

5,351

6,150

6,457

4,928

7,343

4%

+1,992

17,241

31,206

35,092

30,357

23,959

14%

+6,718

Mid-Late

1,194

4,127

20,104

30,565

60,729

36%

+59,534

Early-Mid

99

130

193

981

3,160

2%

+3,061

Mid

157

236

174

183

942

1%

+785

Mid-Late

941

477

292

200

157

0%

-784

Late

734

917

1,087

6,840

9,382

6%

+8,648

111,120

140,160

155,160

149,400

170,040

100%

+58,920

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

Early

15,246

25,362

27,822

23,614

Mid

62,951

64,651

56,057

Mid-Late

1,396

911

Late

5,809

Early Mid

Total tonnes0

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 54 of 65

7.3 Table grape plantings yet to come into production Figure 46 shows the proportion of bearing and non-bearing table grape plantings in 2014 by seasonality. The main non-bearing (less than three years old) plantings comprise 885 hectares of mid to late season red grapes. The 885 hectares of mid to late season red grapes are Crimson Seedless (865 ha) and PBR varieties (20 ha) as shown in Figure 47.

Figure 46:

Seasonality of bearing and non-bearing table grape varieties in 2014 Early

EarlyMid

Mid

MidLate

Late

3,500

Hectares

3,000

White non-bearing

2,500

White bearing

2,000

Red non-bearing

1,500

Red bearing Black non-bearing

1,000

Black bearing 500 0

78 306 95 825

EarlyMid 6 132 -

1,304

% Bearing % Non-bearing

Table grapes in 2014

Early

Black non-bearing Black bearing Red non-bearing Red bearing White non-bearing White bearing Total table grapes (ha)

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Mid

MidLate

Late

Total

65 39 160 998 200 1,672

7 885 2,530 5

31 391 150 179

102 568 1,123 3,835 445 2,682

138

3,135

3,427

751

8,755

87%

96%

86%

74%

76%

13%

4%

14%

26%

24%

Grape Industry Analysis

% of 2014 total ha 1% 6% 13% 44% 5% 31%

Page 55 of 65

7.3.1 Table grape varieties yet to come into production Significant areas (1,670 hectares) of table grapes were non-bearing in 2014 and will come into production in 2015–2017. Figure 47 provides an indication of the tonnages (40,080 tonnes) that those areas will contribute to the annual crop as they reach full production. The largest area of non-bearing plantings in 2014 was Crimson Seedless which will contribute an estimated 20,760 tonnes in coming seasons; a 34% increase on 2014 production. Production from the 2014 non-bearing plantings represents a 24% increase on the estimated 2014 production from bearing plantings (170,040 tonnes).

Figure 47:

Projected tonnage from table grape varieties that were non-bearing in 2014

Colour & season

Black grapes

Early Mid Mid M-L Late

Red grapes

Early

Mid

M-L

White grapes

Early

Mid M-L

Late

Variety

22

Other varieties PBR varieties Black Muscat PBR varieties Ribier Autumn Royal Other varieties PBR variety Cardinal Flame Ralli Seedless Other varieties PBR varieties Red Emperor Red Globe Crimson Other varieties PBR variety Menindee Other varieties PBR varieties Other varieties PBR varieties Thompson Waltham Calmeria Ohanez Other varieties PBR varieties

Total hectares

2014 Bearing (ha)

2014 Nonbearing (ha)

4 128 9 30 7 324 45 21 4 142 160 5 14 12 967 2,512 8 10 814 9 2 9 6 1,658 5 105 33 41

1 5 65 30 1 28 50 85 75 865 20 85 10 10 190 150

7,085

1,670

Estimated Projected production production for from 2014 non2014 bearing areas bearing areas (tonnes) (tonnes) 87 24 3,073 120 219 0 723 1,560 157 0 7,786 720 1,091 24 505 0 101 0 3,412 672 3,830 1,200 126 0 331 2,040 297 0 23,205 1,800 60,291 20,760 196 0 241 480 19,540 2,040 222 0 45 240 210 0 140 240 39,784 4,560 129 0 2,526 0 793 0 0 0 979 3,600

Production estimate (tonnes) 22

170,040

40,080

Details of ‘other varieties’ are listed in a footnote under Figure 43 on page 52.

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 56 of 65

7.4 Table grape prices 1997 to 2014 Wholesale prices ($/kg) paid for table grapes sent into the Melbourne and Sydney wholesale markets between January and April (inclusive) from 1997 to 2014 were sourced from Ausmarket Consultants. The data provided by Ausmarket Consultants represented averages and highest and lowest prices per month by variety. SunRISE Mapping are unable to further calculate a weighted average, however the average monthly prices already take the volume of delivery at each price into consideration, by variety. The average prices returned to growers from the wholesale markets increased overall by $ 0.20 between 1997 and 2014. The greatest price increase ($0.79) was for black grapes. The price of white grapes between 1997 and 2014 fell by $0.18.

Figure 48:

Average wholesale price ($ per kilogram) for table grapes delivered into Melbourne and Sydney markets 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

wholesale market price ($/kg)

$1.70 $1.60 $1.50 $1.40 Black

$1.30 $1.20

Red

$1.10

White

$1.00 $0.90 $0.80

Table grapes

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

Change ($) 1997-2014

White

$ 1.06

$ 1.14

$ 1.02

$ 0.84

$ 0.88

- $ 0.18

Red

$ 1.06

$ 1.10

$ 1.31

$ 1.52

$ 1.39

+ $ 0.32

Black

$ 0.89

$ 1.11

$ 1.27

$ 1.40

$ 1.68

+ $ 0.79

$ 1.03

$ 1.11

$ 1.20

$ 1.32

$ 1.23

+ $ 0.20

Average price $/kg

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 57 of 65

7.4.1 Monthly wholesale prices for table grapes delivered into the Melbourne and Sydney markets

Figure 49:

Monthly average wholesale prices ($ per kilogram) for table grapes at Melbourne and Sydney markets between January and April, 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

2006

2009

2014

$4.00 $3.50 wholesale market price ($/kg)

Black

Red

White

$3.00 $2.50 $2.00 $1.50 $1.00 $0.50

1997

2003

$ 1.31

$ 1.08

$ 1.09

$ 1.17

$ 1.00

February

$ 1.01

$ 0.91

$ 1.08

$ 0.90

$ 0.87

March

$ 0.93

$ 1.21

$ 0.88

$ 0.69

$ 0.79

April

$ 0.97

$ 1.25

$ 1.04

$ 0.79

$ 0.85

January

$ 1.19

$ 1.16

$ 1.36

$ 1.89

$ 1.63

February

$ 1.01

$ 1.12

$ 1.31

$ 1.44

$ 1.32

March

$ 1.03

$ 1.16

$ 1.32

$ 1.35

$ 1.31

April

$ 1.03

$ 0.99

$ 1.18

$ 1.30

$ 1.32

January

$ 1.04

$ 1.90

$ 1.74

$ 3.70

$ 1.91

February

$ 0.82

$ 1.08

$ 1.15

$ 1.43

$ 1.84

March

$ 0.89

$ 1.02

$ 1.17

$ 1.30

$ 1.59

April

$ 0.86

$ 1.06

$ 1.40

$ 1.19

$ 1.31

Average $/kg

$ 1.03

$ 1.11

$ 1.20

$ 1.32

$ 1.23

Black

Red

White

January

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Grape Industry Analysis

Page 58 of 65

7.4.2 Trends in pricing and areas of table grape plantings The charts in Figure 50 show change from 1997 to 2014 in average prices for table grape plantings (dashed blue lines) and corresponding changes in planted area (hectares).

Figure 50:

Trends in planted hectares of table grapes as prices fluctuate 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014 5,000

Black $/kg 4,000 3,000

$1.00

2,000 $0.50 1,000 $0.00

0 5,000

Red $/kg

Price $/kg

$1.50

4,000 3,000

$1.00

2,000 $0.50 1,000 $0.00 White hectares planted

0 5,000

White $/kg

Price $/kg

$1.50

4,000 3,000

$1.00

2,000 $0.50 1,000 $0.00 2009

2014

Black

2006

Hectares

96

92

365

548

670

+574

Price ($/kg)

$0.89

$1.11

$1.27

$1.40

$1.68

+$0.79

Red

2003

0 Change 19972014

Hectares

1,399

2,827

3,324

3,453

4,958

+3,558

Price ($/kg)

$1.06

$1.10

$1.31

$1.52

$1.39

+$0.33

White

1997

hectares (bearing and non bearing)

Red hectares planted

hecatres (bearing and non bearing)

Price $/kg

$1.50

hectares (bearing and non bearing)

Black hectares planted

Hectares

4,044

4,766

4,351

3,319

3,127

-917

Price ($/kg)

$1.06

$1.14

$1.02

$0.84

$0.88

-$0.18

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 59 of 65

7.5 Crop value of table grapes 1997 to 2014 Crop value provides an indication of the (potential) annual contribution to regional or National income from annual production of a crop. Crop value of Murray Valley table grapes was calculated from: •

The area (hectares) of bearing table grape plantings from SunRISE mapping (Figure 43)

•

Assuming an average table grape yield of 24,000 kilograms/hectare (20 kg/vine and 1,200 vines/ha), and

•

Average prices ($/kilogram) in the Melbourne and Sydney markets. The market price applied to each variety is based on the approximate month it is harvested (assuming it is sent directly to the market) Crop value $ = area bearing (ha) × average yield (kilograms/ha) × average price ($/kilogram)

Figure 51:

Regional income ($ million) from table grapes 1997 to 2014

Contribution to regional income ($ million)

1997

White Red

2006

2009

2014

$220 $200 $180 $160 $140 $120 $100 $80 $60 $40 $20 $-

White Late White Mid-Late White Mid White Early Red Mid-Late Red Mid Red Early Black Late Black Mid-Late Black Mid Black Early-Mid 1997

Black

2003

2003

2006

2009

2014

% of total Change in 2014 1997-2014

Early

$20.0

$27.4

$30.4

$27.7

$19.8

10%

-$0.2

Mid

$63.6

$58.5

$60.3

$42.2

$35.0

17%

-$28.6

Mid-late

$1.3

$1.1

$0.6

$0.2

$0.1

0%

-$1.2

Late

$5.6

$7.5

$7.4

$3.5

$3.7

2%

-$2.0

Early

$6.4

$7.1

$8.8

$9.3

$12.0

6%

+$5.6

Mid

$17.4

$34.9

$46.0

$43.8

$31.7

16%

+$14.3

Mid-late

$1.2

$4.8

$26.5

$41.2

$79.6

39%

+$78.4

Early-mid

$0.1

$0.2

$0.3

$3.6

$6.0

3%

+$5.9

Mid

$0.1

$0.3

$0.2

$0.3

$1.7

1%

+$1.6

Mid-late

$0.8

$0.5

$0.3

$0.3

$0.2

0%

-$0.6

Late

$0.6

$1.0

$1.5

$8.1

$12.2

6%

+$11.6

$117.3

$143.3

$182.5

$180.3

$202.1

100%

+$84.8

Total $ million

Farm gate value ($/hectare) of table grape production has also been calculated (Figure 52). Farm gate value represents the gross return to growers before deducting costs of production. Costs of production are not considered in this analysis (and are not part of the project brief), but they vary over time and have a significant impact on net income. Information on production costs can be sourced from relevant industry groups. SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 60 of 65

7.5.1 Farm gate value of table grapes 1997 to 2014 Figure 52:

Changes in farm gate value (weighted average $/ha) of table grapes 1997 to 2014

$/ha gross income

White Early $45,000 White Mid $35,000 White MidLate White Late

$25,000 $15,000

Change 1997-2014 % $ -24% -$7,545

2003

2006

2009

2014

Early

$31,559

$25,960

$26,261

$28,193

$24,013

Mid

$24,261

$21,729

$25,817

$21,526

$20,927

-14%

-$3,334

Mid-late

$22,263

$29,108

$21,076

$16,549

$19,011

-15%

-$3,252

Late

$23,276

$30,075

$24,907

$19,029

$20,425

-12%

-$2,851

$/hectare

$25,409

$27,318

$24,468

$20,145

$21,112

-17%

-$4,246

$/ha gross income

White

1997

$45,000

Red Early

$35,000

Red Mid

$25,000

Red MidLate

$15,000 Change 1997-2014 % $ +37% +$10,490

2003

2006

2009

2014

Early-mid

$28,642

$27,813

$32,535

$45,421

$39,132

Mid

$24,174

$26,811

$31,483

$34,624

$31,705

+31%

+$7,531

Mid-late

$24,810

$27,814

$31,693

$32,372

$31,460

+27%

+$6,650

$/hectare $95,000

$25,506

$26,304

$31,359

$36,533

$33,295

+31%

+$8,224

$/hectare gross income

Red

1997

Black Early-Mid Black Mid

$75,000 $55,000

Black MidLate Black Late

$35,000 $15,000 2003

2006

2009

2014

Early-mid

$24,861

$45,620

$41,667

$88,893

$45,836

Change 1997-2014 % $ +84% +$20,975

Mid

$19,759

$26,007

$27,607

$34,389

$44,158

+123%

+$24,399

Mid-late

$21,457

$24,416

$28,129

$31,152

$38,204

+78%

+$16,747

Late

$20,735

$25,339

$33,522

$28,495

$31,333

+51%

+$10,599

$/hectare

$21,474

$26,659

$30,577

$33,624

$40,396

+88%

+$18,180

Wgtd ave. $/ha

$24,657

$26,728

$28,859

$31,625

$29,425

+19%

+$4,768

Black

1997

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Grape Industry Analysis

Page 61 of 65

7.6 Irrigation methods for table grape plantings Low level sprinklers remained the dominant irrigation method for table grape plantings from 1997 to 2014. 96% of plantings are irrigated with low level sprinklers or drippers.

Figure 53:

Change in irrigation methods for table grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

9,000 8,000 7,000 Hectares

6,000

Drip

5,000

Low level

4,000 Overhead

3,000

Furrow

2,000 1,000 0 Irrigation method Drip

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

% of 2014 total

Change (ha) 1997-2014

660

1,540

2,230

2,460

4,150

47%

+3,490

Low level

2,170

3,960

4,230

4,110

4,325

49%

+2,155

Overhead

980

1,090

860

565

220

3%

-760

Furrow

1,730

1,095

720

185

60

1%

-1,670

Total (ha)

5,540

7,685

8,040

7,320

8,755

100%

+3,215

SunRISE Mapping & Research

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 62 of 65

7.7 Rootstocks of table grape plantings 1997 to 2014 Figure 54 lists rootstocks of table grape plantings in the Murray Valley study area and shows the proportion of plantings that are not on a rootstock (19% in 2014). Plantings not on a rootstock are either on their own roots or have been top worked on to the roots of the previous variety.

The proportion of plantings on a rootstock increased from 35% in 1997 to 81% in 2014. The dominant rootstocks are; Ramsey (35% of plantings), Schwarzmann (18% of plantings) and Paulsen 1103 (12% of plantings).

Figure 54:

Change in rootstocks of table grape plantings from 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

9,000

Other rootstock Teleki 5A,5C SO4 Schwarzmann Ruggeri 140 Richter 99,110 Ramsey Paulsen 1103 101-14 K51-40 K51-32 Kober 5BB Harmony Dog Ridge Not on rootstock

8,000 7,000

hectares

6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0

Not on a rootstock Dog Ridge Harmony Kober 5BB K51-32 K51-40 101-14 Paulsen 1103 Ramsey Richter 99,110 Ruggeri 140 Schwarzmann SO4 Teleki 5A,5C Other rootstocks

3,628 83 116 1 6 6 1 4 1,154 0 4 373 0 151 12

3,605 210 129 52 9 9 1 114 2,238 1 64 909 1 328 14

2,755 232 120 60 6 10 4 459 2,575 1 246 1,179 1 373 18

1,932 226 95 70 5 8 10 524 2,589 19 155 1,287 0 375 25

1,643 339 101 105 7 15 31 1,062 3,060 22 312 1,549 0 481 26

% of 2014 total 19% 4% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 12% 35% 0% 4% 18% 0% 5% 0%

Total hectares

5,540

7,685

8,040

7,320

8,755

100%

% No rootstock

65%

47%

34%

26%

19%

% on a rootstock

35%

53%

66%

74%

81%

1997

SunRISE Mapping & Research

2003

2006

2009

Grape Industry Analysis

2014

Change 1997-2014 -1,985 +257 -15 +104 +1 +8 +30 +1,058 +1,906 +22 +308 +1,177 0 +330 +14 +3,215

Page 63 of 65

7.8 Table grape property numbers and size 1997 to 2014 Figure 55 provides an estimate of the number of table grape growers and their average property size. Property size is the total hectares of grapevines, including dried and wine grape plantings. Figure 55:

Change in property numbers and size for table grape growers from 1997 to 2014 1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

700 Number of properties

600 500 400

100 to 500 ha

94 75

86 210

205

50 to 100 ha 69

174

146

300 200

227

205

Property size (table grape area) 1 to 5 ha

10 to 20 ha 120

204

5 to 10 ha

151 103

100 0

20 to 50 ha 94

1 to 5 ha

94

111

118

111

86

1997

2003

2006

2009

2014

94

111

118

111

86

% of 2014 total 19%

Change 1997-2014 -8

5 to 10 ha

205

227

204

151

103

23%

-102

10 to 20 ha

205

210

174

146

120

27%

-85

20 to 40 ha

75

94

86

69

94

21%

+19

40 to 100 ha

8

12

18

20

28

6%

+20

100 to 500 ha

3

13

13

14

10

2%

+9

Total properties

590

667

615

513

443

100%

-147

Average size (ha)

13.6

17.1

18.3

19.6

23.2

110 of the 443 table grape properties also produced wine and/or dried grapes in 2014. Production across the 10,275 hectares of grapevines comprised 220 hectares dried, 1,300 hectares wine grapes and 8,755 hectares table grapes. 30% of table grape properties are over 20 hectares and grow 73% of grape plantings (Figure 56).

Figure 56:

Table grape properties in 2014 Property size (grape area) 1 to 5 ha 5 to 10 ha 10 to 20 ha 20 to 40 ha 40 to 100 ha 100 to 500 ha 2014 total

SunRISE Mapping & Research

2014 Properties 86 103 120 94 28 12

% of total properties 19% 23% 27% 21% 6% 3%

2014 Hectares 240 775 1,725 2,935 1,925 2,675

% of total hectares 2% 8% 17% 29% 19% 26%

443

100%

10,275

100%

Grape Industry Analysis

Page 64 of 65

8. Bibliography Agriculture Victoria. (1997). Murray Valley Wine Grape Industry Advisory Council Winegrape Utilisation Survey 1997. Department of natural Resources and Environment, Agriculture Victoria. Department of Natural Resources and Environment. Ausmarket Consultants. (2003). Melbourne Monhtly Grape Prices collated by Fresh Port. Sydney: Ausmarket Consultants. Ausmarket Consultants. (2014). Melbourne Monthly Grape Prices 1997, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2014 highlow-average-best from informaton collected by Fresh State. Sydney: Ausmarket Consulting. Ausmarket Consultants. (2014). Sydney Monthly Grapes 1997, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2014 high-lowaverage-best price reports compiled from Sydney Market Reporting Service. Sydney: Ausmarket Consultants. Department of Primary Industries. (2003). Australian Regional Winegrape Crush Survey - Victoria / NSW Murray Valley. Department of Prinary Industries. Department of Primary Industries. (2006). Australian Regional Wine Grape Crush Survey Murray Darling, Swan Hill. Vicitorian Government. Department of Primary Industries. (2009). Winegrape Crush Survey Murray Darling / Swan Hill. Department of Prinary Industries. Victorian Government. Hickey, T., & Hengsen, K. (2014). Wine Grape Crush Report Murray Darling/Swan Hill. Mildura: Murray Valley Wine Grape Industry Advisory Committee. Martin, S. R., Dunn, G. M., & Krstic, M. P. (2007). Regulating Yield to Improve Wine Quality and Reduce Industry Costs. Final Report to Grape and Wie Research and Development Corporation. Project DNR 03/02. Department of Primary Industries, Victoria. Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation. Retallack, M. (2010). Updating vineyard costs of production data for the Murray Valley Wine Region. Mildura: Murray Valley Wine Growers Inc. Retallack, M. (2012). Economic Benchmarking for the Murray Valley Wine Region seasons 2010/11. Mildura: Murray Valley Winegrowers Inc. Retallack, M. (2012). Murray Valley and Riverina Water Use Efficiency Study 2011/12. Murray Valley Winegrowers Inc and Riverina Winegrapes Marketing Board. Sydney Market Reporting Service. (2003). Sydney Monthly Grape Prices . Sydney: Ausmarket Consulting. Sydney Market Reporting Service. (2006). Sydney Monthly Grape Prices. Sydney: Ausmarket Consulting. Sydney Market Reporting Service. (2009). Sydney Monthly Grape Prices. Sydney: Ausmarket Consulting. WGGA. (2008). Regional Benchmarking Report prepared as part of the 'Capacity Building for Australian Wine Grape Growers' project. Adelaide: prepared for Wine Grape Growers Australia by Scholefield Robinson Horticultural Services.

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