Appendix C

Glossary—Esperanto to English First off, it must be stated that this glossary owes a great deal to Montagu C. Butler’s Esperanto-English Dictionary, although it is much less complete and even less detailed (but free...). The following representation is used for varying levels of acceptability of words: Words listed in the Fundamento are listed in roman type, with no sign; words used in the Fundamento, but not listed in the Universala Vortaro thereof are in a typewriter style, with no sign; words in an Oficiala Aldono are in italics, with no sign; and unofficial words are starred. Words upon which the author frowns are marked with two stars. This system was adopted with the aim of greater conformity with general conventions in linguistics and of the avoidance of excessive capitalization. Esperanto words enclosed within parentheses are optional, and square brackets are used to close off general comments, especially those which refer the reader to words other than those which are being defined within the definition in which the comment is found. Words that are capitalized are uniformly proper nouns.

tr nt vb s.t. s.o. clt sfx pfx us. intj adv conj q.v. w/
to

It is hoped that any other abbreviations which are met will be understandable from context. Most one-letter abbreviations refer to the main words in the English translation.

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APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

Esperanto-English abon/i tr subscribe to. ∼o, -ption. absolut/a absolute, unconditional. ∼e, -ly. -aˆ c- pejorative sfx, den. disparagemnt, contempt, dislike: abominable, odious. aˆ cet/i tr buy, purchase. -ad- (sfx den. Action) 1. -ADO, adds the idea of actn w/ noun rt. 1. -ADO, w/ vb rt den. actn in general 2. -ADI, continued, habitual, or repeated actn of vb ADRES/o address. ∼i, tr a., direct, send. afer/o affair: object, thing; business, concern, matter. *Afrik/o Africa. ∼ano, African. ag/i nt act, behave. ∼o, act, deed. ∼ado, action. ∼(em)a, -ive, energetic. aˆ g/o age; epoch, generation, period. ajn particle den. indefiniteness, used w/ correlatives: kt ajn, wh-ever. i- t ajn, any-. ˆ c- t ajn, absolutely every-. neni- t ajn, no- at all. -aˆ- (den. concrete idea.) thing; concrete manifestation of; meat of; material. akcept/i tr accept, take; take what is offered; adopt; admit, agree to; acquiesce in; welcome; honor, undertake (an office). ∼o -ance. akir/i tr acquire, gain, get. ∼aˆo, -sition. ∼ebla, obtainable. akompan/i accompany (phys. or mus.). ∼(aˆ)o, -iment, ∼anto, companion. ∼isto, -ist. akr/a sharp, keen. mal∼a, blunt, dull. akt/o act (theatrical, legal). aktual/a present-(day), current, immediate. ∼e, just now. akv/o water; liquid of similar appearance. ∼(um)i, water. ∼e, w-logged. al (prep) to, towards. Den. approach; dir., aim; relatn; etc. ali/a other; different. ∼(aˆ)o, s.t. else. ∼eco, d-ence. ∼e, o-wise. ∼ulo, another person. almena˘ u (adv ) at least; merely (i.t.s.o. at the very least). alt/a high, tall. (Vertically or in greatness). ∼e, -ly, on high. ∼lernejo, high-school. ∼en, upwards. altern/i nt alternate, succeed one another by turn. ∼e, by turns. alumet/o match. ∼ujo, match-box. am/i tr love. ∼o, l. ∼egi tr adore. mal∼o hatred. sin∼o egoism. amas/o accumulatn, mass; heap, pile. popol∼o crowd, mob. amba˘ u (pron) both. ∼ ne, neither. *Amerik/o America (the continent). amik/o friend. mal∼o enemy. ampleks/o dimensn, extent, magnitude. ∼i, tr comprise, cover, include. amuz/i tr amuse, entertain. ∼o, -ment (recd). ∼a, -ing. ∼aˆo -ment. -an- (∼o) member, unit; inhabitant; adherant. ∼aro, group. ∼iˆ gi join.

*angl/o (proper noun) Englishman. ∼ujo/*∼io, England. ∼a, English. anka˘ u (adv ) also, too. (Precedes word to be emphasized) ankora˘ u (adv ) still, yet, till now. ∼ ne, not yet. anonc/i tr; al, pri; ke announce, advertise. ∼o, -ment. anstata˘ u instead of. prep as a substitute for. conj (before verb), instead of. anta˘ u (prep) before (place or time); ago (∼ longe, long ago). antikv/a antique: ancient; old-fashioned. aparat/o apparatus. apart/a separate; special, unique. ∼e, especially; aside. ∼eco characteristic. aparten/i al belong to; appertain to. apena˘ u (adv ) hardly, barely, scarcely. (prep) at the most. aper/i nt appear. mal∼i disappear. april/o (proper noun) April. aprob/i tr approve (of), be pleased with; authorize. ∼o, certificatn. apud (prep) beside; by, near. ∼a, adjacent. ∼e, near by, close. -ar- collection of units of the same kind, regarded as a whole. Opp: -er-. aranˆ g/i tr; ke, por, pri arrange. ∼o, -ment. ∼ema contriving, ingenious. arb/o tree. aritmetik /o arithmetic arˆ gent/o silver. asoci/o association. ∼i tr; kun, -ate. ∼a, allied. ∼ito, partner. aspekt/i copula appear to be, look. ∼o aspect, -ance. ∼e in -ance. atend/i tr; ˆ gis, por wait, await; expect, regard as likely to happen. ating/i tr; ke reach, attain. a˘ u (conj ) or a˘ u...a˘ u... (conj ) either...or... a˘ ud/i tr hear. a˘ ugust/o (proper noun) August. a˘ uskult/i tr; al listen. ∼antaro, audience. ∼ilo, (tel) receiver. *a˘ utobus/o bus. a˘ utomobil/o car. av/o grandfather. praprapra... great-great-great-... avert/i tr; ke, pri, kontra˘ u; abs caution, warn. aviz/o notice, announcement. bal/o ball, dance. (N.B. This does not mean the same thing as pilko). balda˘ u (adv ) soon, promptly, shortly. ban/i tr; en, per bathe (s.o.), immerse. pluv∼o shower. ∼ˆ cambro -room banan/o banana. baston/o stick, staff (usually wooden).

45 batal/i nt; inter, por, pro, kun, kontra˘ u, kun do battle, combat, fight. baz /o base, basis, starting-point, foundatn; ∼a, -ic. ∼i tr , base, found. *beb/o baby, babe, infant-in-arms. beda˘ ur/i tr; ke regret, be sorry (for). ∼o r. ∼esprimo, excuse. bel/a beaut/iful, charming, handsome, lovely, noble. ∼o -y. *bend/o band, tape, ribbon. (vidbendo, video-tape). benzin/o gasoline. best/o animal, beast. ∼aro, herd. *beton/o concrete (building material only). [Cp konkret/a.] bezon/i tr need, require; be under obligatn to. ∼a, necessary. bibliotek /o library. bild/o picture, image, likeness. bilet/o ticket. bank∼o, bank-note. bird/o bird. ∼aro, flock. blank/a white; clean, stainless. blov/i tr blow. ∼a, -y, windswept. blu/a blue. bo- in-law, reln by marriage to the relatives of one’s husband/wife. bon/a good. ∼e, well. botel/o bottle. brak/o (anatomical) arm. ∼umi, embrace, hug. brems/o brake. ∼i nt, (apply a) brake. bret/o shelf. bril/i nt shine, beam, gleam. ∼a, -ing, bright. ∼o, shine, luster. bru/o noise, din. ∼i nt, be noisy. *bulgar/o (proper noun) a Bulgarian. ∼ujo/*∼io, B-ia. ∼a, Bulgarian. bulten/o bulletin, short official report. buˆ s/o mouth. ∼umo, muzzle. butik/o shop. ∼umi nt, shop. cel/i tr, aux; ind. com.; al, kontra˘ u aim. ∼a, pointed. ∼o, aim, goal. cent hundred. centr/o center, middle. cerb/o brain. ∼umi nt, rack one’s brain. cert/a certain, sure. ∼igi (ion al iu, iun pri io; ke), certify; assure. ceter/a other, remaining, remainder. kaj ∼e, etc. ∼e, besides. ci (pron) thou. Den. affection, intimacy. cigared/o cigarette. ∼ingo, -holder. ∼ujo, -case. cit/i tr quote, cite; mention. ∼aˆo, quotation. ˆ cambr/o chamber, room. ˆ cap/o cap. ˆ capel/o hat, bonnet; covering. ˆ capitr/o chapter (of a book). ˆ car (conj ) because, for, since, whereas.

ˆ ce (prep) at, den. coincidence (place, time, circmstnce=at, among(st), with) ˆ cef/o head, chief(tain). ∼e, above all. ∼a, c., h., foremost. ˆ cef- (pfx ) chief-, main-, primary-, arch-, high-. ˆ cemiz/o shirt. virina ∼o, in∼o, chemise, shift. ˆ ces/i nt, aux cease, stop. ∼o, cessatn. ∼igi, stop s.t. ˆ ceval/o horse. ∼ejo, stable. ∼ido, colt, foal. ∼ino, mare. ∼idino, filly. ˆ ci den. proximity. W/ t- crltvs, changes “that” to “this”, ˆ ci- (pfx ) den. “this”: ˆ ci-jara, t-year; “here”: ˆ ci-kune, h-with. ˆ cia of every kind, every kind of a, all kinds of. c ^ial for every reason, on all grounds. ˆ ciam ever, each time, at all times, always. por ˜ k eterne, for e. and e. ˆ cie everywhere, in each (every) place, in all places. ∼ ajn, abs. everywhere. ˆ ciel in every way, in all sorts of ways. ˆ ciel/o sky, heaven. c ^ies every (each) one’s (body’s). *ˆ cin/o (proper noun) a Chinese person. *∼io/∼ujo, China. ∼a, Chinese. ˆ cio all, everything, all things. c ^iom the whole quantity, all (the whole) of it, the lot. ˆ cirka˘ u (prep) around, round. ∼a, surrounding. ∼aˆo, evironment. ˆ ciu (pron) everyone, everybody. ∼j, all. ∼jara, annual, yearly. -ˆ cj- sfx forming affectnate diminutvs for masc. names, placed aftr the 1st fw ltrs. ˆ cu (conj ) whether; forms questions answerable by “yes” or “no.” ˆ cu...ˆ cu... whether...or... da (prep) (quantity of) Btwn 2 words den. that the 1st measures the 2nd. *dan/o (proper noun) a Dane. ∼ujo/*∼io, Denmark. ∼a, Danish. danc/i nt dance. danˆ ger/o danger. dank/i tr; ke, pro thank. Dank’ al, thanks to. ∼on, thanks. dat/o date (day of the year...). ∼iˆ gi, to date from. ∼i, to write a date on. da˘ ur/i nt continue, endure, go on, last. ∼o, duratn. ∼igi tr continue. de (prep) of (possessn, prec. gen. subj, character), from, by (subj of passv). debat/i tr debate, discuss formally. dec/i nt be becoming (correct, proper, the right thing to do). ∼a, becoming. decembr/o (proper noun) December. decid/i decide. 1. tr; ˆ cu; abs, resolve, determine, make up one’s mind. 2. inter, ke, kontra˘ u, por, pri give judgment, rule, settle. deˆor/i nt be on duty, officiate, serve. ∼ejo, post. ∼(ad)o, (spell of) duty.

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APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH dek ten. ∼a, tenth (ordinal). ∼e, tenthly. ˆ vi deklar /i tr; ke declare (proclamatns or customs). Cu havas ion deklarendan? dekstr/a right (right-hand, or conservative). mal∼a, left. deleg/i delegate, authorize as agent. ∼ito, delegate, deputy. delegaci/o delegation. Not recommended—instead, use delegitaro. demand/i al, pri; ˆ cu ask (desiring information), enquire, query. ∼o, question. dent/o tooth, dent-; cog. ∼kuraco, dentistry. des 1. ju (mal)pli..., des (mal)pli..., the more (less)...the more (less)... 2. (alone) so much the, p ˜li bone, so much the better. desegn/i tr design; draw, sketch, paint. ∼(ad)o, drawing. ∼(aˆ)o, a drawing. despot/o despot, absolute or tyrannical ruler. detru/i tr destroy. ∼(em)a, -uctive. ∼enda, that must be destroyed. dev/o duty, obligatn. ∼i, have the d. of -ing—have to, must. ∼us, should. dezir/i tr, aux, ind. com. desire, want, wish (for) (to). mal∼, disdain. di/o Dio—God; dio—a god. diabl/o devil. difin/i tr define, settle limits of, make clear. ∼(aˆ)o, -ition. ∼a, -ing. dik/a thick; corpulent, fat. mal∼a, thin, lean, slim, tenuous. diligent/a diligent, assiduous, industrious, sedulous. mal∼a, lazy. dimanˆ c/o (proper noun) Sunday. dir/i tr; ke say, assert, speak, state. ∼ ke -u, tell (s.o.) to (do s.t.). direkt/i tr; al kontra˘ u direct: turn towards; control; aim; guide. ∼o -ion. dis- den. separation, divergence; dispersal. ∼e, scattered about. *diskrimin/i inter, kontra˘ u discriminate (used unfavorably). ∼ado, -ation. diskut/i tr; pri discuss, debate, talk over. ∼o, -ion. dist(anc)/o distance, interval, range. ∼a -t, far away. ∼i be distant. distr/i tr distract, divert (draw away, or amuse). ∼a, amusing. diven/i tr; el, ˆ cu, ke, kiel, kion guess, surmise; get right; divine. divers/a(j) various: diverse; divers, several. divid/i tr divide. ∼a, -sive. ∼o, -sion. ∼aˆo, -sion. do (conj ) so, consequently, etc; then, so; so there! so that’s that! doktor/o doctor: holder of highest univ. degree in any faculty; physician. dolˆ c/a sweet (of taste, smell, sound, or character—nice, charming). dolor/i abs, tr pain.

dom/o house. ∼ego, mansion. ∼eto, cottage. urb∼o, town hall. domaˆ g/i tr, aux wish to keep intact, fear to damage. ∼e ∼o, a pity. don/i tr; al give. al∼i, add. re∼i, return. donac/i tr; al donate, make a gift. ∼o, -ion, gift. ∼into, donor. dorm/i nt sleep, be asleep. ∼adi have a long sleep. ∼emulo, sluggard. dors/o back (of a person; dead animal—loin, chine, saddle; object). ∼e, behind. *drat/o wire. drink/i tr, abs drink hard (to excess), swill. ∼aˆo, liquor. ∼ejo pub, bar. du two, ∼a, 2nd. ∼e, 2ndly, in the 2nd place. ∼foje twice. dub/i tr; ˆ cu, ke, pri; abs doubt. ∼o, doubt. sen∼e, certainly. dum (prep) during. (conj ) while; also den. contrast. ∼e, meanwhile. duˆs/i tr shower. ∼o shower. ∼iˆ gi, take a shower. eben/a even, level, smooth. -ebl- sfx den. possibility (-able, -ible) [Must follow tr vb]. ∼e -ly, perhaps. -ec- sfx den. quality, state (-ness, -hood, etc.). -∼a = -simila. eˆ c (adv ) even (as in “He even ate the dishes!”). eduk/i tr educate, train. ∼(ad)o, e-ation. ∼ato, pupil. edz/o husband, spouse. ∼(in)iˆ go, marriage. ∼ino, wife. ∼(in)igi, marry. efektiv/a real, actual, true. ∼e, really, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact. efik/i al, sur, kiel; abs have effect on, avail. ∼o, effect, influence. -eg- augmentative sfx, strengthens the rt idea. Ega deep, intense. egal/a (al) equal (eqv.; smooth; indifferent). ∼i tr; al, (be) e. (to). -ej- den. place. (us. after vb (place for -ing)/noun w/ vb assumed (pc fr -ing ...)) ek- den. (1) the beginning of a continuous actn, (2) sudden or momentary actn. ekde since. Ekde tiam, since then. ekip/i tr equip, accoutre. ∼aˆo, -ment. eklezi/o church (not as a physical structure, but as a body of believers, rel. soc.) eks- pfx den. ex-, former, late. ∼igi, dismiss. ∼iˆ gi, resign, abdicate. ekster (prep) outside (a limit, boundary), out of (same mng). ekstrem/a extreme (at the farthest edge; ultra-, highest grade). ∼o, -ity. ekzamen/i tr examine (test; inspect). ∼o, -ation, auditn. ekzempl/o example. ∼a, illustrative, model. ∼e, for example, such as. ekzempler/o copy, sample, specimen.

47 ekzerc/i tr; per, pri exercise, practice, train. ∼(ad)o, e., p. ekzist/i nt exist, last, live, subsist. ∼o, -ence. ∼aˆo, entity, being. el (prep) out of, from (in), of (in this sense). (pfx ) ... out. elekt/i tr; el, inter; abs choose, elect. ∼ado, e-tion. el∼i, select. -em- sfx den. tendency (fondness, leaning; apt to, subject to). emfaz /o emphasis. ∼a, -tic. ∼i tr; pri, be -tic, accentuate, -size. en (prep) in (opp. ekster, el). ∼igi, insert. ∼iˆ gi, enter. -end- which is (has) to, must (should) be -ed. entrepren/i tr, aux undertake, accept obligatn. ∼(aˆ)o, -ing, enterprise. enu/i nt be bored, lose interest. ∼o, boredom. ∼igi, bore. -er- sfx (opp. -ar-) den. element, unit, of a homogeneous whole. erar/i en, pri err. ∼o, error, mistake. escept/i tr except, exclude. ∼o, -ion. ∼e, -ionally. ∼e de, except (for). esenc/o essence. ∼a, -tial, intrinsic, real, true. esper/i tr; al, je, pri; aux hope, expect. ∼o, confidnc, h. ∼eble, hopefully. esplor/i tr explore; investigate. esprim/i tr express, convey. ∼o, -ion. est/i copula be, exist, occur, be found. ∼o, being. ∼aˆo, a being. ˆ ce∼i, be at, attend. for∼i, be absent. estr/o head, leader. urb∼o, mayor. imperi∼o, emperor. ∼aro, executive. -et- sfx, to a high degree weakens the idea in the rt. (-ette). etaˆ g/o floor (not the physical floor, but the location), storey, flight. eventual/a contingent, eventual, liable to happen. ∼e, if necessary. ∼o, e-ality. facil/a easy (simple; light(weight); weak). ∼eco, ease. mal∼a, difficult. fajr/o fire. ∼i nt, burn, flame. fakt/o fact. ∼e, actually, in fact. fal/i nt fall (drop, tumble down; sink; die; collapse). ∼igi, fell. fald/i tr fold. ∼ilo, -er. famili/o family. far/i tr do, make. ∼iˆ gi, be done; come to pass, happen; become. fart/i nt be (in good or bad health), do, fare, feel. ∼o, conditn. favor/o favor, goodwill. ∼e, -ably. ∼aˆo, f., concessn. ∼ito/∼ato -ite. februar/o (proper noun) February. feliˆ c/a happy. ∼igi, delight. mal∼a, sad. fenestr/o window. ferm/i tr close, forbid access to. ∼ilo, fastener. mal∼i, open.

fest/o festival, celebratn, holiday; special anniversary. ∼i tr; pro celebrate fi- shameful, morally bad, foul. (also adj). Fi! (intj ) Fie! For shame! fianˆ c/(in)o fianc´ e, engaged person. ∼eco/∼iˆ go, engagement, betrothal. fid/i tr;al,je,pri,ke trust, hv faith in; count on. ∼o, faith. ∼inda, t-y. figur/o figure, image. ∼i, depict; play the part of. fiks/i tr; al, sur fix: fasten, secure; decide, settle. ∼aˆo -ture. fil/o son. ∼ino, daughter. *film/o film (wide sense, cinematography, photography, etc.), thin coating. fin/i tr finish. ∼o, f., end. ∼a, final. ∼fine at long last. fingr/o finger, digit. ∼ingo, thimble. ∼ujo, f. (of a glove). Finlando Finland. ∼ano, a Finn. **finn/o a Finn. (Preferable would be Finlando/Finlandano.) firm/a firm: stable; dense; resolute; definite. ∼o, f., house of business. fiˆ s/o fish. flank/o side. ∼e, alongside; sideways; aside (from). ∼aˆo, minor matter; wing. flav/a yellow. flirt/i nt; anta˘ u, ˆ ce, de, kun, super, sur flit, flutter; float; flirt, dally. flor/o flower, bloom, blossom. ∼a, -y, floral. ∼i, bloom, blossom. flug/i nt fly, rush. ∼ilo, wing. ek∼i, take flight. foj/o time, occasion. ali∼e, at another t. ˆ ci∼e, this time. Etc. foli/o leaf (of plant or paper); sheet. ∼aˆo/∼aro foliage. for (adv ) away, forth, off (den. disappearance or distance). ∼a, distant. forges/i tr; pri; abs forget. form/o form: shape; arrangement, style; customary behavior. ∼i f., mould; assume. fort/a strong. **fot/i tr photograph. ∼o photo. (Use “fotografio”). frakci/o fraction. *franc/(in)o (proper noun) a French(wo)man. ∼ujo/*∼io, France. ∼a, French. frat/o brother. ∼ino, sister. fra˘ ul/o bachelor, single man. ∼ino, damsel, maiden, miss. ∼ineto, lass(ie). fraz /o sentence (grammatical); (∼(er)o) phrase. ∼i, phrase. fremd/a foreign; alien. ∼ulo, f-er, stranger. mal∼a, familiar, intimate. frenez/a mad; crazy, insane, raving, wacky. ∼aˆo, craze, lunacy, folly. freˆ s/a fresh. fripon/o rascal. fru/a early. ∼e, early. mal∼a, late.

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APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH fundament/o foundation: basis, base; underlying principle. funkci/i nt function, act, operate, work (in this sense). ∼o, f., duty. fuˆ si do awkwardly, blotch, bungle, fumble. ∼a, clumsy. fuˆs- bungling-, botched-. ge- pfx den. both sexes (used mostly in the plural). ∼edukado, co-education. geografi/o geography geni/o genius: guardian spirit; inborn ability; prevalent char. ∼a, brilliant. genu/o knee. inter∼aˆo, lap. *german/o (proper noun) a German. ∼ujo/*∼io, Germany. ∼a, German. *giˆ cet/o booking office; pay-desk; box-office. gigant/o giant. (virego is preferable.) gimnazi/o public (grammar) school, 1st-class classical school preparatory to university. glaci/o ice. ∼aˆo, ice-cream. glas/o (drinking) glass, tumbler. glat/a smooth:s-surfaced; easy, w/o difficulty; bland, honeyed. mal∼a, rough. gorˆ g/o throat, wind-pipe; gorge, gully; (sea) narrows. ∼a, guttural. grad/o degree, grade: quality; d. of scale, temp.; rank. ∼e, gradually. gramatik/o grammar. ∼a, -atical. grand/a great; big, large, vast; alternating quantity; major, noble, weighty. gratul/i tr; pri, pro congratulate. grav/a important, grave, weighty. [After dankon, one may say ne gravas] graved/a pregnant. *grek/o (proper noun) a (modern) Greek. ∼ujo/*∼io, (modern) Greece. ∼a,Gk. grimp/i climb. griz/a gray, grey. grund/o ground:earth, soul; ground(s), land estate; bottom, basis, foundatn. grup/o group; body, cluster. gust/o taste:flavor;(sense of) t.,(good) t.;liking. ∼int,t. ∼umi tr ,t. gvid/i tr guide, lead. ˆ garden/o garden. ∼isto, gardener. gen/i tr embarrass; annoy, bother, disturb, trouble. ˆ ∼(aˆ)o, nuisance. ˆ general/a general, affecting (nearly) all. ∼e, for the most part, in g. ∼igi -ize. gi (pron) it (used for objects w/o sex or for objects of ˆ indeterminite sex). (Also used for non-human animals, unless personified.) gis (prep) as far as, down to, up to; to in from...to...; ˆ till, until. goj/i nt rejoice, be glad. ∼o, joy. ∼(plen)a, j-ful, j-ous. ˆ gu/i tr enjoy; possess/have the benefit (use) of. ˆ gust/a right, accurate, exact, correct, fair, in order, ˆ proper. mal∼a, wrong.

ha! (intj ) ah! den. sudden emotion; den. laughter—haha! hak/i chop, hew. ∼ilo, axe, hatchet. ligno∼isto, woodcutter. har/o hair (usually den. a single hair, oft. in plural). ∼aro, thick head of hair. ha˘ ut/o skin. hav/i have. ∼ebla, obtainable. mal∼i, lack, be wanting in. *hebre/o (proper noun) a Hebrew. ∼a, Hebrew. hejm/o home. ∼e, at home. ∼en, homewards. *helen/o (proper noun) an ancient Greek. ∼ujo/*∼io, ancient Greece. help/i tr, abs; al, kontra˘ u help, aid. rescue. ∼a, auxiliary. ∼ema, -ful. herb/o herb: -aceous plant; grass. ∼ejo, grassy field, meadow. ∼ero, blade of g. hiera˘ u yesterday. histori/o history: a continuous record, chain of events; the study of history. ho! (intj ) O! Oh!: vocative interjection; den. emotion, grief, protest. hodia˘ u today. hom/o man (in general), human being, person. ∼a, human. ∼aro, h-ity, mankind. hor/o hour, time: 60 min.; time-measurement; time of day, o’clock; appointed time. horloˆ g/o clock, watch, time-piece. hotel/o hotel, hostelry, inn. ∼isto, -keeper, -proprieter. motorista ∼, motel. hund/o dog. ∼a, canine. ˆ cas∼o, hound. ∼ido, puppy. ∼ujo, kennel. ia of some (indefinite) kind or other, some kind of a. ∼ ajn, of any kind. ial for some reason. ∼ ajn, for any reason. iam at some time, (past): once (upon a time), (future): some day. ∼ ajn, anytime. ∼a, erstwhile, former. -id- child, young; descendant. [Cp Eng. -ite, Grk. -id, Rsn. -(ov)iˆ c] ide/o idea, concept, fancy, notion. sam∼ano, fellow-thinker. ideal/o ideal, high aim, vision. ∼a, i., perfect. ∼igi, -ize. ∼ismo, -ism. ie in some place, somewhere. ∼ ajn, anywhere. iel by some means, in some manner, somehow. ∼ ajn, anyhow, in any way. ies someone’s, somebody’s. ∼ ajn, anyone’s, anybody’s. -ig- make, cause to be, render. [Eng. -ize, -en, Makes nt vbs tr , w/ adjectives and dogs means to cause to be (more) ... (-like).] -iˆ g- become, come to be. [Opp. of -ig-.] -il- object used to perform an action; appliance, instrument, tool, utensil. ili they, (when used as object of prep): them. ∼n, them. ∼a, their(s). ilustr /i tr illustrate (with pictures or explanations). imag/i imagine, conceive, fancy. ∼(it)a, -ary. ne∼ebla, inconceivable.

49 imit/i tr imitate. impon/i impress, command respect. ∼a, -ive, imposing. ∼eco, majesty, prestige. -in- den. female, feminine. ∼a/∼seksa, feminine. ∼o, a female. -ind/a worthy, deserving of (to be ... -ed). fid∼a, trustworthy. indig/o indigo, blue powder < i-plant. ∼a bluo, i-blue. infan/o child. ∼ejo, nursery. -ing- den. object in which s.t. is set or put; holder, sheath, etc. for one obj only. ink/o ink. ∼ujo, -pot, -well. instru/i educate, instruct, teach. ∼isto, t-er, i-er. ∼ita, e-ed, erudite. inteligent/a intelligent, bright, smart. mal∼a, dense, stupid. intenc/i tr intend, design, mean, plan. ∼o, -tion, aim, intent. inter (prep) between; amongst. ∼tempe, meanwhile. interes/i tr interest: be -ing to; affect, concern. ∼o, interest (not financial). interez/o (financial) interest. interpret/i tr interpret. mis∼i, mis-interpret. invit/i tr, aux; al invite, request. ∼o, -ation. ∼a, -ing, attractive. io something. ∼ ajn, anything. iom a certain amount, a little (some) of; somewhat. ∼ ajn, any at all. ir/i nt; al, de-ˆ gis; aux go. en∼i, enter. ek∼i, start, set off. *Iran/o Iran. ∼ano, Iranian. *Irland/o Ireland. ∼ano, Irishman. -ist- person concerned w/, engaged in, the subj den. by the rt (by profession or by habitual or frequent occupatn or interest).; adherent of a person or creed. *ital/o (proper noun) an Italian. ∼ujo/*∼io, Italy. iu someone; some, a certain (as an adj.). ∼ ajn, anyone. ja (adv ) indeed, in fact. Den.: emphasis; expostulatn, remonstrance; although. jam (adv ) already, by now, by then. jam ne, no longer. januar/o (proper noun) January. jar/o year. ∼cento, century. ∼deko, decade. cent∼ulo, centenarian. je (prep) as regards, in relatn to: replaces the acc. to den. any prepositional relatn implied by the context (thus, indefinite). jen (intj ) Behold! Lo! Look! Here! There! ∼...∼..., now..., now... jes (intj ) yes. se ∼, if so. Mi kredas, ke jes, I believe so. ju ju (mal)pli..., des (mal)pli..., the more (less)...the more (less)... *jugoslav/o (proper noun) a Yugoslavian. ∼ujo/*∼io, Yugoslavia. just/a just: lawful, legitimate; fair, impartial; honest, upright; correct, right. juˆ g/i tr, abs judge. ∼isto, j. ∼antaro, jury. juli/o (proper noun) July.

jun/a young. ∼ulo, young man, youth. mal∼a, old. juni/o (proper noun) June. jup/o skirt. ˆa˘ ud/o (proper noun) Thursday. ˆet/i tr throw, cast. ˆus (adv ) just (now), not long ago. ∼a, just made, up-to-date, last moment. kaf/o coffee. ∼ejo, caf´ e. kaj (conj ) and. kaj...kaj..., both...and... kajer/o (stitched-paper) book; exercise book. kalkan/o heel (of foot). ∼umo, heel (of shoe). kamen/o fireplace, -side; hearth. ∼tubo, chimney. kamp/o field. ∼aro, (open) country, land. ∼adi, (en)camp. kanajl/o blackguard, rascal, villain. kant/i sing. ∼o, song. kap/o head: (anatomical); an individual (counting h’s); brains; chief; top. Ne senkapiˆ gu, Don’t lose your head. kapabl/a je, por; aux capable (of -ing), competent. ∼i, be capable. kapt/i tr capture, catch. ∼ilo, pitfall, trap. ∼ito, -ive, prisoner. kar/a dear: beloved; highly esteemed, valuable; expensive. mal∼a, cheap. kart/o card. lud∼o, playing-card. ∼ludo, card-game. *kased/o cassette. kaˆ s/i tr; anta˘ u, de, de anta˘ u hide, conceal. ∼e, in secret. kat/o cat. ∼bleki, caterwaul. ka˘ uz/o cause: (producg an effect); reason. ∼i tr , cause. ∼e, because of. kaz/o case (grammatical, medical, or legal). ke (conj ) that. [Can be omitted in English, but never in Esperanto.] kelk/a some, a little; a certain. ∼aj, several, a few [main use]. kia (adj ) of what kind, what k. of a. Kia ...! What a ...! kial (adv ) why, for what reason. ∼o, reason. kiam (adv ) when, at what time. kie (adv ) where, in which (what) place. ∼o, whereabouts. kiel (adv ) in what way, by what means: how; as (in the same way as); like. kies (pron) whose, which one, of whom, of which. kilo- (metric pfx) kilo- (*∼cikl, ∼gram, *∼litr, ∼metr, **∼˘ uat)o— kilocycle, -gram, -liter, -meter, -watt. kio (pron) what (thing). [Also used as “which” when it refers to an entire statement rather to a single word, for which kiu would be used.] kiom (adv, conj ) What amount, how much. [Used w/ da: Kiom da pomoj? ] kis/i kiss. kiu (adj, pron) Which (one), who. [Cp kio.] klar/a clear: pure, pellucid; distinct; serene; discerng. mal∼a, clouded, dark.

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APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH klas/o class: grade, rank; category, rank. alt∼a, of superior g. klav/o key (piano, typewriter, etc.) ∼aro, keyboard. [Cp ˆ slosilo] kler/a educated, cultured. mal∼a, barbarous, ignorant. klin/i tr incline. ∼iˆ gi, bend down, give way. de∼i tr , divert. klopod/i tr take measures, make efforts, make efforts. ∼igi, importune, spur. knab/o boy, lad, male child. ∼ino, girl. kol/o neck. ∼umo, collar. kolegi/o college, institutn of scholarship. koler/i tr, abs; kontra˘ u, pri be angry. ∼a,angry. ∼o,anger. ∼igi,anger. kolor/o color. kom/o comma. punkto∼o, semicolon. komand/i tr (be in) command (of); bid, order. ∼o, c., order. komb/i comb, brush. ∼ilo, comb. mal∼i, dishevel. komenc/i tr; ˆ ce, per; aux, abs begin, commence, start. ∼o, beginning. komerc/o business, commerce. ∼aˆo, commodity, goods, merchandise. komfort/o comfort, ease. ∼a, -able, cosy, pleasant. ∼e, in comfort, at ease. komik /a comic(al), funny, humorous. komitat/o committee. ∼estro, chairman. kompetenta en, pri competent, able, capable. ∼(ec)o, -ce, ability, qualificatn. komplet/a complete, entire, finished. ∼o, c. set, outfit; suit. ∼igi, c. komplik /i tr complicate, entangle. kompren/i tr; ke, kiel; abs understand, comprehend. ∼aˆo, idea. ∼ebla, clear. *komput/i compute, reckon. ∼ilo, computer. kon/i tr know (about), be acquainted w/, have met. re∼i, recognize. koncept/o concept. ∼i, form a c., conceive. [Not the same as gravediˆ gi.] koncert/o concert. kondiˆ c/o conditn, qualificatn.; needed circumstance. ∼a, -al. ∼e, on c., c-ally. konduk/i conduct, guide, lead. ∼ilo, bridle, rein, leash. kondut/i behave, conduct one’s self. ∼o, b-ior, c., manners. malbon∼a, naughty. konfes/i tr; ke; abs acknowldge, confess. ∼o, c-ion. ∼preni, shrive, take c-ion. kongres/o congress. ∼i, attend a congress. konjug(aci)/i conjugate (a vb). ∼o/∼ado, -ation. konjunkci/o conjunction (grammatical and celestial). konkret/a concrete, in material form, perceptible. [Not the same as betono.] konkurs/o competition under definite rules; contest, match. kur∼o, race. konsci/i tr; pri, ke; abs be conscious (aware) of. ∼(ec)o, a-ness, c-ness. konsent/i tr; kun, pri, ke; abs agree, consent: concur; acquiesce. ∼o, a-ment, c.

konserv/i tr; de, kontra˘ u keep, conserve, preserve. konsil/i aux w/ io, tr w/ io, ke advise, counsel. ∼o, (piece of) advice, c. konsist/i nt consist: el be composed of; in c. in. ∼o, compositn, make-up. konstant/a constant, abiding, permanent, stable. ∼a, constancy. ∼o, (math) constant. konstru/i tr build, construct: erect; organize; construe. ∼aˆo, a building. kontakt/o contact, connectn, touch. ∼i, be in c. fuˆ s∼o, short circuit. kontra˘ u (prep) against, in opposition to; facing; in o-it dir. to normal, etc. kontrol/i tr; ˆ cu, check (up on), audit, inspect, verify. ∼(ad)o, inspectn. konvers/i ([konversacii], also) converse, chat, talk. ∼(ad)o, -ation. konvink/i tr; pri, ke convince, firmly persuade. ∼o, convictn. kopi/i copy, make a c. of; imitate. ∼ilo c-ing machine. kor/o heart (anat. or wrt feelings). ∼a, cordial. sen∼a, -less. korb/o basket. korekt/i correct: amend; admonish, rectify. ∼a, *correct (ˆ gusta), corrective. korespond/i kun, correspond (interchange letters). [Not to correspond to.] korp/o body. kost/i tr cost, involve expenditure/loss. ∼o, c., price. sen∼e, free. kotiz /i contribute. ∼(aˆ)o, c-ion, share, dues. kovert/o envelope. kovr/i tr; per cover. ∼ilo, envelope, lid, c. of book, shutter. krajon/o pencil. glob∼o, ball-pt pen. [Not the same as crayon: paˆstelo]. kre/i tr create. ∼(ad)o, -ion (act). ∼aˆo, -ion (object). kred/i tr; al, je, pri believe; think (that). ∼o, belief. kresk/i nt grow. kret/o chalk (the material and the writing implement). kri/i cry (out), shout; call. ∼o, shout. ∼aˆ ci, screech. ek∼i, exclaim. Krist/nask/o Christmas. kritik/i tr criticize: appraise, examine; censure, find fault w/. ∼aˆ ci, flame. krokodil/o crocodile; *[colloq.: one who speaks his native tongue when Esp. is approp.]. krom (prep) treats what follows as separate from other things: After a general or neg. statement, excludes the obj. from said statement; after a statement may be added to include something else. Thus, krom: except; besides. kruc/o cross. ∼(ir)i c., intersect. ∼umi, crucify. kruel/a cruel. ∼ulo, brute. krur/o leg (of a person, animal, or piece of furniture). ∼umo, pants-leg. ktp (abbreviation) etc., and so forth (kaj tiel plu). kuf/o coif, simple head-dress for women.

51 kuir/i tr , cook. ∼ejo, kitchen. kuk/o cake. kuler/o spoon. kultur /o culture, (level of) civilizatn, educatn, refinement, training. kun (prep) (along) with (place, time, conj., possession) [not by means of]. kunikl/o rabbit. kunˆ cjo, bunny. kur/i nt run, hasten, hurry. ∼a, r-ing. ∼e, at a r. kurac/i tr treat (medically), apply remedies. ∼ilo, remedy. ∼isto, doctor. kurs/o course (of instructn), series of lessons; course (of travel). kuˆ s/i nt lie: be horizontal; be on a surface; be located, stay. kutim/o custom, habit, practice, wont. ∼e, usually. ∼i, be wont to. kuz/o (first) cousin (male). ∼ino, female (first) cousin. kvadrat/o square (geometric and mathematical). kvankam (conj ) although, even if, granting that. [Can pair with tamen, q.v.] kvant/o quantity, amount, extent, size. ∼umo, quantum. kvar four kvaza˘ u 1. (conj ) as, as if (though), like. ∼ diri, as if to say. 2. (adv ) apparently, as it were, so to speak. ∼a, quasi-. kverk/o oak (tree). kviet/a quite. ∼o, q. kvin five la the. [Can, esp. in poetry, be abbrev. as l’ after a vowel-endg prep.] labor/i nt labor, work. ∼o, l., w. ∼ema, industrious. Etc. lac/a tired, weary. mal∼a, fresh. lag/o lake, loch, lough. ∼eto, pool, pond. lakt/o milk. *lanˆ c/i launch. land/o land (all senses relating to geography, but not flight [surteriˆ gi].) lang/o tongue (anatomical, not linguistic). larˆ g/a broad, wide. ∼o, breadth, width. las/i tr leave: depart; l. behind; allow to be; cease to [not aux]; permit. last/a last, ultimate (time, order, sense of only remaining 1). anta˘ u∼a, pen-u. la˘ u (prep) according to, in -ance with, by means of (sorting, etc.). la˘ ud/i tr praise, bring laud. mal∼i, blame, censure. ∼∼a, pejorative. la˘ ut/a loud, noisy. mal∼a, quite, low, soft. lav/i tr wash. ∼igi,have washed. [-ig- does the have thing to tr vbs] lecion/o lesson. ∼aro, course. leg/i tr, nt (!) read. leˆ g/o law. ∼a, legal. ∼igi, legalize. ∼isto, -yer. kontra˘ u∼a, il-.

lern/i tr, aux learn. ∼ejo, school. lert/a je, pri clever, dexterous, skillful. mal∼a, awkward, clumsy. leter/o letter (to a person), epistle. [Cp liter/o] lev/i tr lift, raise. ∼umilo, lever. li he. ∼a, his. ∼n, him. liber/a de free, at liberty. ∼(ec)o, f-dom, liberty. mal∼a, captive. libr/o book. ∼otenanto, book-keeper. lig/i tr bind, fasten, tie. ∼o, league. ∼ilo, band, cord. al∼i, ally. lign/o wood. lingv/o language, tongue (linguistic [Cp. lang/o]). ∼isto, linguist. lini/o line. lip/o lip. list/o list, catalog, register, roll. lit/o bed, couch, resting-place. en∼igi (∼iˆ gi), put (get) into bed. liter/o letter (of the alphabet [Cp leter/o]) ∼i, spell. loˆ g/i nt dwell, inhabit, live, reside; lodge, stay. ∼ejo, abode, house. lok/o place, location. long/a long, extended. ∼(ec)o, length [W/o better than w/]. lud/i nt, tr (!) play. ∼ilo, toy. kart∼i, play cards. lum/o light. mal∼a, dark. lun/o moon. lund/o (proper noun) Monday. maj/o (proper noun) May. makul/o spot, blot; blemish, defect. mal- den. exact opposite of the idea expressed by the word it modifies. malgra˘ u (prep) in spite of, notwithstanding. man/o hand. ∼umo, cuff. manier/o manner, way; mode of actn. mank/i nt be lacking, absent. ∼igi, omit. mal∼i, abound. manˆ g/i tr, nt (!) eat, swallow, consume. ∼o, meal. ∼aˆo, food. mantel/o coat, mantle, cape, cloak. *map/o map. mar/o sea, ocean. mard/o (proper noun) Tuesday. mark/o mark. poˆ st∼o, postage stamp. ∼i, mark. mart/o (proper noun) March. marˆ s/i nt march. mas/o mass (not religious). maˆ sin/o machine (s.t. more complicated than an ilo, q.v.). maten/o morning. ∼e, in the morning. material/o material, mater, stuff. ∼e, in substance, not merely in form. mebl/o (piece of) furniture. mejl/o mile. melk/i tr milk (e.g., a cow).

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APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH mem self, selves (throws emphasis on “self”): personally, w/o help, spontnsly. membr/o member. menci/i mention, allude to. ∼o, mention. mens/o mind, intellect. ∼a, mental. merkred/o (proper noun) Wednesday. met/i tr put, place. metod/o method. metr/o meter (unit of length). ∼a, metric. mez/o middle: central point; mean, medium. nokto (tag)∼o, mid-night (day). mi I, me. ∼a, my, (of) mine. miks/i tr mix. ∼aˆo, -ture. mil(o) thousand. dudek kvin mil, twenty-five thousand. minac/i tr; al, je, per menace, threaten, impend, forbode. ∼o, m., threat. minimum/o minimum. ∼e, at least. minut/o minute (60th of an hour or a degree). mir/i pri, ke marvel, be astonished. ∼o, surprise, wonder. ∼igi, amaze. mis- mis-, amiss, incorrectly. ∼a, incorrect. ∼o, fault, miss. modern/a modern. mal∼a, ancient, old. mok/i tr mock, deride, jeer at, make fun of. ∼(em)a, bantering, scornful. moment/o moment: point of time; deciding point. ˆ cie∼e, at any moment. mon/o money, currency. ∼er, coin. ∼ujo, purse. monat/o month. mond/o world. mont/o mountain. ∼eto, hill. ∼supro, summit. montr/i tr , show, display. mord/i tr bite. ∼eti, nibble. morga˘ u (adv ) tomorrow. mort/i nt die. ∼o, death. ∼inta, dead. ∼a, mortal. ∼igi, kill. moˆ st/o gen. title of politeness and respect for people of rank. mov/i tr move: displace; put in motion; drive, propel. ∼ado, -ment. mult/a much, a lot of. ∼aj, many, a large nr of. ∼o, much. ∼obligi, multiply. mur/o wall. murd/i murder, kill unlawfully [as opp. to mortigi, q.v.] mus/o mouse. muzik/o music. naci/o nation. ∼a, -al. ∼ano, citizen. naˆ g/i swim. najbar/o neighbor. ∼aˆo, ∼eco, -hood. nask/i tr give birth to, bear. ∼oto, foetus. ∼iˆ gi, be born. natur/o nature. na˘ u nine. naz/o nose. ne not (negates the word it precedes); (pfx) non-, un-, etc.; (intj ) no.

neces/a necessary. ∼i be necessary. ∼ejo, bathroom, toilet, w.c. *Nederland/o Hollad, the Netherlands. ∼ano, a Dutchman. negr /o a black man. [Cp nigr/a] neˆ g/o snow. ∼ero, snow-flake. ∼ulino, Snow-white. pluv∼o, sleet. nek...nek... neither...nor..., not...or... nenia (adj ) no, of no kind, no kind of, not any. nenial (adv ) for no reason, not for any reason, on no account. neniam (adv ) never, at no time, not ever. nenie (adv ) nowhere, in no case, not anywhere. neniel nohow, by no means, in no way. nenies (pron) nobody’s, no-one’s. nenio (pron) nothing, none, not anything, naught. ∼aˆo, vacuum. neniom (adv ) none (of it), none (at all), no amount, not a bit. neniu (pron) nobody, no one, not one; not a single. nep/o grandson. ∼ino, granddaughter. nepr/e w/o fail, absolutely, in any case. nev/o nephew. ∼ino, niece. ne˘ utral/a neutral. ni (pron) we. ∼n, us. ∼a, our. nigr/a black, dark (the color [Cp negro]). nivel/o level. mar∼o, sea-level. -nj- sfx of endearment for female names, attached to the 1st few letters of the rt. nokt/o night. tra∼i nt, pass the night. nom/o name, appelatn, denominatn. plum∼o, pseudonym. ∼e, by name, namely. nombr/o number. mez∼o, average, mean. nord north. ∼en, to the north, northwards. normal/a normal (not geometric); ordinary, regular, typical. ne∼a, abnormal. not/o note (written and musical). ∼i, take note of, note. nov/a new. mal∼a, old. novembr/o (proper noun) November. nu (intj ) Well! Well now! Come now! nud/a bare, nude: naked; exposed; direct, simple. nul/o nought, zero, nil. ∼igi, nullify. ∼a, null. numer/o number given to s.t. to indicate its order among others. [Cp numbr/o] nun (adv ) now. ∼a, current, present. nur (adv ) only, merely (modifies the idea it precedes). obe/i tr; al obey. ∼(ad)o, obedience. ∼igi, train. mal∼i, disobey. objekt/o object (concrete and grammatical: rekta objekto, nerekta objekto). -obl- den. multiplicatn: -fold. ∼o, multiple. du∼a, duple, twofold. observ/i tr observe, watch. mal∼i, disregard. ofend/i tr offend. ∼o, insult, offense, affront. ∼a, offensive, insulting.

53 ofer/i offer up, sacrifice. *ofert/i offer for sale or supply. ofic/o office: responsible occupatn; duty w/ this. ∼ejo, o. ∼isto, officer. oficial/a official, authorized. [Cp ofic/a: official, concerning an office or duty] oficir/o officer (in the military, etc.) [Cp ofic/isto]. oft/e often, frequently. ∼a, frequent, often-occuring. plej∼e, mostly. ok eight. okaz/i nt happen,occur. ∼o,event. ∼a,accidental. ∼e,on occasn,as it h-ed. okcident/o west. ∼a, w-ern, w-erly. ∼en w-ward. oktobr/o (proper noun) October. okul/o eye. ∼(ad)i, e., look at. ∼umi, ogle. okup/i tr occupy, employ. mal∼i, evacuate, leave free. ol (conj ) than (with comparison). anta˘ u ∼, before (sentence). -on- den. fraction: -th. ∼o, fractn, aliquot part. kvar∼o, quarter. oni (pron) one, they, folks, people, men (in general). onkl/o uncle. ∼ino, aunt. -op- den. number of elements in a collectivity. du∼e, in pairs, two by two. opini/o opinion. ∼i tr , opine, be of an o., believe, think, suppose. oranˆ g/o orange (the fruit). ∼(kolor)a, orange. ord/o order (arrangement, not command [Cp ordon/o]). ordinar/a ordinary. ordon/i tr; ind. command command, order. ∼o, c., o. orel/o ear. ∼umo, telephone ear-piece. organiz /i tr organize. ∼(ad)o, -ation, -ing. ∼(aˆ)o, -ation, -ed body. orient/o east, orient. ∼en, e-ward. ost/o bone. ov/o egg. pac/o peace. paˆ cj/o (< patro) Daddy, Dad. paf/i tr; al; kontra˘ u fire, shoot, project a missile. ∼ilo, gun. pag/i tr; al, por pay. ∼e, in payment. paˆ g/o page (of a book). pak/i tr pack. ∼(aˆ)o, package. pal/a pale. ∼iˆ gi, (become) pale. pan/o bread. panj/o (< patro) Mom, Mommy, Mum, Mummy. paper/o paper. par/o pair, couple. ∼e, in pairs. ∼ulo, partner. pardon/i tr; al, ke forgive, pardon, excuse. ∼peto, apology. parenc/o relation, relative, kinsman. parol/i tr; al, kun, pri speak, talk. el∼i, set out clearly, enunciate. part/o part. plej∼e, for the most part, mainly.

pas/i tr, nt (!) pass: disappear; go from...to...; pass by, go past. pask/o Passover; Easter. ∼a, Paschal. paˆ s/i nt, ∼o, step, pace, tread. paˆstel/o pastel, crayon. patr/o father. ∼ino, mother. pa˘ uz/o pause, break, halt. ∼i, cease, stop; delay; hesitate. pec/o piece. (dis)∼igi, cut up, dismember, cut to shreds. pen/i nt make an effor, try hard, labor, endeavor. pend/i nt hang, be suspended. ∼igi, hang up. ∼umi tr , hang s.o. penik/o brush, hair-pencil; tassel. pens/i think: cogitate, consider, ponder; believe, imagine. pri∼i, t. about. pentr/i tr paint. ∼aˆo, -ing, picture. per (prep) by means of, per, through, with (instr). ∼i, act as intermediary. perd/i tr lose. perfekt/a perfect. period/o period (of time). permes/i tr; al, ke permit, allow, let. ∼o, permissn, leave. mal∼i, forbid. person/o person. ∼a, -al, individual, private. pes/i tr weigh, find the weight of. ∼ilo, scales, balance. pet/i tr; por, pri, ke ask (as a favor). ∼o, request. mi petas, please. pez/i nt, weigh, have weight, be heavy. pied/o foot. pilk/o ball (for games, etc.) [Cp bal/o]. pingl/o pin. pint/o point, extremity, sharp end. plac/o (public) square; open space, clearing. plaˆ c/i tr; al please, be agreable to. al iu ∼as io, s.o. likes s.t. plan/o plan. ∼i tr , make a p., plan. planed/o planet. plank/o floor, bottom, ground. plat/a flat. plej (adv ) most, -est. mal∼, least. plen/a de, je full. ∼umi, accomplish, fulfil. mal∼a, empty. plend/i nt complain. plezur/o pleasure. ∼e, w/ pleasure. pli (adv ) more, -er ... (ol: than). mal∼, less. plor/i nt, cry, weep. plu (adv ) further, more (in this sense). [Cp pli] plum/o feather, plume; pen. font∼o, fountain pen. plur/a ∼aj, more than one, several. *plus (prep) plus, with the additn of. pluv/o rain, shower. ∼i, rain. ∼ero, raindrop. po apiece, at (the rate of). [Complicated—try to find an explanatn elsewhere] pokal/o beaker, large drinking cup. polur/i tr polish.

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APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH polus/o pole (geometric, e.g. the North Pole). polv/o dust. pom/o apple. ter∼o, potato. pont/o bridge. popol/o people: inhabitants, popultatn; the gen. public, masses. ∼amaso, crowd. popular /a popular, familiar to, known (liked) by the public. por (prep) for: in order to, for the purpose of; etc. pord/o door, gateway. pork/o pig, hog. mar∼o, porpoise. ∼aˆo, pork. ∼ejo, p-sty. port/i bear, carry; wear. al∼i, bring. posed/i tr possess, have, hold, own. ∼o, p-ion, ownership. ∼aˆo, p-ion. post (prep) after (time and rank), behind (place). ∼e, -wards. postul/i tr , demand, require. ∼o, d., r-ment. poˆ s/o pocket. poˆ st/o post(al service), mail. en∼igi, m., p. potenc/o might, power. plej∼a, the Almighty, Most High. pov/i aux have the power, can, be able. ∼o, power: ability; (horse)-power. pra- den. remoteness: grand, great- (w/ relatives); primitive, prehistoric, Ur-. prav/a (in the) right; correct. ∼i, be r. mal∼a, (in the) wrong, incorrect. precip/e principally, above all, chiefly. ∼a, principle, chief, main. preciz/a precise, accurately expressed. prefer/i tr, aux prefer, favor. ∼ata, favorite. preˆ g/i nt; al, por, pri, ke pray. ∼ejo, church, chapel. *preleg/i lecture. premi/o prize, reward. pren/i tr take. preska˘ u (adv ) almost, all but, nearly, well-nigh. pret/a ready. ∼i, be ready. ∼e, beforehand. preter (prep) beyond, past, on the other side of. [w/ a positn or limit] prez/o price. prezent/i present: offer, proffer, propose; introduce; imagine; depict; give; form. prezid/i tr preside. ∼anto, chairman, pn p-ing. ∼ento, -ent, official head. pri (prep) about, concerning. princip/o principle, fundamental. ∼a, of p., f. ∼e, on p., as a rule. printemp/o spring. pro (prep) because of, for, from, owing to, through. [Lat. propter ] problem/o problem. procent/o percent, rate. produkt/i tr produce. profesi/o profession. ∼a, -al. profesor /o professor.

profund/a deep, profound. mal∼a, shallow, superficial. program/o program, list of arrangements, plan. ∼ero, item, piece. progres/i nt (make) progress, advance. ∼o, p., advance. mal∼i, decline. projekt/o project. proksim/a near, in proximity, close, nigh. ∼e de, near to. ∼ume, approximately. promes/i tr, aux; al promise. prononc/i tr pronounce. ∼o, pronunciation. propon/i tr, aux; ke propose. ∼o, -al, -ition. propr/a (one’s) own, belonging to one. protekt/i tr; al, kontra˘ u protect (against, from) protest/i kontra˘ u protest, demonstrate. ∼o, p., objection. prov/i tr (put to the) test, try (in this sense). proviz/i tr provide. prunt/i tr; al, de 1. al lend. 2. de borrow. pruv/i tr; ke prove. ∼o, proof. ∼aˆo, evidence. publik/o the public. pun/i tr; pro punish, castigate, chastise. ∼o, penalty. pup/o doll. pur/a pure, clean. ∼igi, c., p-ify. mal∼a, im-p., dirty. purpur/a purple. raci/o reason, judgement, logical faculty, sense. ∼a, rational. ∼igi, ratnalize. rad/o wheel. rajd/i tr; sur ride (animal, bicycle, etc.). rajt/o right (to s.t.), just claim, prerogative. ∼i nt, aux , have the r., may. rakont/i tr; pri, ke tell (a story), narrate, relate. ∼o, story, tale, narrative. rapid/a rapid, fast. ∼e, quickly. raport/i tr; al, pri; ke report, describe; record; inform (on), tell tales. rav/i tr (fill w/) delight, ravish, captivate. ∼a, r-ing,d-ful,c-ing,lovely. re- re-. real/a real: factual, material, objective. mal∼a, unreal, illusory. redakt/i tr edit. ∼isto, ∼oro, editor. reg/i tr rule, dominate. ∼ato, subject. ∼istaro, government. registr/i tr rgister (of records or music). regul/o regulation, rule. reˆ g/o king. ∼id(in)o, prince(ss). ∼ino, queen. eks∼iˆ gi, abdicate. rekt/a straight, direct (geometrical, moral, grammatical, etc.). mal∼a, crooked. relativ /a relative, comparative, not absolute (also grammatical). renkont/i tr meet (s.o.). [Not the same as kun/ven/i] respond/i tr; al, pri, ke answer: reply, reciprocate; comply w.; correspond. rest/i nt remain, stay, continue to be. ∼ejo, abode, stopping place.

55 ret/o net. rev/i tr; pri dream, be in a reverie, muse. ∼o, d. ∼(em)a, d-y, romantic. ricev/i tr receive. ∼o, receipt. riˆ c/a je rich. mal∼a, poor. rid/i tr; je, pri, pro laugh (at). ∼eti, smile. rigard/i tr; al look (at); regard; face. rilat/i tr; al relate, be -ed, be connected w/, concern. ∼o, -ion; attitude. rimark/i tr; de remark, notice, observe; make a r. ∼o, observatn. rimed/o means, measure, method, opportunity, way. ripet/i tr; ke repeat, do again, duplicate, reiterate. river/o river, stream. ∼eto, brook, creek. ∼ujo, r-bed. rob/o robe, gown, vestment, dress. rok /o rock, boulder, crag. roman/o novel, romance, lengthy tale. romp/i tr break: crack; interrupt; b. down. ∼(ad)o, fracture. ∼aˆo, bit. rond/o round: circle, ring; rounds, beat; social circle. ∼a, round. ronk/i snore. ruband/o ribbon, band. ruˆ g/a red. ∼iˆ gi, blush. ∼igi, -en. *rus/o (proper noun) a Russian. ∼ujo/*∼io, Russia. ∼a, Russian. sabat/o (proper noun) Saturday. saˆ g /a wise. ∼ulo, sage. ∼umi, affect wisdom, split hairs. mal∼a, stupid. sal/o salt. ∼i tr , s. salon/o drawing-room, “salon.” salt/i nt jump, leap, bound; move quickly. ∼eti, hop. salut/i tr salute: greet, hail; by gesture express respect. ∼on!, hello. sam/a the same, identical. ∼(manier)e, in the s. way. ∼tempe, simultaneously. san/a healthy. ∼o, (good) health. mal∼a, sick, ill. sang/o blood, gore; lineage, race. ∼ero, drop of blood. sankt/a holy, sacred. ∼ejo, holy place, sanctuary, shrine. ∼ulo, saint. sat/a satiated, satisfied, full, replete. mal∼a, hungry. sav/i tr save: deliver, rescue; spare. scen/o scene. sci/i tr; ke, kie, etc. know: (facts), be aware of; k. how to. ∼voli, wonder. scienc/o science. se (conj ) if. ∼ jes, if so. ∼ ne, if not. [Not “whether,” ˆ cu] sed (conj ) but, however, moreover. seg/i tr saw. ∼ilo, saw. seˆ g/o chair, seat. brak∼o, arm-chair. sek/a dry. mal∼a, wet. seks/o sex; (grammatical) gender. in(∼)a, female. vir∼a, male. sekund/o second, sixtieth of a minute (time or degree). ∼i, s., abet, promote.

sekur /a secure, safe. sekv/i tr, abs follow. ∼a, consequent. semajn/o week. sen (prep) w/o, free from, minus, with no, sans. sen-, -less. senc/o sense; meaning; idea, purport. send/i tr send. *sens/o sense (one of the five...). ∼a, sensory. ∼ama, sensual. sent/i feel, be conscious of, sense. ∼o, -ing, perceptn, sense. sep seven. septembr/o (proper noun) September. serˆ c/i tr search: look for, seek; investigate, research. seri/o series, sequence of similar things. ∼a, -al. ses six. sezon/o season. si (reflexive pron) refers to the subj of the sentence, but only if 3rd pn. ∼a, his-(her-its-their-one’s)own. sin-, self-. sid/i nt sit. ∼igi, seat, set. kun∼i, hold a meeting (kunveni). signif/i tr mean, signify, denote. sen∼a, insignificant, meaningless. silent/a silent, tacit. ∼o, silence. ∼i nt, be silent. simil/a al, je similar (to), (a)like. ∼i, be like, match, resemble. simpl/a simple. ∼e, -y, just, merely, only; plainly. sinjor/o gentleman;Mr.; master; (rel) the Lord; ∼ino, Mrs. ge∼oj, Mr. and Mrs. siren/o siren (woman or loud object). sistem/o system. ∼a, -atic. Skandinavi/o Scandinavia. ∼ano, -n. skatol/o box, tin. *ski/o ski. ∼(kur)i, s. sklav/o slave. ∼i, s., drudge. skrib/i nt, tr (!) write. societ/o society: community; associatn, club; company, firm; social circle. soif/i tr; al thirst (for), be -y. ∼o, t. sol/a alone, lone. solv/i tr dissolve; resolve, solve. ∼o, solutn, answer. ∼a, solvent. somer/o summer. son/i nt (make) sound, be heard, resound. sonˆ g/i, ∼o dream (in sleep). sorˆ c/i tr enchant, put a spell on. ∼isto, -er, wizard. ∼istino, witch. sort/o fate. spac/o space: area, extent; limitless s. spec/o kind, sort; brand, variety. special/a special, particular, for a def. purpose [Cp apart/a, precip/e]. *specif/i tr specify; define in detail. ∼o, specificatn. spegul/o mirror.

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APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH spert/a experienced, adept, competent, conversant, expert, skilled. spinac/o spinach. spit/i defy, flout, spite. ∼e ... -n, ∼e al, in defiance of. sport/o sport, out-of-door recreatn. ∼ejo, stadium. sprit/a witty, bright, clever, quick. ∼(ec)o, wit. mal∼a, inane, folly. staci/o station: (haltejo; restejo; establaˆo). ∼domo, s. building. star/i nt stand: be in upright positn;stay unshaken; be situated. ∼ema,stable. re∼i, right, stand back up. stat/o conditn, state; plight, status. ∼i, be in a s. stel/o star. ∼ul(in)o, “star” (film, etc.) stil/o style: manner; pattern, shape. *stop! (intj ) stop! strang/a strange, odd, peculiar. ∼aˆo, oddity, peculiarity. ∼ulo, eccentric. strat/o street, road between buildings. streb/i nt strive; do one’s best. ∼o, great effort, struggle. streˆ c/i tr stretch, brace, tense, stiffen, strain. ∼e, fixedly. ∼o, strain. ∼ita, intense, strained. mal∼i, ease, loosen. struktur /o structure, constructn, build. ∼a, structural. stud/i tr study, do research work on. ∼ema, studious. ∼anto, person -ing. student/o (college) student, undergraduate. stult/a stupid, foolish, silly. ∼igi, besot, stultify. sub (prep) under(neath), beneath, below. ∼ulo, underling. subit/a sudden, abrupt, unexpected. ∼e, -ly, all at once. suˆ c/i tr suck. sud/o south. ∼a, southern. ∼en, southwards, to the s. ∼ano,∼ulo, -erner. sufiˆ c/a enough, sufficient. ∼e!, enough! ∼i, be e., suffice. suk/o juice, organic fluid, sap. sukces/i nt; en, pri; aux succeed, have success. ∼o, success. mal∼i, fail. sun/o sun. ∼a, solar. super (prep) above, super-, over. ∼i, beat, exceed, excel, surpass. supoz/i suppose, accept as true or possible w/o proof; assume, imagine, presume. supr/o top, summit. ∼a, upper. ∼e de, on the t. of. ∼en, up(wards). ∼aˆo, surface. mal∼o, bottom. mal∼e, below. mal∼en, down. sur (prep) on, upon. surpriz/i tr surprise. ∼o, s. *sved/o (proper noun) a Swede. ∼ujo/*∼io, Sweden. ∼a, Swedish. sving/i tr swing. *svis/o (proper noun) a Swiss. ∼ujo/*∼io, Switzerland. ∼a, Swiss. ˆ saf/o sheep. Di∼ido, Agnus Dei. ˆ sajn/i seem. ∼o, appearance. ∼e, apparently. ver∼e, probably, presumably.

ˆsanc/o chance. bon∼a, fortunate, lucky. ˆ sanˆ g/i tr change, alter. mon∼o, change. ˆ sat/i appreciate, enjoy, think highly of; like (in this sense). [Don’t use as aux] ˆ serc/i nt joke, jest, make fun. mal∼a, serious. ˆ si (pron) she. ∼n, her. ∼a, her. ˆ sip/o ship, boat. ∼estro, captain, skipper. ˆ sir/i tr tear; pull apart, rip. dis∼i, tear up, shred. ˆ slim/o slime. ˆ slos/i tr lock. ∼ilo, key. ˆ snur/o rope, line, cord. ˆ spar/i tr save (up), reserve; be sparing of, economize. ∼(em)a, thrifty. ˆ srank/o cupboard. ˆ stat/o state (realm), nation, form of government. ˆ stel/i steal, thieve. ∼aˆo, booty, plunder, loot. ∼o, theft. ∼isto, thief. ˆ stof/o stuff, fabric, textile. ˆ stup/o stair, set (of staircase). ∼e, gradually. ∼aro, staircase, stairs. ˆ su/o shoe. ˆ suld/i tr owe, be in debt. ˆ sultr/o shoulder. tabl/o table. tabul/o board, plank. nigra ∼o, black-board. tag/o day. *tajp/i type(write). ∼ilo, typewriter. ∼isto, -ist. ∼aˆo, type. tamen (adv, conj ) nevertheless, however, still, though, yet, howbeit. task /o task, job, piece of work. ta˘ ug/i nt be fit for, be of use, serve. ∼a, fitting, suitable. te/o tea. ∼ujo, tea-caddy. ∼horo, tea-time. ∼kruˆ co, tea-pot. teatr/o theater, play-house. ∼aˆ ca, meretricious. ∼aˆo, drama, piece, play. *teknologi/o technology. La Masaˆ cusetsa Instituto de Teknologio. tekst/o text, wording, words (of music). teler/o plate. tem/o subject, theme, topic. ∼i, be about, have as a theme, touch on. temp/o time. lasta∼e, lately. sam∼a, contemporary. temperatur /o temperature. ten/i tr hold, keep. sin∼o, attitude, bearing. ∼ilo, handle. ter/o earth: the world; ground, land; soil, dirt. en∼igi, bury, inter. *teren/o ground, plot, terrain, tract of land. terur/o terror, fright, intense fear. ∼a, -ible, -iffying, awful. ∼i, -ify, appal. tia of that kind,that kind of a,such a. ∼ˆoj,such things. ∼maniere, so that. tial accordingly, for that reason, therefore. ∼ ke, because.

57 tiam (adv ) then, at that time; in that case. ∼a, of that time, contemporary. tie (adv ) there, in that place, over there. ∼n, thither. ˆ ci ∼, here. tiel (adv ) as, in such a way, like that, so, thus. ∼ ... kiel, as ... as. ties of that, that one’s, his, etc.; the latter’s. tim/i tr fear, be afraid of, dread. ∼o, fear, -phobia. tio (pron) that (thing), it. ˆ ci ∼, this thing. tiom (da) (adv ) that amount, so many. tip/o type, character, specimen. ∼a, typical. tir/i tr draw, pull. al∼i, attract. tiu (pron) that one, the one; (adj ) that (particular, individual). ˆ ci ∼, this (one). ˆ ci ∼j, these. toler/i tr tolerate. ∼ema, tolerant, broad-minded, easy-going. tond/i tr clip, shear, snip. ∼ilo, scissors, clippers, shears. tondr/o thunder. tra (prep) through: from one end to the other; through and past; during. traduk/i tr; el...en... translate. ∼(aˆ)o, -ion, rendering, version. traf/i tr hit the goal, reach one’s aim, befall; contact, meet. ∼o, hit. *trajn/o train, string, tow: series of objects; railway train (vagonaro). trakt/i tr; pri treat of, deal w/, describe; act towards, deal w/. tranˆ c/i tr cut, cleave. ∼o, cut(ting). ∼ilo, knife. trans (prep) over, across; (pfx) trans-. ∼ruˆ ga, infra-red. ∼violo, u.v. tre (adv ) very (much), strongly. tri three trink/i tr drink. ∼o, drink. tro (adv ) too; (w/ vb) over(much), too much. ∼a, excessive. trov/i tr find: discover; receive; succeed in getting; consider to be. tru/o hole, break, breach, gap, opening. ∼i tr , h., puncture. tuj (adv ) immediately, at once, forthwith; just, right (tute apude). tuk/o a cloth. buˆ s∼o, napkin. poˆ s∼o, naz∼o, handkerchief. tuˆ s/i tr touch: lay hand on; contact; alter; mentn, deal w.; affect; concern. tut/a the whole, all the, intact. ∼e, quite, completely. ∼e ne, by no means. ne ∼e, not altogether, not quite. en∼e, as a whole. -uj- den.: container, holder; obj in which an actn is performed; land of; fruittree. -ul- den. individual: (w/ adj rt) pn characterized by rt; a type of animal (mam∼o, mammal); (inanimate obj) triferdek∼o, 3decker. -um- has no def. meaning, but forms related words whose sense is defined by the usage or suggested by context. [In general, one cannot confidently form new examples and must look up any which have been formed].

*uni/o union, coalitn. universal/a universal, world-wide, ecumenical. universitat/o university. unu one urb/o town. ∼a, urban. ∼ego, great city. ∼estro, mayor. ∼domo, t-hall. Uson/o The United States of America. ∼ano, American. util/a of use; advantageous. ∼i nt, be of use, help. mal∼a, harmful. uz/i tr use, employ, utilize. valor/o value, worth. var /o article of commerce, commodity. ∼oj, wares, goods. ∼ejo, warehouse. varb/i tr; al, en, por enlist, enroll, gain over, recruit. varm/a warm. ∼ega, hot. ∼eta, tepid. mal∼a, cool. mal∼ega, cold. vast/a vast. dis∼igi, promulgate, spread. mal∼a, narrow, limited. ve (intj ) woe! ho ∼!, alas! woe is me! vek/i tr wake(n), rouse (< sleep). ∼iˆ gi, awaken. ven/i nt come. al∼i, arrive at, reach. re∼i return. kun∼i, convene, meet. kun∼o, meeting. vend/i tr sell. vendred/o (proper noun) Friday. venen/o poison. kontra˘ u∼o, antidote. venk/i tr, abs conquer, vanquish, beat, defeat, triumph over. mal∼o, defeat. vent/o wind. ventr/o belly, abdomen; womb. ver/a true, authentic, genuine, real, veritable. ∼o, truth. verb/o verb. verd/a green, verdant. verk/i tr write, make (by mental labor). verm/o worm. verˆ s/i tr pour out (liquids), discharge. vesper/o evening; gloaming, twilight, dusk. vest/i tr clothe, dress, robe. ∼(aˆ)o, article of clothing, apparel, dress. veter/o weather. vetur/i go (travel) by vehicle. ∼ilo, vehicle. kusen∼ilo, hovercraft. vi you (sg and pl). ∼a, your(s). viand/o meat. ∼ejo, butcher’s shop. ∼isto, butcher. vid/i tr see: behold; realize; understand; visit. ∼o, sight, view. vigl/a animated: bright, fresh; lively, nimble; energetic; alert, vigilant. vin/o wine. vintr/o winter. viol/o violet. ∼a, ∼kolora, v. vir/o male; man (opp woman); man (opp child); (pfx) male-. ∼ino, woman, female. vitr/o glass; obj of glass. okul∼oj, eye-glasses. viv/i nt live; remain alive, endure; remain in memory; manage; conduct one’s l.; dwell. ∼o, life.

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APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY—ESPERANTO TO ENGLISH vizaˆ g/o face, countenance, visage. vizit/i tr visit. voˆ c/o voice. ∼(don)i, ∼(don)o vote. voj/o way, path, road. fer∼o, railroad. sur∼e, en route, on the way. vojaˆ g/i nt journey, travel; migrate. vok/i tr; al call to, cry out; call in; call upon, invite. vokal/o vowel. vol/i tr, aux will, choose, determine; desire, like, want. sci∼i, wonder. volont/e willingly, w/ pleasure. mal∼e, ne∼e, reluctantly. volv/i tr wrap, roll, wind. vort/o word; speech, mesage; promise. ∼aro, dictionary. ∼ero, morpheme. vulp/o fox. ∼ino, vixen. zorg/i pri; tr care (for), attend to; be anxious about. ∼anto, guardian.