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GETTING THE FACTS RIGHT A comparison of the four largest airports in Western Europe

December 7th, 2016

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Content 1. Urban development 2. Airport development

3. Spatial development 4. Connectivity 5. Quality of Life (economic and societal effects)

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Urban development

Airport development will be driven by connections between these cities

Source: Global and World City Research Network (GaWC)

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

1980

Air traffic movements (x1000)

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Airport development Growth in air traffic movements Air traffic movements

600

500

400

300 FRA

LHR

200 AMS

CDG

100

0

Year

Source: Annual reports / airport statistics

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Airport development Growth in passenger movements Airport CDG LHR FRA AMS IST ARN CPH BRU MUC ZRH MAD BCN FCO

2011 507 476 481 420 300

2013 472 470 466 426 385

254 234 390 279 429 303 324

245 217 382 262 333 276 302

2015 469 472 457 451 448 217 255 239 380 265 366 286 315

Groei -38 -4 -24 31 148 217 1 5 -10 -14 -63 -17 -9 Source: Annual reports / airport statistics

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Airport development Growth in air traffic movements including airport systems Air traffic movements 1400

1000 FRA

800

LHR AMS

600

CDG 400

London Paris

200

2014

2013

2012

2009 2010 2011

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1992 1993 1994

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

0

1980

Air traffic movements (X1000)

1200

Year

Source: Annual reports / airport statistics

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

1980

Passengers (in millions)

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Airport development Growth in passenger numbers Passengers

80

70

60

50

40 FRA

30 LHR

AMS

20 CDG

10

0

Year

Source: Annual reports / airport statistics

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Airport development Growth in passenger numbers

Source: Annual reports / airport statistics

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Airport development Growth in passenger numbers Airport 2011 2013 CDG 60.971 62.053 LHR 69.391 72.335 FRA 56.436 58.037 AMS 49.755 52.569 IST 37.452 51.321 ARN 19.065 20.674 CPH 22.726 24.067 BRU 18.786 19.133 MUC 37.764 38.673 ZRH 24.338 24.865 MAD 49.663 39.729 BCN 34.399 35.211 FCO 37.651 36.166 Passenger movements (000)

2015 65.767 74.958 61.032 58.285 61.323 23.143 26.610 23.460 40.982 26.281 46.828 39.711 40.422

Groei 4.796 5.567 4.596 8.530 23.871 4.078 3.884 4.674 3.218 1.943 -2.835 5.312 2.771 Source: Annual reports / airport statistics

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Airport development Growth in passenger numbers including airport systems Passengers 160

120 100

LHR FRA

80

CDG

60

AMS 40

London

Paris

20 0

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Passengers (in milions)

140

Year

Source: Annual reports / airport statistics

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

amount of cargo (in million metric tonnes)

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Airport development Growth in amount of cargo of selected airports Cargo

2,5

2

1,5 FRA

1

LHR

AMS

0,5 CDG

0

Year

Source: Annual reports / airport statistics

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Spatial development London Heathrow 1955

1972

2015

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Spatial development London Heathrow (LHR) • • • • •

2 runways (1 Take Off, 1 Landing) Alternating use 471 thousand air traffic movements 72,4 million passenger movements 1,5 million metric tonnes cargo

Source: Google maps. ACI, 2013

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Spatial development London Heathrow (LHR)

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Spatial development Frankfurt Airport 1935

1970

2011

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Spatial development Frankfurt airport (FRA) • • • • •

4 runways (2 Take Off 2 landing) 1 only landing, 1 only Take Off 473 thousand air traffic movements 58 million passenger movements 2,1 million metric tonnes cargo

Source: Google maps. ACI, 2013

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Spatial development Paris CDG 1980

Opened 1974

2015

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Spatial development Charles de Gaulle (CDG) • • • • •

4 runways (2 Take Off, 2 Landing) Alternating use 478 thousand air traffic movements 62 million passenger movements 2,1 million metric tonnes cargo

Source: Google maps. ACI, 2013

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Spatial development Amsterdam Schiphol 1950

1975

2015

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Spatial development Amsterdam Schiphol (AMS) • • • • •

5 runways (2 Take off, 2 Landing) Alternating configurations 440 thousand air traffic movements 52,5 million passenger movements 1,6 million metric tonnes cargo

Source: ACI, 2013

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Spatial development KM2 LHR CDG FRA AMS

airport 12,3 32,6 23,0 27,9

55 Lden metropolitan 222 12320 226 12012 269 2459 189 1447

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Connectivity

Source: OAG 2016

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Connectivity About 60% of Europe’s hub connections; FRA, CDG, AMS, LHR

Source: ACI Europe

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Connectivity Transfer Pax 80

70

Passengers ( x1,000,000)

60

50

40

O/D Trans

30

20

10

0 LHR

FRA

CDG

AMS

BRU

Airport

CPH

IST

DXB

Source: E. Berthon 2012

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Connectivity Hub connections vs. Transfer pax 80

70

60

Hub connections (X10.000)

50

40

Transfer pax (X1.000.000)

30

20

10

0 LHR

FRA

CDG

AMS

Airport

BRU

CPH

IST

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Connectivity Destinations 300

250

Amount

200

150

EU routes ICA routes

100

50

0 LHR

FRA

CDG

AMS

BRU

CPH

Airport Based on scheduled flights in March 2015, corrected for double destinations Source: flightglobal.com

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Connectivity Destinations 300

250

Amount

200

150

EU routes ICA routes

100

50

0 LHR

FRA

CDG

AMS

Airport

IST

DBX

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Connectivity • Large difference in connecting traffic between 4 largest

hubs and other large airports • ICA network is different • European networks equal in destinations

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Connectivity Weekly frequencies to global cities 14-20 november New York Hong Kong Singapore Shanghai Tokyo Sydney Dubai Chicago Mumbai Sao Paulo Toronto Los Angeles Mexico City Kuala Lumpur

London 203 58 41 22 28 X 115 56 35 14 54 60 10 19

Frankfurt 46 14 21 33 43 X 36 33 11 14 22 7 9 X

Paris 65 16 14 27 38 X 28 21 15 18 14 18 15 X

Amsterdam 38 14 14 26 8 X 27 18 8 7 17 7 10 10

Istanbul 14 6 10 7 7 X 26 7 7 5 9 7 X 8

Dubai 21 36 35 14 14 21 X 7 106 7 6 14 X 21

Based on scheduled flights in November 2016 Source: flightglobal.com / GaWC

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Connectivity Direct connections to global cities Total amount of ICA α and β cities:

78

Direct connections from London Direct connections from Frankfurt Direct connections from Paris Direct connections from Amsterdam Direct connections from Istanbul Direct connections from Dubai Direct connections from Brussels Direct connections from Copenhagen

46 46 37 33 33 50 13 8

Based on scheduled flights in March 2015 Source: flightglobal.com / GaWC

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Connectivity • Connectivity can be limited by the ability to operate

between two states and the frequency of service can highly depend on bilateral agreements • Bilateral agreements might restrict airlines in operating between two states and can explain differences in connectivity Bilateral agreements with India - amount of weekly flights and seats Flights in summer:

Seats in summer:

Flights in winter:

Seats in winter:

United Kingdom

49

19600

56

22400

Germany

50

20000

42

16800

France

35

14000

35

14000

Netherlands

21

8400

14

5600

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Connectivity • Bilateral agreements between the United Kingdom and

China for example highly restrict the frequency of flights • “The current bilateral agreement allows up to 31 weekly

return flights by designated UK airlines and another 31 weekly flights by Chinese airlines from up to six departure points in the UK and China.” (Aviationeconomics, 2013)

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Connectivity Another factor that can explain differences in connectivity between airports is the capacity of the airport in terms of annual and hourly aircraft movements

Airport

Current airport capacity Future airport capacity ATM's 2013

Utilisation

ATM's per year

Current airport capacity Flights per hour

LHR

480000

470000

98%

85

CDG

750000

472200

63%

115

FRA

500000

472600

68%

120

AMS

500000

426000

85%

105

700000

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Connectivity Night flight limitations Mainport

Night

Limitation

LHR CDG FRA AMS

23.30 - 06.00 24.00 - 05.00 23.00 - 05.00 23.00 - 07.00

16 ATM 23.30-06.00 55 ATM 24.00 - 05.00 133 ATM 22.00 - 23.00, 05.00 -6.00 88 ATM 23.00 - 07.00

Can be extended 6.45 or 22.15 hours Secondary Airport LGW STN LCY LTN ORY LBG RTM EIN HNH

23.00 - 06.00 23.00 - 07.00 22.30 - 06.30 23.00 - 6.00 23.30 - 06.00 ? 23.00 - 07.00 24:00 - 07:00 -

No ATM

No ATM Approx 3 ATM No ATM No limitations

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Connectivity • Definitions of the duration of the ‘night’ differ per airport,

these differences are displayed in the table • The night at AMS is the longest and at CDG the shortest • Limitations at secondary airports range from no flights at

all to no limitation during the night • There is no major city without night flight limitations

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Connectivity Amount of night flights on the night of 13-04-2015 to 14-04-2015 between 22:00 and 07:00 140 120

Amount of flights

100 80 EU ICA

60 40 20 0 LHR

FRA

CDG

AMS

Airport

Source: flightstats.com

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Connectivity Amount of flights on the night of 13-04-2015 to 14-04-2015 70 60

Amount of flights

50

22:00 - 23:00 40

23:00 - 24:00 24:00 - 01:00

30

01:00 - 05:00 05:00 - 06:00

20

06:00 - 07:00 10 0 LHR

FRA

CDG

AMS

Airport

Source: flightstats.com

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Quality of Life Economic aspects – employment (direct)

Employment at the mainports Heathrow 76600 Charles de Gaulle 85000 Frankfurt 78000 Schiphol 64061 Based on airport publications, jobs at the airport and at companies located at the airport

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Quality of life Share of national passengers Percentage national passengers 80

70

Passengers (x1,000,000)

60

50

40

International National

30

20

57%

47% 45% 10

34%

0 LHR

FRA

CDG

Airport

AMS

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Quality of life Economic effects – business travel and tourism Reason for traveling Amount of passengers (2013)

80 70 60 50 40

Leisure

30

Business

20 10

38%

40%

29%

24%

0 LHR

FRA

CDG

AMS

Airport

London Paris Frankfurt Amsterdam

Inbound tourism in mainport cities 16,8 M visitors 15,6 M visitors 4,8 M visitors 8,5 M visitors

Best city for conferences 7th 2nd 109th 8th

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Quality of Life Aircraft noise

People living in 55Lden

Noise complains

London Heathrow

725,500

18,725

Paris CDG

256,176

5,598

Frankfurt

207,284

Amsterdam Schiphol

46,800

151,846

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Quality of Life Policies: information and communication

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Quality of Life Organisations

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Quality of Life • Forum Flughafen und Region • Expert Group on active noise abatement • Convent Airport and Region (dialogue) • Environment and communication centre • Omgevingsraad Schiphol • Regioforum (monitoring and dialogue current airport operations) • Advisory Board to Ministry of Transport (proposals (infrastructure, spatial planning, economic developmen) concerning future development of Schiphol • Airports Commission • Independent commission, assignment to advise UK government on maintaining UK as Europe’s most important aviation hub • ACNUSA • Independent authority • Communication about aviation external effects • Protection of citizens

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Quality of Life Budgets - Frankfurt Airport FRA

Budget 30 mln until today

Timeframe 2011 -

Source Airport

260(150 loans/110 subsidy) ??

2013 2017

State of Hessen

2016 -

Airport

Organisation Due to Aircraft Noise Mitigation Act Regionalfonds Hessen

Objective Noise insulation

Due to Aircraft Noise Mitigation Act

Compensation for impairment of use in outdoor living areas (garden, balcony, terrace)

Noise insulation

Due to Aircraft Noise Mitigation Act 86 000 households around Frankfurt airport are entitled to submit claims for noise insulation. The owner of the house or flat has to apply for the money. Depending on the existing noise insulation he gets money to achieve a specified noise insulation standard or not (in case this standard has always been reached). Until now 30 million EUR are granted to the homeowners.

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Quality of Life Budgets – Amsterdam Schiphol Measure PROGIS 1 PROGIS 2 PROGIS 3 Purchase objects Schadeschap Stichting Leefomgeving Schiphol Stichting Leefomgeving Schiphol Schipholfonds Total

# objects

Budget (€M)

Period

Objective

3700 8465 5213

127 397 52 43 97 30 30

1990-1997 1997-2008 200620061998 2009-2014 2014 1994 -

Noise insulation Noise insulation Noise insulation

775

Damage claims Quality of Life Quality of Life Sports promotion

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Quality of Life Budgets – Paris CDG • ACNUSA : 2005-2013 estimated spending on house insulation € 180 M • 70.000 houses potentially affected Budgets – London Heathrow • No specific policies • Small grants ( up to € 25.000) for local community projects