OECD WORKSHOP ON “WOMEN IN SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (SET): STRATEGIES FOR A GLOBAL WORKFORCE” OECD Working Group on the Steering and Funding of Research Institutions (SFRI) September 28 and 29, 2006 Ottawa

Gender Budgeting: An effective Strategy to achieve Gender Equality in SET Dr. Regina Frey

www.gender.de

1. Gender Budgeting: A Definition 2. The origins of GB 3. Example 1: Gender Budgeting for five Research Programmes in Austria 4. Example 2: Freie Universität Berlin: Quality management and gendercritieria 5. Concluding remarks

1. Gender Budgeting: A Definition

„Gender budgeting … means a genderbased assessment of budgets, incorporating a gender perspective at all levels of the budgetary process and restructuring revenues and expenditures in order to promote gender equality.“

(European Commission, Opinion on Gender Budgeting, Advisory Committee on Equal Opportunities für Women and Men, 2003)

http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/gender_equality/framework/opinion_on_gend er_budgeting_en.pdf

Background Starting Point: Critique on Structural Adjustment Programmes of the IMF and the World Bank (1980ies). Root 1: Feminist Economy: Interdependencies between private and public budgets Root 2: International Women‘s policies: • Gender Budgeting in the Platform for Action of the World Women‘s Conference in Beijing, 1995 • Network: "Gender Responsive Budgets Initiatives", (UNIFEM, Commonwealth Secretariat, International Development Research Centre, IDRC - Canada)

Example 1: GB Project by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (1) Evaluation of five research programmes on: genomics, social science, arts, ecological research, joint research with accession countries • 125 research projects all in all, • 8 of them explicitly addressing gender issues • 51 in the field of genomics The gender budgeting project assesses: a) employment effects /job creation for women, b) “gender-quality” of the research …correlating results with budget allocations for projects and programmes

Example 1: GB Project by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (2) a) Quantitative assessment of… • • • • • • • • • •

…position within the research project …age group …status group …degree …academic discipline …salary …years of professional experience …full time/part time employment …position held before project … …according to sex

Example 1: GB Project by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (3) b) Analysis of Gender as a dimension in research in selected projects: •

Does the project consider results in Gender Studies in the respective research theme?

•

Does the project proposal reflect on possible gender biases (in research questions or methods)?

•

Are gender experts involved and/or quoted?

•

Is there a reflexion on possible gender biases in the utilisation of research results?

•

Is the language gender sensitive?

Example 2: Gender & Target orientated Budgeting – Freie Universität Berlin • Yearly negotiations on targets between president and faculties includes gender equality as a criteria for quality Budget can raise up to 20% - if: • …minimum quota of professorships for women • …promotion of young women scientists • …Gender Training for academic staff • …promotion of work-life balance • …integration of gender-aspects into research • … = Criteria are adapted to the situation of the respective discipline/faculty

Example 2: Gender & Target orientated Budgeting – Freie Universität Berlin

In a ranking of 100 German universities (CEWS) the Freie Universität holds the top position

Concluding remarks Budgeting a an effective strategy because: • …the budget gives a good impression on allocations between women and men and gender disparities in research • …allowing to monitor equality • …also allowing targeted intervention And: …money is always a substantial argument!

Thank you for your attention!

Example 2: Gender & Target orientated Budgeting – Freie Universität Berlin In a ranking of 100 German universities (CEWS) the Freie Universität holds the top position Criteria: • % Students • % PhD degrees • % “Habilitation” • % academic staff • % professorships • % augmentation of acad. staff since 1998 • % augmentation of professorships since 1998

1 2 3 4 5 7 8

acad. Discipline none theology law social science economics medicine arts biology biomedicine mathematics physics chemics## all other nat. science technics montanistics veterinary medicine fine arts others

duration 1 month 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0

contract Dienstvertrag, unbefristet Dienstvertrag, befristet Freier Dienstvertrag Werkvertrag Honorarbasis Selbstständig erwerbstätig

1 2 3 4 5 6

salary full/part time working hours full 1 weekly working part 2

years of prof. 1 or less 1 to 2 3 to 4 5 to 8 9 to 14 15 to 20 21 to 27 28 to 35 35 and more

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

pro position no change university employe emploeyed private sector employed private research studies unemployed Stipendium self emploiyed other

1 2 3 5 6 7 4 8 9

Source: Center of Excellence Women and Science:

http://www.cews.org/cews/files/306/de/CEWS_Gleichstellungsranking2005.pdf

3. Gender Budgeting – Seven Tools (1) 1. Gender-aware policy appraisal 2. Gender-disaggregated beneficiary assessments 3. Gender-disaggregated public expenditure incidence analysis 4. Gender-disaggregated tax incidence analysis Source: Budlender, D./ Sharp, R./ Allen K. (1998): How to do a Gender-Sensitive Budgets Analysis. Contemporary Research and Practice. Commonwealth Secretariat.

3. Gender Budgeting – Seven Tools (2) 5. Gender-disaggregated analysis of the impact of the budget on time use 6. Gender-aware medium term economic policy framework 7. Gender-aware budget statement To be adapted to the respective field…

Source: Budlender, D./ Sharp, R./ Allen K. (1998): How to do a Gender-Sensitive Budgets Analysis. Contemporary Research and Practice. Commonwealth Secretariat.

Steps in Gender Budgeting 1. Assessing and allocations of funds according to employment effects or/and gender qualitiy of research 2. Setting goals (benchmarks – minimum standards) 3. Agreement on goals, indicators and incentives 4. Monitoring 5. Evaluation = Assessment 6. …

Gender Budgeting is…

…a strategy… a) ...to promote a systematic analysis of (public) budget policies and the concrete budgets, b) ... to measure and monitor gender impacts (quantitative and qualitative), c) ...for adjusting budgets in respect to achieve gender equality goals.

3. Dimensions of Equality a) Employment effects: Assessing the allocation of personnel costs for women and men in research programmes b) Gender (E)quality in research: Assessing the gender-impact of research projects (questioning gender neutrality) – indirect employment effect: gender expertise mainly (but not exclusively) held by women scientists