General Introduction

p. 1

Environmental technology

p. 1

The beginning

p. 1

The environmental effects of the oil industry

p. 2

Air emissions

p. 2

Water management

p. 5

Waste management

p. 7

Technology used in the oil industry

p. 10

Pollution control

p. 10

Pollution prevention

p. 12

Oil Industry future: design for the environment

p. 13

Design out the production problems

p. 13

Summary

p. 15

References

p. 15

Environmental Control Technology for Oilfield Processes

p. 17

Introduction

p. 17

Environmental control technology

p. 20

Evolution of environmentally controlled oilfield processes

p. 21

Scope and characteristics of oilfield ECT

p. 23

Methodology of ECT design

p. 25

ECT analysis of drilling process

p. 28

Mechanisms of drilling waste discharge

p. 28

Sources of drilling waste toxicity

p. 36

Waste generation mechanisms in petroleum production

p. 38

Sources of toxicity in produced water

p. 42

References

p. 48

Environmental Control of Well Integrity

p. 53

Introduction

p. 53

Mechanism of cement seal failures

p. 53

Improved cementing for annular integrity

p. 56

Cement pulsation after placement

p. 57

Integrity of injection wells

p. 60

Measurements of well integrity

p. 63

Sustained casinghead pressure

p. 65

Rig methods for SCP isolation

p. 66

Rig-less technology for SCP isolation

p. 68

References

p. 71

Environmental Control of Drilling Fluids and Produced Water

p. 77

Control of drilling fluid volume

p. 77

Control of mud dispersibility

p. 77

Improved solids-control-closed-loop systems

p. 79

Dewatering of drilling fluids: 'dry' drilling location

p. 82

Control of drilling fluid toxicity

p. 85

Drilling fluid toxicity testing

p. 85

Low-toxicity substitutes

p. 87

Synthetic base drilling fluids

p. 88

Source separation - drill cuttings de-oiling

p. 90

Control of produced water volume

p. 93

Source reduction - water shut-off technology

p. 94

Source separation-downhole oil/gas/water separation

p. 96

Source reduction with downhole water sink

p. 99

Control of produced water pollutants

p. 103

Oil-free water from DWS drainage-production systems

p. 104

Deoiling of produced water

p. 107

Removal of dissolved organics from produced water

p. 111

Produced water salinity reduction

p. 112

References

p. 113

Oilfield Waste Disposal Control

p. 123

Introduction

p. 123

Oilfield waste disposal to land

p. 124

Impact of oilfield pit contaminants

p. 124

Oilfield pit sampling and evaluation

p. 126

Oilfield pit closure: liquid phase

p. 127

Oilfield pit closure: solid phase

p. 127

Subsurface waste disposal to wells

p. 129

Description of slurry injection process of muds and cuttings

p. 133

Slurry fracture injection of muds and cuttings

p. 139

Properties of injected slurries

p. 144

Environmental implications of subsurface slurry injection

p. 145

Periodic injection to multiple fractures

p. 147

References

p. 151

Drilling and Production Discharges in the Marine Environment

p. 155

Introduction

p. 155

Nature of offshore discharges

p. 157

Produced water

p. 157

Drilling waste

p. 158

Magnitude of waste discharges

p. 160

Accidental discharges

p. 161

Wastes that require handling during site abandonment

p. 164

Potential impacts on the environment

p. 165

Introduction

p. 165

Potential impacts from produced water

p. 166

Potential impacts from drilling waste

p. 167

Potential impacts from treating chemicals

p. 168

Potential impacts from accidental discharges

p. 168

Regulatory approaches

p. 170

Regulations for waste discharges

p. 170

OSPAR agreements and national regulations for the OSPAR area

p. 171

United states regulations

p. 172

Comparing and contrasting OSPAR and United States EPA regulations

p. 174

Russian and former Soviet Republics regulations

p. 175

Other regulatory systems

p. 175

Accidental discharges

p. 175

Should the release be re-mediated?

p. 184

Sources of data on discharges to the marine environment

p. 185

References

p. 186

Decommissioning of Offshore Oil and Gas Installations

p. 189

Introduction

p. 189

Legal framework of platform decommissioning

p. 190

Planning

p. 195

Abandonment phases

p. 195

Well abandonment

p. 196

Preabandonment surveys/data gathering

p. 196

Engineering

p. 197

Decommissioning

p. 199

Structure removal

p. 201

Disposal

p. 209

Site clearance

p. 211

Conclusion

p. 212

References

p. 212

Tanker Design: Recent Developments from an Environmental Perspective

p. 215

Introduction

p. 215

Tanker accidents

p. 216

Tanker design

p. 219

New tanker design standards: the USA takes the lead

p. 220

New tanker designs: the international debate in the early 1990s

p. 221

Some developments since the adoption of the new MARPOL regulations in 1992

p. 225

Some observations regarding the effectiveness of MARPOL's double hull requirements

p. 226

Epilogue

p. 227

References

p. 228

Pipeline Technology

p. 229

Introduction

p. 229

Environmental pressures

p. 231

Onshore pipelines

p. 232

Design

p. 233

Construction

p. 237

Operation

p. 250

Decommissioning

p. 256

Offshore pipelines

p. 256

Design

p. 256

Construction

p. 258

Operation

p. 265

Decommissioning

p. 267

Pipeline landfalls

p. 267

Design

p. 270

Construction

p. 279

References

p. 279

Environmental Management and Technology in Oil Refineries

p. 281

Function of an oil refinery

p. 281

Overview

p. 282

Control of atmospheric emissions

p. 283

Minimizing combustion-related emissions

p. 284

Minimizing flare-related emissions

p. 289

Minimizing fugitive emissions

p. 289

Odour control

p. 292

Sulphur removal and recovery

p. 293

Control of aqueous emissions

p. 295

Source control

p. 296

Effluent treatment

p. 298

Soil and groundwater protection

p. 301

Source control

p. 301

Monitoring

p. 302

Remediation

p. 303

Preventive techniques

p. 303

Control of solid wastes

p. 304

Source control

p. 304

Waste treatment

p. 306

Waste disposal

p. 308

Recycling to minimize waste

p. 311

Reuse on-site

p. 311

Off-site recycling

p. 311

Environmental management

p. 312

Environmental control

p. 312

Environmental training

p. 313

Environmental auditing

p. 314

References

p. 314

Distribution, Marketing and Use of Petroleum Fuels

p. 315

Introduction

p. 315

Main refinery product types

p. 315

Protection of the environment

p. 317

The atmosphere

p. 317

Sea waters: compliance with maritime regulations

p. 319

Soil and groundwater

p. 319

Distributing the products

p. 320

Distribution systems

p. 320

Anti-pollution controls

p. 322

The atmosphere

p. 322

The high seas

p. 322

Coastal and inland waterways

p. 324

Soil and groundwater

p. 325

Marketing the products

p. 327

Large industrial customer installations

p. 327

Small industrial and domestic customers

p. 328

Service stations

p. 328

Environmental technologies related to product use

p. 329

Fuels

p. 329

Marine diesel engines and fuels

p. 329

Fuels for large industrial power plants

p. 332

Fuels for small industrial and domestic installations

p. 332

Aircraft engines and fuels

p. 334

Engines for rail transport

p. 335

Automotive engines

p. 335

Into the next millenium

p. 347

Further reading

p. 347

Lubricants

p. 351

Introduction

p. 351

Performance

p. 353

Components

p. 353

Base fluids

p. 354

Mineral oils

p. 354

Synthetic base oils

p. 356

Polyol esters

p. 356

Poly-a-olefins

p. 356

Hydrocracked mineral oils

p. 357

Additives

p. 357

Actual environmental effects

p. 358

Biodegradability

p. 359

Biodegradation is not necessary in a lubricant

p. 360

A biodegradable lubricant will encourage dumping at the expense of collection and disposal

p. 360

A biodegradable lubricant will degrade in the engine

p. 360

A biodegradable lubricant will result in high concentrations of toxic residues that are detrimental to the environment

p. 361

Biodegradation is not necessary, as motor manufacturers are now producing sealed lubricant systems

p. 361

Collection and recycling of used oils

p. 361

Conclusion

p. 363

References

p. 364

Climate Change Scenarios and Their Potential Impact on World Agriculture

p. 367

What causes the climate system to change?

p. 367

Past climatic changes

p. 369

Anthropogenic forcing of the climate system

p. 372

Future changes in anthropogenic forcing

p. 374

Implications of SRES scenarios on global climate

p. 375

Temperature

p. 376

Precipitation

p. 377

Sea level rise

p. 378

Mitigation possibilities within the agricultural sector

p. 379

Implications of SRES scenarios on regional climate

p. 379

Europe

p. 379

North America

p. 385

Impacts of future climate change on agriculture

p. 385

Europe

p. 386

North America

p. 387

References

p. 388

Color Plates

p. 391

Index

p. 397

Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.