FUTURE MILITARY SYSTEMS 4G-MIL? M.Sc(EE) Heikki Rantanen Defence Forces Research Centre Riihimäki [email protected]

Futura Workshop 17.10.2003

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WEAG CEPA 6 Vision 2020 study (2001) C4I

† Most probably OOTW operations are predominant in future ‰ Joint and combined operations z z z

Peace keeping Peace enforcement etc.

† This scenario emphasises the co-

C4I

3G/4G WLAN

Commercial network

operation of the military, public safety and humanitarian organisations

Tactical network

† The future European military

communication platform must offer seamless, transparent, secure and safe connections between all available networks so that seamless mobility is implemented.

C4I

Tactical radio network C4ISTAR

TETRA

Fixed Military Network

Future military SW-radio - commercial, public safety and military waveforms

Robust secure multimode communication Futura Workshop 17.10.2003

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Robust secure multimode communication † “Communications and the flow of information, with the necessary fidelity and assurance, is critical to any military operation. The aim is to have the web of communication interconnects, ‘the nets’ or ‘the grids’, that enable the provision of information services (voice, data, multimedia, applications etc.), with Full Connectivity, ‘anything to anybody’, with Full Flexibility, ‘just-in-time, on demand’,and with Full Mobility, ‘anywhere, anytime’. That is to provide the right information, at the right time(s), at the right place(s) with the necessary fidelity and security assurances.” † Such network centric solutions are, to a significant part, dependent on

the on-going commercial ‘revolution’ in advances in IT and communications technologies driven by the enormous commercial market compared to the military market. Critical are technologies that enable an open architecture for the information services and a flexible network for control of, transport of and access to information. Services and the network should be highly independent of each other in order to avoid in-flexible ‘stove-pipe’ solutions. Futura Workshop 17.10.2003

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Robust secure multimode communication † The delivery of the capability described above requires the

development of a broad range of IT and communications technologies. All are core areas of CEPA 6. Examples are provided below, with a rationale if appropriate. z Mobile Re-configurable Communications - The joint and combined operations of the future will require interoperability and hence reconfigurable communications assets, such as radios, that can adapt to the environment. z

Interoperable C2 - The commercial core networks are moving to more transparent transport technology without any distinction between data and voice i.e. all IP-networks. At the same time military networks support more and more IP traffic and the introduction of IPv6 makes IP more suitable for military use (autoconfiguration, multicast, built-in security, embedded mobility, better QoS support etc.). Hence, IPv6 will be the key enabler of interoperable C2 systems.

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Robust secure multimode communication z

Security - High quality end-to-end security is one of the basic elements of military communication networks. Many of the current and upcoming commercial techniques like Authentication, Authorization, Accounting (AAA), IPsec, Virtual Private Networks (VPN), XML electronic signature, could be adopted and adapted for military networks. The use of commercial radio access networks requires also specific implementation of COMSEC. Closely associated with this topic is the vulnerability of the networks to counter-measures, jamming, denial of service attacks, intrusion etc. and the techniques to detect and protect against such attacks. Similarly, security of virtual networks needs to be addressed.

z

Standardization - The co-operation of military and commercial organizations to develop open standards for fixed and mobile core network architectures will play an extremely important role in the future. The ultimate goal of mobile networks beyond 3G is to integrate all wireless access networks to a combined network with seamless mobility.

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Robust secure multimode communication In principle, seamless mobility between military and commercial networks may be possible but needs co-operation at the standards level. Similarly common standards for software radio architectures, such as waveform description languages, would have economical, operational and technical benefits. z

Ad hoc Networking - Ad hoc networking is in principle the best solution for military radio communications. The main features of the ad hoc networks are communication without any fixed infrastructure, automatic set up of the network and adaptation to the networks architecture changes. In some cases the use of semi ad hoc networks may be more attractive - in this case terminals set up a peer-to-peer network and multi-hop can be used for coverage extension to the overlay fixed network access point.

z

Software radio - In order to utilize the different military, and possibly in the future commercial, radio access networks multi-band multi-mode terminals are needed. Software reconfigurable radio technology is the most promising solution to build such transceivers. “

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Robust secure multimode communication z

QoS in mobile networks - This is a significant problem in mobile networks because of the features of radio links. The use of many heterogeneous networks, combination of Mobile IP and security (IPsec), and even use of ad hoc networks, makes the end-to-end QoS a difficult problem.

z

Network Management - Full connectivity, full flexibility and full mobility poses many technical challenges for the overall management (Security, fault location and management, reconfiguration, service provision, support, maintenance, intrusion,…) of the complex interconnected networks.

z

Mobile core network architectures - In the future commercial mobile core networks will be responsible for mobility using Mobile IP for macro mobility between different networks. Future tactical networks could also be based on the same principle. Ideally mobility between commercial and military networks should be possible. Also need to address the point-to-point (PP), and Point-toMultipoint (PMP) broadband, mobile links (the last mile)

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The evolution of military radios † 1. Generation ‰ Analog radios z z

† 3. Generation ‰ Multiband multimode radios

analog FM-modulation very slow data rate using typically FSK-modulation

z

the same radio includes, for instance, HF, VHF and UHF waveforms

Support of many waveforms (5…20) ‰ Enhanced packet data transfer ‰ Possibly includes also commercial or public safety waveforms(GSM, TETRA etc.) ‰

† 2. Generation ‰ Digital radios z z z

‰

Support of packet data z

‰

deltamodulated voice and, for example, FSK-type modulation slow data rate (typically under 9.6 kbit/s) frequency hopping as ECCMmethod for example Tactical Internet standard MIL-STD-188-220

Thomson PR4G, Sincgars , Tadiran etc.

Futura Workshop 17.10.2003

† 4. Generation ‰ Future radios based on the JTRS/SCA softaware radio concept z

offers the primary means of communication during joint and coalition operations 8

Software radio † Definition of OY/CWC ‰ Re-programmable radio of the future which can be configured (even in real time) to function in many radio systems and if necessary even simultaneously. † Definition of SDR Forum ‰

Software defined radios (SDRs) is used to describe radios that provide software control of a variety of modulation techniques, wide-band or narrow-band operation, communications security functions (such as hopping), and waveform requirements of current and evolving standards over a broad frequency range. The frequency bands covered may still be constrained at the front-end requiring a switch in the antenna system.

Futura Workshop 17.10.2003

† USA JTRS program has developed software

communications architecture (SCA) ‰ de facto standard today ‰ uses CORBA,POSIX, IDL, UML, XML † One of the original principles of JTRS program is

also to use COTS hardware and communication protocols wherever possible ‰ JTRS radios will include military,commercial and public safety waveforms

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Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) † The most important effort of JTRS program has been the definition of a

software standard called Software Communications Architecture (SCA), intended to ensure portability of the waveforms across platforms from many vendors.

†

The SCA standardizes the software's operating environment, and the control and communication mechanisms for both the hardware and the external interfaces of the radio. ‰

Compare OBSAI

† Many NATO allies have signed agreements to apply the SCA in their

future acquisitions, and the JTRS Joint Program Office (JPO) intends the SCA to become the basis for commercial SDR software standards as well. ‰

Because of both cost and technical benefits of the commercial acceptance of JTRS SCA, OMG with the support of JPO has promoted the acceptance of SCA by commercial organizations like SDR Forum Æ Is in future the military use of commercial base stations possible ?

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Finnish military SR activities †

In 1997 a high level decision was made in FDF to start up military software radio research project in OY/TIL

†

At the same time Finnish Navy realised that it needs a communication radio system which is better protected against signal intelligence and jamming and therefore more flexible than today’s systems. Finnish Navy also recognized the need for National Tactical Positioning System. The research and definition of these waveforms was also awarded to OY/TIL

†

In 2003 FDF made decision to build software radio demonstrator and in first phase demonstrate adaptive waveforms developed for Finnish Navy. This significant programme has its background also in: ‰ ‰

the extensive knowledge and skills in the area of wireless communications developed within both Finnish research and industry the requirements stated by the Parliament of Finland to direct half of the defence material procurements to Finnish projects Software radio technology will open new COTS based military communication business and FSRP hopefully gives to Finland possibility to be involved with this business in future.

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Software Radio Demonstrator PC

(COTS)

FPGA

(COTS)

(COTS)

IF

BF BF

IF IF IF

DSP

PC

FPGA (COTS)

A/D DDC D/A DUC (COTS)

cPCI

IF

PC

-

Ethernet Switch

IF

A/D DDC D/A DUC

RapidIO

RF

RapidIO

IF

† The software radio will form a central

Futura Workshop 17.10.2003

cPCI

IF

RF

component for cross services and cross branches joint-operations in the future battlefields. The software radio is a part of the enabling technologies for Network Centric Warfare and the technology supports the development of the integrated intelligence, surveillance and command and control systems in the medium- and long-term.

Ethernet

cPCI

† Elektrobit and the Finnish Defence Forces signed 31.03.2003 a three year research and development contract for a software radio demonstrator for research and test purposes. The value of the contract is 12 million euros and the project will be completed in the beginning of 2006

-

CLK Ethernet

-

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Software Radio Demonstrator † In future battlefield we need adaptive radios with adaptive waveforms ‰ adaptation to the operating environment and task ‰ adaptive z z z z z

FEC Power control Spreading factor Modulation etc

† Software radio is ideal platform for adaptive

waveforms

† The very adaptive waveforms developed for Finnish Navy will be the first demonstrated waveform ‰

uses also adaptive antenna array

† In addition to test and validate waveforms developed in FSRD project the platform can be used to test and develop ‰ MIMO channel ‰ 4G waveforms ‰ etc.

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The Utilisation of Commercial Networks † Finnish Peacekeeping Forces

have a Remote GSM-system in Kosovo connection to the Finnish GSM network via satellite ‰ service offered by the Finnish operator Sonera ‰ special SIM-cards ‰ only for non-operational purposes ‰

† Computer in RNC simulating

upper network makes the use of 2G and 3G systems less vulnerable † S-UMTS is the straightforward

next step Futura Workshop 17.10.2003

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The Military Utilization of TETRA † The current features of TETRA ‰ Direct Mode Operation (DMO) ‰ Emergency call ‰ Fast call setup ‰ Enhanced security

and the features of the evolution version of TETRA ‰ ‰

enhanced data rates roaming with GSM/UMTS TETRA is exceptionally advantageous radio access network in upcoming multinational peacekeeping and crisis management operations

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COTS Directly Deployable to Military Use Project proposal 1999 in USA

2003 IEEE's 802.15.3a standard Proposal --> Commercial standardisation gives the solution † UWB is also excellent solution to physical layer implementation of military sensor networks † Encryption and security

issues must be solved on higher layers Futura Workshop 17.10.2003

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Military tactical networking † Tactical networking is evolving towards IP- support Æ Seamless communication from higher level networks to lowest level tactical radio networks † In (Semi) ad hoc tactical networks multi-hop can be used for

coverage extension or protection against jamming ‰

2 hops Æ ~ 20 dB processing gain against jamming in VHF band (Ground to Ground connection)

† Commercial IPv6 must be modified for military use ‰ Header compression ( e.g. Rocco) ‰ Nano – IP z

If compression rate 1/10 Æ ~10 dB processing gain against jamming

Total gain ~ 30 dB ! Futura Workshop 17.10.2003

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Convergence of military and commercial systems ?

† Today military fixed network use commercial standards and are evolving towards all-IP solution. Also

military tactical networks and tactical radio networks are evolving towards IP-support. †The ultimate goal of 4G mobile communication is to integrate all wireless networks to a combined

network with seamless mobility. The enabling techniques are reconfigurable software radio and Mobile IP supporting core network. Futura Workshop 17.10.2003

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Convergence of military and commercial systems ?

†

Future SCA based military radios can include as well military as commercial and public safety waveforms. If the co-operation with commercial organizations like SDR Forum will be successful, in ideal case, military and commercial software radios use in future the same software architecture (SCA). In future parallel use of military, public safety and networks can be possible (even seamlessly) ! Futura Workshop 17.10.2003

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Conclusion † The technology of military and commercial networks is

converging Æ COTS (Commercial off the shelf) † The seamless integration of future 4G heterogeneous networks

is based on reconfigurable radios and IP mobility. † 4G military software radio based on SCA-architecture enables

the parallel use of military, public safety and commercial radio networks. 4G military software radio is key enabler of 4G military communication. † Standardisation co-operation between the military and

commercial organisations might lead to common software radio architecture Futura Workshop 17.10.2003

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Evolution of civilian basestations Nokia, NEC, Koreans form open basestation initiative By Peter Clarke Semiconductor Business News October 2, 2002 (8:27 a.m. EST) “HELSINKI, Finland -- Nokia, NEC, LG Electronics Inc. and Samsung Electronics have formed the Open Base Station Architecture Initiative (OBSAI). The initiative will focus on basestation architecture and internal interfaces, the companies said.” “The intention is to develop modular radio base stations featuring open internal interfaces. This will allow manufacturers to focus their research and development efforts on their core competencies and to buy selected radio base station modules from each other and from other module vendors, the companies said.” "Open Base Station Architecture will revolutionize radio base station development," said Jukka Klemettila, OBSAI chairperson in a statement. "It will allow next-generation radio base stations to be built using best-ofbreed, shared platforms and modules, available on an open market, whilst letting network suppliers differentiate on system and network-element levels," he said” “OBSAI is intended to complement existing standardization organizations, such as 3GPP, and radio base stations developed using OBSAI would be fully compatible with standard radio interfaces, such as WCDMA, GSM/EDGE and CDMA.” Futura Workshop 17.10.2003

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