GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN AFRICA

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN AFRICA Also by William Tordoff ASHANTI UNDER THE PREMPEHS, 1888-1935 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN TANZANIA POLITICS IN ZAM...
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GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN AFRICA

Also by William Tordoff

ASHANTI UNDER THE PREMPEHS, 1888-1935 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN TANZANIA POLITICS IN ZAMBIA (editor and co-author) ADMINISTRATION IN ZAMBIA (editor and co-author) THIRD WORLD POLITICS: A Comparative Introduction (with Paul Cammack and David Pool)

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN AFRICA SECOND EDITION

WILLIAM TORDOFF

M

MACMILLAN

© William Tordoff 1984, 1993 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liab1e to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1993 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD HoundmiIIs, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world First edition 1984 Reprinted 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991 Second edition 1993

ISBN 978-0-333-57709-7 ISBN 978-1-349-22342-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-22342-8 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Copy-edited and typeset by Povey-Edmondson Okehampton and Rochdale, England

For Vanessa and Luke Alice and Nicole

Contents

viii

Preface and Acknowledgements Abbreviations and Acronyms

ix

Changes in Country Names

xiv

Political Map of Africa

xvi

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Introduction: African Politics since Independence Colonialism and the Colonial Impact Nationalism and the Transfer of Power State and Society Political Parties Administration The Military Revolutionary Movements and Revolutionary Regimes Regional Groupings, the Organisation of African Unity, and the South African Issue 10 Conclusions: Ideology, the Post-Colonial State and Development

I 24 42 67 91 121 148 177 221 252

Notes and References

287

Index

323

vii

Preface

I decided initially to take mid-1991 as the cut-off date for this revised edition of Government and Politics in Africa (1984). However, as fresh events unfolded in 1991 I extended this date selectively to cover important incidents, such as Kenneth Kaunda's defeat in Zambia's presidential election in October. In preparing this edition, I have again received valuable help and advice from Ralph A. Young of the Department of Government, University of Manchester; his comments were as perceptive and constructive as ever. I extend my warm thanks also to Karen Hall of the same department for the speed and accuracy with which she typed successive drafts of this book and to Kate Baker for her earlier secretarial assistance. I am indebted, too, to my publisher Steven Kennedy, to Keith Povey and to Rona Gundry for their guidance in preparing this work for publication, and to my wife Audrey for her constant encouragement and support. I am grateful to the Director of the Publications Department, World Bank, Washington DC for allowing me to reproduce at pp. 258-60 the table - 'Table I. Basic Indicators' - which appears in Sub-Saharan Africa. From Crisis to Sustainable Growth (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1989), p. 221. WILLIAM TORDOFF

Chapel-en-Ie-Frith Derbyshire

viii

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Note. Where the geographic locus of any organisation is not clear from its title, this has been indicated in brackets.

AAPC ABEDA ACP AFRC AG ALC AMU ANC AOF APC ARDP ARPS ASEAN ASP BDP BNF BPN CCM CEAO

All-African People's Conference Arab Bank for Economic Aid in Africa African-Caribbean-Pacific [countries] Armed Forces Revolutionary Council [Ghana] Action Group [Nigeria] African Liberation Committee African Mineworkers' Union [Northern Rhodesia/Zambia]; Arab Mahgreb Union African National Congress [Northern Rhodesia/ Zambia; South Africa] Afrique Occidentale Fran~aise All People's Congress [Sierra Leone] Accelerated Rural Development Programme [Botswana] Aborgines' Rights Protection Society [Gold Coast] Association of South-East Asian Nations Afro-Shirazi Party [Zanzibar] Botswana Democratic Party Botswana National Front Bureau Politique Nationale [Guinea] Chama cha Mapinduzi [Tanzania] Communaute Economique de I' Afrique de L'Ouest

ix

x

Abbreviations and Acronyms

CEEAC CDR CFAO CIAS CNR COSATU CPP CUF DIAMANG EAC EACSO ECA ECOMOG ECOWAS EEC EPLF EPRDF EPRP ERP FIS FLING FLN FLS FNLA FRELIMO GNP IMF KADU KANU KFL KPU MAP MMD MNR (RENAMO) MPLA

Economic Community of Central African States Committee of the Defence of the Revolution [Burkina Faso] Compagnie Fran~aise de I' Afrique Occidentale Conference of Independent African States Conseil National de la Revolution [Burkina Faso] Congress of South African Trade Unions Convention People's Party [Gold Coast/Ghana] Companhia Uniiio Fabril [portugal] Angolan Diamond Company East African Community East African Common Services Organisation Economic Commission for Africa [United Nations] ECOWAS Monitoring Group Economic Community of West African States European Economic Community Eritrea People's Liberation Front Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party Economic Recovery Programme [Ghana et a/.] Front Islamique de Salut [Algeria] Frente para a Libertaciio e Independencia da Guine Portuguesa Front de Liberation Nationale [Algeria] Front-Line States Frente Nacional de Liberta~iio de Angola Frente de Liberta~iio de Mo~ambique Gross National Product International Monetary Fund Kenya African Democratic Union Kenya African National Union Kenya Federation of Labour Kenya People's Union Muslim Association Party [Gold Coast/Ghana] Movement for Multi-Party Democracy [Zambia] Mozambique National Resistance Movimento Popular de Liberta~iio de Angola

Abbreviations and Acronyms

MRM NCNC NIEO NLC NLM NNA NNDP NPC NPN NPP OAU OCAM OECD OLF OPEC PAC PAFMECSA PAICV PAIGC PCT PDC PDCI PDG PF PMAC PNDC PNP POGR PP PPP PPN PRA PRL

xi

Mozambique Resistance Movement National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons/ National Council of Nigerian Citizens New International Economic Order National Liberation Council [Ghana] National Liberation Movement [Gold Coast/ Ghana] Nigerian National Alliance Nigerian National Democratic Party Northern People's Congress [Nigeria] National Party of Nigeria Northern People's Party [Gold Coast/Ghana] Organisation of African Unity Organisation Commune Africaine et Mauritienne Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [Western industrialised states] Oromo Liberation Front [Ethiopia] Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries Pan African Congress [South Africa] Pan-African Freedom Movement of East, Central and Southern Africa Partido Africano da Independencia da Cabo Verde Partido Africano da Independencia da Guine e Cabo Verde Parti Congolais du Travail People's Defence Committee [Ghana] Parti Democratique de Cote d'lvoire Parti Democratique de Guinee Polisario Front [Western Sahara] Provisional Military Administrative Council [Ethiopia] Provisional National Defence Council [Ghana] People's National Party [Ghana] President's Own Guard Regiment [Ghana] Progress Party [Ghana] People's Progressive Party [Gambia] Parti Progressiste Nigerien Parti de Regroupement Africain [French Africa] Pouvoir Revolutionnaire Locale [Guinea]

xii

Abbreviations and Acronyms

PRP PS PTA RCD RDA RENAMO RPT SAARC SACP SACU SADCC SADR SCOA SLPP SMC SPM SRC SRSP SWAPO TANU TFL TPLF TUC UAC UAM UDEAC UDV UFIR UGCC UGTAN UN UNCTAD

People's Redemption Party [Nigeria] Parti Socialiste [Senegal] Preferential Trade Area [Southern Africa] Rassemblement Constitutional Democratique [Tunisia] Rassemblement Democratique Africain [French Africa] See MNR Rassemblement du Peuple Togolaise South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation South African Communist Party South African Customs Union Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference Saharan/Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Societe Commerciale de l'Ouest Africain Sierra Leone People's Party Supreme Military Council [Nigeria] Somali Patriotic Movement Supreme Revolutionary Council [Somalia] Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party South West African People's Organisation Tanganyika African National Union Tanganyika Federation of Labour Tigre People's Liberation Front [Ethiopia] Trades Union Congress [Ghana et a/.] United Africa Company [Britain] Union Africaine et Malgache Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale Union Democratique Voltaique Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans [Zaire] United Gold Coast Convention Union Generale des Travailleurs d'Afrique Noire [Guinea] United Nations United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

Abbreviations and Acronyms

UNDD UNIP UNITA UPA UPC UPGA UPN UPP UPS UPV US USAID USC UWUSA WDC WPE WSLF ZAN LA ZANU ZANU-PF ZAPU ZIMCO ZIPA ZIPRA ZUM

Xlll

Unio.n Natio.nale po.ur la Defense de la Demo.cratie [Upper Vo.lta] United Natio.nal Independence Party [No.rthern Rho.desia/Zambia] Uniao. Nacio.nal para a Independencia To.tal de Ango.la Uniao. das Po.pula-'V~' .> '-', "1'i'_._ ..-._.

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LIBYA

LIBERIA

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RWANDAj

l/

Nairobi

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