FUTURE BIODIESEL RESEARCH IN INDONESIA Asian Science and Technology Seminar Jakarta, 8 March 2007 SONI SOLISTIA WIRAWAN Institute for Engineering and Technology System Design, BPPT (Engineering Center – BPPT) BPPT Bldg. II, 6th Floors Jl. M.H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta, 10340 Telp : 021-3915536-37, 3168240 Fax : 021-3915535 Email address : [email protected] http://ec.bppt.go.id

OUTLINE 1. INTRODUCTION - Background - Biodiesel Contribution On Fuel Substitution (2010) - Current Biodiesel Utilization - Biodiesel Industry Stages

2. BIODIESEL R&D ACTIVITY IN INDONESIA 3. BIODIESEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 4. FUTURE RESEARCH TOPICS 5. CONCLUSION

Background

1. INTRODUCTION

9Indonesian S K E M fossil A M O D E Lenergy P E N G U S Aresources H A A N P A N A S Bis U Mlimited I

9Deteriorating air quality in major cities eg. Jakarta

Abundant Biofuel Raw Material

In recent years the popularity of biodiesel has increased dramatically in Indonesia.

GOVERNMENT POLICY ON BIOFUEL PROGRAM Back to Outline

FOSSIL ENERGY RESOURCES 9

Around 63% of the Indonesian’s final energy demand is still depend on oil (more than 60% for transportation sector) (DESDM, 2005)

9

Proven reserve of oil is about 9 billion barrels and with an average production rate of 500 million barrels per year, the reserve will be exhausted in 18 years (DESDM, 2005)

9

Diesel fuel consumption in 2002 reached 24.2 million liters, 40% are imported (US Embassy, 2004)

9

The increase of the international crude oil and fuel price has become a burden to the state budget, due to the subsidizing policy of fuel products. If the current crude oil price stays at around US$60 per barrel, for example, Indonesia has to provide around IDR 89 trillion just for fuel subsidy (Prihandana, 2006) Back to Introduction

AIR POLUTION PROBLEMS 9

Air quality of major cities in Indonesia has been deteriorating especially in the city of Jakarta (Wirahadikusumah, 2003).

9

One of the main contributor of the increases of air pollutant is the transportation sector

9

Ambient air quality monitoring results suggest that NOx , CO and THC are a serious problem in almost all areas of Jakarta. PM10 may be considered as a problem in certain areas and motor vehicles are a major contributor of NOx, PM10, CO and THC emission (more than 70% of each parameter) (Syahril et al., 2002)

9

Implementation of International emission standard (Euro) Back to Introduction

BIODIESEL CONTRIBUTION ON FUEL SUBSTITUTION (2010)

FUEL TRANSPORTATION (31,7 Million kL)

ELECTRICITY (7,6 Million kL)

KEROSENE (10 Million kL)

3,8 Million kL PREMIUM (18,529Million kL)

1 Million kL

ADO/”SOLAR” (12,4 Million kL) 4,8 Million kL

1,85 Million kL

BIOETANOL

1,24 Million kL

BIODIESEL

BIO OIL

RAW MATERIAL CASSAVA 11 Million tons

MOLASSES 600 Million tons

PALM OIL 30,2 Million tons

JATROPHA OIL 3,84 MIllion tons

Back to Introduction

CURRENT BIODIESEL UTILIZATION 9 9 9

National Biodiesel Standard No. SNI 04-7182-2006 has been issued regulation of B10 has been issued by the Directorate General Oil and Gas PERTAMINA has been formally selling B5 with the trade name BIOSOLAR

Obstacles : Biodiesel producer : Limited number of current biodiesel (FAME) producers which could met the requirement (fuel grade standard, production capacity, experience, product continuity) Price : FAME price is tend to increase and passing the MOPS price ( eg. price of FAME at 10 August 2006 = 108% price of Gas Oil MOPS) Biodiesel still classified as other fuel which is not include in the subsidized fuel category (Price of biodiesel is economical prize and must compete with subsidized conventional fossil diesel fuel)

Projected BIOSOLAR and FAME demand estimation In million KL Projected BIOSOLAR market penetration Region

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Sumatera Medan, Pekanbaru, Palembang, Lampung

0.00

1.15

2.30

4.00

5.20

Java DKI +Jabotabek, Bandung, West Java, East Java + Bali

1.08

4.60

9.20

13.80

15.60

Sulawesi

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.00

1.60

Kalimantan

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.00

2.50

Papua/Maluku

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.20

0.78

Projected BIOSOLAR and FAME demand estimation Consumption

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

BIOSOLAR

1.08

5.75

11.5

20

25.68

FAME

0.05

0.29

0.58

1.00

1.28

Source : Pertamina, 2006

BIODIESEL INDUSTRY STAGES Plantation

Production

Transportation

Blending

Retail

End Customer

Transportation

Transportation Industry Downstream

Upstream

CHALLENGES : Finding technology (for each stages) which could get more competitive biodiesel fuel price Back to Introduction

2. BIODIESEL R&D ACTIVITY IN INDONESIA • 1996, LEMIGAS (Oil and Gas Institute), in cooperation with Pertamina (a state own oil company), has tested biodiesel blended with automotive diesel oil (ADO) at a ratio of 30:70 for commercial diesel engine vehicle in 1996 (Legowo, 2005). Currently, Lemigas specializes in the testing methods for biodiesel fuel properties. • ITB (Bandung Institute of Technology) has focused its research and development on macroeconomic studies of biodiesel, developing technology for jatropha oil extraction and its conversion to methyl ester. The institute is also focusing on standardization of fuels and on diesel engine test series. The pilot scale biodiesel plant with the capacity of 150 L product per batch was developed by ITB.

• Department of Agriculture has worked on biodiesel for several years. Its BB-Mektan (Agricultural Mechanization Research Center) has tested the performance of various blending of biodiesel and ADO on the 5.5 KW stationary diesel engines (Handaka and Agung Hendriardi, 2005). PPKS Medan has also carried out research on biodiesel production from palm oil. In cooperation with ITB, they have conducted road test Java-Sumatra in 2004 which covered a total distance of 2,020 km (Reksowardojo et al., 2005). • IPB (Bogor Institute of Agriculture, BPPT Biotechnology Center, Puslitbangbun (Center for Plantation Research and Development, Department of Agriculture) now have actively research in the field of farming technology.

On Farm Technology (Biotech Center – BPPT) Biotech Center BPPT has developed another method of vegetative propagation on some woody plant, including Jatropha curcas, which is known as ex vitro culture. This method adopted the in vitro

Fig. 1. Cutting of apical shoots; rooting after day-7

Fig. 3. Plantlet with perfect rooting

Fig. 2. Net house which covering 65% of sun light

Fig. 4. Jatropha plantlets ready for planting in the field

micropropagation system outside glass vessels. In this method, rooting was induced directly from the apical shoots of plants, after some treatments, and then producing new plantlets. The plantlet derived from this method can directly acclimatize into the green house. Using this method, the plantlets can be produced in larger number compare to conventional stem cuttings. The ex vitro propagation is a relatively low-cost and simple method to propagate the plant with the same quality as the plantlet produced from in vitro micropropagation.

Refining and Processing Technology (Engineering Center – BPPT) 2002

2001

Lab scale biodiesel production (400 L)

2003

Engineering design and fabrication of 1.5 ton/day capacity biodiesel plant (Modularised, skid mounted and movable)

2004

2006

Source : Lurgi

Basic Design and Engineering of Biodiesel Plant Cap. 30.000 ton/year

EPC of Biodiesel Pilot Plant l Capacity of 3 ton/day

EPC of Biodiesel Pilot, Capacity of 8 ton/hari

QUALITY PRODUCT TESTING (Engineering Center – BPPT) 2001

PRODUCTION AND PROCESS OPTIMATION

2006

PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TEST

Variation of raw material: CPO standard (FFA < 5 %) CPO off grade (FFA 520%) Waste CPO (FFA 20-70 %) PFAD, CFAD (FFA > 70 %) RBDPO RBDPS Used Cooking Oil Jatropha Oil

PERFORMANCE TEST

COMMERCIAL

ROAD TEST

PRODUK MEET NATIONAL STANDARD

2005 2002

2005

SOCIALIZATION

Refining and Processing Technology (Other Institutions)

ITB (Bandung Institute of Technology), 150l/batch

Engineering Center – BPPT : 8 tons/day Biodiesel pilot plant Location:Pangkalan Baru, Kab. Kampar, Riau

Refining and Processing Technology Jathropa Curcas (Jatropha Oil Extraction Plant) Milling Units

Cap. 100 kg seed/hr (Enginering Center – BPPT)

Degumming Tank

Jatropha Oil Product

Clean Oil

ITB, Jathropa Curcas Milling Units

Filter Press Back to Outline

3. BIODIESEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

• Biodiesel = diesel fuel which contents of methyl/ethyl esters from fatty acids • Common reaction : Glycerides/ + Fatty Acids

Methanol/ Ethanol

Palm Oil Coconut Oil Palm Kernel Oil Animal fat Jatropha Oil Moringa/Kelor Seed Oil Etc.

Methyl/Ethyl Ester + Glycerol of Fatty Acids 25 – 80 C (Biodiesel) catalyst

Natural Oil from Indonesia Biodiesel product depend on raw material and process quality

BIODIESEL PRODUCT QUALITY IS DEPEND ON RAW MATERIAL AND PROCESS QUALITY

9 Cetane number, iodine number, cloud point : depend on the fatty acid composition of each raw material 9 Kinematic viscosity, Flash point , Acid number, Ester content, Free glycerol, Total glycerol, Phosphorous content, Sulfur content, Ash content (sulfated ash), and Water and sediment :depend on the processing quality level

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION : • •

CATALYTIC PROCESS (Low Pressure, Low Temperature, Alkaline Catalyst, Acid Catalyst, Enzymatic) NON-CATALYTIC PROCESS – High Pressure, High temperature – Low Pressure, High temperature

THE CURRENT BIODIESEL PROCESSING IN INDONESIA : • •

CATALYTIC PROCESS (Low Pressure, Low Temperature) using Alkaline and Acid Catalyst Basic Consideration : – Easier to be handled by operator on minimum requirement skill – Can be constructed in small up to medium capacity (< 15 ton/day) – High domestic local content

Back to Outline

4. FUTURE RESEARCH TOPICS ‰On Farm Technology (high quality seeding, higher land productivity and various aspects in the plantation) ‰Characterization of Indonesian indigenous biodiesel raw materials to meet the standardized biodiesel product. ‰Stability test for biodiesel (methyl esters) made of Indonesian Indigenous raw materials ‰Biodiesel additive for pour point depressant ‰Application of Membrane for biodiesel purification ‰Material compatibility test for engine component using biodiesel blend (BXX) up to B100 ‰High performance reactor (consistent product quality, reliable and cost effective in production (Lower methanol loss and Lower usage of catalyst)) ‰Glycerol processing to produce more valuable product ‰Integration of Biodiesel Plant, Oil Mill, Biomass Power plant, Methanol plant Back to Outline

Characterization of Indonesian indigenous biodiesel raw materials to meet the standardized biodiesel product. • Indonesia has more than 40 fatty-oil producing plant species • Objective : – to obtain the characteristic of those raw materials – To select the suitable process to convert them into methyl esters to meet the biodiesel standard – To assess the degree of economic feasibility for each raw material

ABUNDANT (BIODIESEL) RAW MATERIAL Latin name

Oil Source

Content, %-b kr

P / NP

Randu alas

Bombax malabaricum

Biji

18 – 26

NP

Seminai

Madhuca utilis

Inti biji

50 – 57

P

Siur (-siur)

Xanthophyllum lanceatum

Biji

35 – 40

P

Tengkawang. Terindak

Isoptera borneensis

Inti biji

45 – 70

P

Bidaro

Ximenia Americana

Inti biji

49 – 61

NP

Bintaro

Cerbera manghas/odollam

Biji

43 – 64

NP

Bulangan

Gmelina asiatica

Biji

?

NP

Cerakin/Kroton

Croton tiglium

Inti biji

50 – 60

NP

Kampis

Hernandia peltata

Biji

?

NP

Kemiri cina

Aleurites trisperma

Inti biji

?

NP

Nagasari (gede)

Mesua ferrea

Biji

35 – 50

NP

Sirsak

Annona muricata

Inti biji

20 – 30

NP

Srikaya

Annona squamosa

Biji

15 – 20

NP

Name

Note : kr ≡ dry; P ≡ edible fat/oil, NP ≡ nonedible fat/oil. (Source, Soerawidjaja, 2005)

ABUNDANT (BIODIESEL) RAW MATERIAL Latin name

Oil Source

Content, %-b kr

P / NP

Jarak pagar

Jatropha curcas

Inti biji

40 – 60

NP

Sawit

Elais guineensis

Sabut + dg buah

45-70 + 46-54

P

Kapok/randu

Ceiba pentandra

Biji

24 – 40

NP

Kelapa

Cocos nucifera

Daging buah

60 – 70

P

Kecipir

Psophocarpus tetrag.

Biji

15 – 20

P

Kelor

Moringa oleifera

Biji

30 – 49

P

Kusambi

Sleichera trijuga

Daging biji

55 – 70

NP

Nimba

Azadirachta indica

Daging biji

40 – 50

NP

Saga utan

Adenanthera pavonina

Inti biji

14 – 28

P

Akar kepayang

Hodgsonia macrocarpa

Biji

≈ 65

P

Gatep pait

Samadera indica

Biji

≈ 35

NP

Kepoh

Sterculia foetida

Inti biji

45 – 55

NP

Ketiau

Madhuca mottleyana

Inti biji

50 – 57

P

Nyamplung

Callophyllum inophyllum

Inti biji

40 – 73

NP

Name

Note : kr ≡ dry; P ≡ edible fat/oil, NP ≡ nonedible fat/oil. (Source, Soerawidjaja, 2005) Back to topics

Stability test for biodiesel (methyl esters) made of Indonesian Indigenous raw materials •

JAMA (Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association) representative has shown that problems were found in the automobile components that have contact with the fuel, related to the fuel’s stability

•

Such biodiesel tests however have never been conducted thoroughly on biodiesel derived from Palm oil or Jatropha Curcas Oil.

•

It is necessary to carry out such test to further ensure biodiesel customers and to maintain the infant biodiesel program in Indonesia

•

Objective : – to obtain the stability of the biodiesel derived from indigenous raw materials against the factors such as storage, oxidation, temperature and humidity – to find alternative measures such as suitable anti oxidants to maintain its stability, as well as economic feasibility providing such measures Back to topics

INTEGRATED BIODIESEL PLANT BIOMASS GASIFICATION APR PROCESS

Biogas Plant BIOMASS

BIOGAS PLANT

GLYCERINE PURIFICATION

TBS PLANTATION

Empty Bunch

Shell

METHANOL PLANT

CPO PALM OIL MILL

Biomass (boiler) Power Plant

BIODIESEL PLANT

High Quality Biodiesel Product

CATALYST RECOVERY

Back to topics

5. CONCLUSION 9 In recent years the popularity of biodiesel has increased dramatically in Indonesia. 9 Limited number of biodiesel producer, price of raw material and biodiesel still classified as other fuel are the main obstacles in the utilization of biodiesel commercially 9 Challenges : To obtain the technology (for each stages : from raw material preparation, processing, storage, transportation) which could get more competitive biodiesel fuel price 9 Current development : ‰ ‰ ‰

Catalytic process :Low Pressure, low Temperature, using Alkaline and Acid Catalyst Raw material : CPO, RBDPO, PFAD, Jatropha curcas, coconut, CFAD, used cooking oil Small up to medium capacity plant (3.000 t/y constructed, 30.000 t/y)

9 Future Research Topics : ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰

On Farm Technology To find other alternatif biodiesel raw material other than palm, jatropha and coconut Biodiesel stability test High quality and performance biodiesel product (high CN, low pour point, additive) Application of Membrane for biodiesel purification Material compatibility test for engine component using biodiesel blend (BXX) up to B100 High performance reactor (low cost production, low methanol, low catalyst, shorter time reaction) Glycerol processing to produce more valuable product Integration of Biodiesel Plant, Oil Mill, Biomass Power plant, Methanol plant

END

Thank You….