Jose-Luis Irigoyen Director Transport, Water, and Information & Communications Technology Sustainable Development Vice Presidency The World Bank

Jaehyang So Manager The Water and Sanitation Program

Congratulations to the winners of our first cartoon contest, whose ideas were adapted for this year’s calendar. And a special thank you to the talented artists from around the world who helped us craft these very critical and important messages with creativity and passion, while staying true to the calendar’s tradition of raising awareness through humor. This year, the World Bank/Water and Sanitation Program’s cartoon calendar depicts water and sanitation challenges from a gender perspective to call attention to some of the social norms that result from, and reinforce poor service quality. The worst disparity is the rate at which girls and women die relative to men. Each year, an estimated 3.9 million more women under the age of 60 die in low- and middle-income countries. The productivity of women who survive is compromised by multiple factors, including inadequate access to water and sanitation facilities. Hours spent fetching water each day leave less time to pursue economic activities and reinforces employment segregation, limiting women to the lowest paying and most unstable jobs. The sustainable solution, therefore, is not to tackle the disadvantages faced by women and girls, but to render those disadvantages irrelevant by improving institutional quality. For example, if schools are equipped with safe, private sanitation facilities, girls are more likely to stay in school. Gender plays a crucial role in developing countries’ ability to ensure improved water and sanitation services are delivered to all citizens. According to the World Bank’s 2012 World Development Report, when services fail, women and girls are disproportionately affected.

GENDER IN WATER AND SANITATION CALENDAR 2012 The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

These cartoons were reproduced in WSP’s Calendar for the year 2011.

Sources January: National parliaments data compiled by the Inter-Parliamentary Union as of 30 November 2011. February: Sorenson, S., Morssink, C., Campos, P.A. 2011. “Safe access to safe water in low income countries: Water fetching in current times.” Social Science & Medicine 72: 1522-1526. 126(1):145-205. March: Narayan, D. 1995. “Contribution of People’s Participation: Evidence from 121 Rural Water Supply Projects.” Washington: World Bank. April: Koolwal, G., and van de Walle, D. 2010. Access to Water, Women’s Work and Child Outcomes Policy Research. Washington: World Bank. May: Narayan, D. 1995. “Contribution of People’s Participation: Evidence from 121 Rural Water Supply Projects.” Washington: World Bank. June: World Bank. 2012. 2012 World Development Report on Gender Equality and Development. Washington: World Bank. July: Sorenson, et al, op.cit. August: World Bank, 2012, op.cit. September: UNICEF. 2003. The State of the World’s Children. New York: UNICEF. October: Water and Sanitation Program. 2011. The Economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in India. Washington: World Bank, Water and Sanitation Program.

World Bank and Water and Sanitation Program 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington D.C. 20433, United States of America Telephone: (1-202) 4735977, Telefax: (1-202) 5223313, 5223228, E-mail: [email protected] Water and Sanitation Program The World Bank 55 Lodi Estate New Delhi 110003, India

Water and Sanitation Program World Bank Office, Lima Alvarez Calderón N. 185 San Isidro, Lima 27, Perú

Telephone: (91-11) 24690488/24690489 Telephone: (51-1) 6150685 Telefax: (91-11) 24628250 Telefax: (51-1)6150689 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Water and Sanitation Program The World Bank Hill Park Building P O Box 30577 - 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Telephone: (254-20) 3226334 Telefax: (254-20) 3226386 E-mail: [email protected]

November: Hutton, G., and Haller, L. 2004. Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level. Geneva: World Health Organization (40 billion hours); Kremer, M., Leino, J., Miguel, E., and Zwane, A. 2011. “Spring Cleaning: Rural Water Impacts, Valuation. and Property Rights Institutions.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press (Kenya).

Water and Sanitation Program WSP-EAP Regional Office World Bank Office Jakarta Indonesia Stock Exchange Building Tower 2, 13th Floor Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 52-53, Jakarta 12190, Indonesia Telephone: (62-21) 52993003 Telefax: (62-21) 52993004 E-mail: [email protected]

www.wsp.org For comments on the calendar, please write to us at: [email protected] The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

December: Günther, I., and Fink, G. 2011. “Water and Sanitation to Reduce Child Mortality: The Impact and Cost of Water and Sanitation Infrastructure.” Washington: World Bank.

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The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

2012 GENDER IN WATER AND SANITATION Vladimir Kadyrbaev Vladimir Kadyrbaev is a well-known cartoonist from Kazakhstan. Trained as a physicist, he began his career as a schoolteacher, later being drawn more exclusively to creative arts. Since 1985, his cartoons have been published daily in many newspapers in Kazakhstan and Russia. He also produced an animated cartoon movie in 2006. He has won multiple prizes at international cartoon exhibitions in Belgium, Canada, Italy, Poland, Turkey, and more. Jesus Felix-Diaz Jesus Felix-Diaz, a young Peruvian illustrator, studied Arts at University Catolica of Peru. Jesus has published many covers and illustrations for famous Peruvian magazines such as Poder, Dedo Medio, and Moda. His best artworks can be found in the blog www.poloverde. blogspot.com Sudhir Dar Sudhir Dar is one of India’s most eminent cartoonists and lives in New Delhi. He has delighted millions of readers for almost four decades with a pocket cartoon called ‘This is it!’. Dar is a winner of several national and international awards and has featured in The New York Times, The Washington Post and several other prestigious publications worldwide. MAD magazine called him a ‘Tasty Indian Nut’.

Wisnoe Lee Wisnoe Lee is a Jakarta-based artist whose cartoon characters and illustrations appear in a gamut of ads from sleek cars to mobile phone service providers. While Wisnoe has created a number of different comic strips, his pet project is an online series, Gibug, which features a corrupt official who has lost everything and is given a second chance — living a simple life as a whimsical bajaj (tricycle) driver roaming around the notorious streets of Jakarta with his cat, Oncom. Frank Odoi Frank Odoi lives in Kenya and his career spans three decades. Currently, his work is being published simultaneously in Kenya, Ghana, Uganda and the United Kingdom. His work has gained international recognition and his comic books Golgoti and Akokhan have been published as albums in Finland and Sweden. Odoi has also been featured in several exhibitions in Lagos, Sao Paolo, Algiers and the Nordic countries. He has also worked as a resource person in several workshops for promoting comics on development in Africa. Frank Odoi was Cartoonist of the Year in 1985, 1986, 2004 and Best Strip Cartoonist in 2008 in Kenya. He was also awarded Cartoonist of the Year 2005 in Ghana.

© The World Bank

Less than 20% of seats in national parliaments are held by women. Cartoon based on an idea by B. Mommen, UNICEF. March ‘12

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The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

© The World Bank

study in 44 developing countries found that women carry A water more often than men by a ratio of nearly 2 to 1. Cartoon based on an idea by Rosenleaf Ritter, Project WET Foundation. April ‘12

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The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

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© The World Bank

Giving power to women at the local level through political representation has led to increased provision of public goods, especially in water supply and sanitation.

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The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

© The World Bank

In Nepal, reducing the time it takes to fetch water by just one hour could increase girls’ school enrollment by over 30%.

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© The World Bank

esearch shows that when women participate in household R and community decisions, the water supply and sanitation projects perform better.

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The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

© The World Bank

Women are responsible for 60 to 80% of all housework and childcare.

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The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

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© The World Bank

During the summer months, women in Haryana, India fetch up to 23 vessels of water per day. Cartoon based on an idea by Nitika Surie, WSP.

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The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

© The World Bank

Globally, women account for 50% of informal employment and 58% of unpaid employment.

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The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

© The World Bank

In rural Pakistan, more than 50% of girls leave school before the fourth grade due to a lack of sanitation facilities.

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The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

© The World Bank

Poor sanitation and hygiene contributes to chronic illness, poor nutrition, extra time spent care giving, and missed days at school or work. In India, the economic costs of poor sanitation and hygiene amount to US$53.8 billion annually (2006 prices).

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The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

© The World Bank

In Africa, an estimated 40 billion working hours per year are spent carrying water. In rural Kenya, each household may make up to seven trips a day—usually by women or girls.

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The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

© The World Bank

Providing full household coverage with water and sanitation infrastructure could lead to a total reduction in child mortality by 2.2 million child deaths per year in the developing world.

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The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

1

These cartoons were reproduced in WSP’s Calendar for the year 2011.

January: National parliaments data compiled by the Inter-Parliamentary Union as of 30 November 2011. February: Sorenson, S., Morssink, C., Campos, P.A. 2011. “Safe access to safe water in low income countries: Water fetching in current times.” Social Science & Medicine 72: 1522-1526. 126(1):145-205. March: Narayan, D. 1995. “Contribution of People’s Participation: Evidence from 121 Rural Water Supply Projects.” Washington: World Bank. April: Koolwal, G., and van de Walle, D. 2010. Access to Water, Women’s Work and Child Outcomes Policy Research. Washington: World Bank. May: Narayan, D. 1995. “Contribution of People’s Participation: Evidence from 121 Rural Water Supply Projects.” Washington: World Bank. June: World Bank. 2012. 2012 World Development Report on Gender Equality and Development. Washington: World Bank. July: Sorenson, et al, op.cit. August: World Bank, 2012, op.cit. September: UNICEF. 2003. The State of the World’s Children. New York: UNICEF. October: Water and Sanitation Program. 2011. The Economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in India. Washington: World Bank, Water and Sanitation Program. November: Hutton, G., and Haller, L. 2004. Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level. Geneva: World Health Organization (40 billion hours); Kremer, M., Leino, J., Miguel, E., and Zwane, A. 2011. “Spring Cleaning: Rural Water Impacts, Valuation. and Property Rights Institutions.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press (Kenya). December: Günther, I., and Fink, G. 2011. “Water and Sanitation to Reduce Child Mortality: The Impact and Cost of Water and Sanitation Infrastructure.” Washington: World Bank.

World Bank and Water and Sanitation Program 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington D.C. 20433, United States of America Telephone: (1-202) 4735977, Telefax: (1-202) 5223313, 5223228, E-mail: [email protected] Water and Sanitation Program The World Bank 55 Lodi Estate New Delhi 110003, India

Water and Sanitation Program World Bank Office, Lima Alvarez Calderón N. 185 San Isidro, Lima 27, Perú

Telephone: (91-11) 24690488/24690489 Telephone: (51-1) 6150685 Telefax: (91-11) 24628250 Telefax: (51-1)6150689 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Water and Sanitation Program The World Bank Hill Park Building P O Box 30577 - 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Telephone: (254-20) 3226334 Telefax: (254-20) 3226386 E-mail: [email protected]

Water and Sanitation Program WSP-EAP Regional Office World Bank Office Jakarta Indonesia Stock Exchange Building Tower 2, 13th Floor Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 52-53, Jakarta 12190, Indonesia Telephone: (62-21) 52993003 Telefax: (62-21) 52993004 E-mail: [email protected]

www.wsp.org For comments on the calendar, please write to us at: [email protected] The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

Designed by: Roots Advertising Services Pvt. Ltd., India Printed by: PS Press Services Pvt. Ltd., India

Sources