Freshwater Mussel Status Report Habitat, Populations, Reproduction and Contaminant Assessment In and Near the Massena/Akwesasne St. Lawrence River Area of Concern (AOC) for Beneficial Use Impairment (BUI) Advancements USEPA GLRI Project ID: GL-97221310

Prepared by: Lee H. Harper Riveredge Associates J. Mark Erickson St. Lawrence University and Jessica L. Jock Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe Environment Division

November 2015

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Suggested citation: Harper L.H., J.M. Erickson, and J.L. Jock. November 2015. Freshwater mussel status report: habitat, populations, reproduction and contaminant assessment in and near the Massena/Akwesasne St. Lawrence River Area of Concern (AOC) for Beneficial Use Impairment (BUI) advancements. GL-97221310. 99 pp.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Data were gathered in and near the Massena/Akwesasne Area of Concern (AOC) to assist with the evaluation of Beneficial Use Impairments (BUI) for freshwater mussels in a project funded by a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) grant (GL-97221310) to the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe (SRMT) through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI). A Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) was developed and an Interim Status Report completed from 2012 qualitative surveys to identify data gaps and guide the 2013 investigations. Field work was conducted during summer and fall 2013 to investigate freshwater mussel populations, reproduction, and contaminants. This study is relevant to 3 BUIs within the AOC: restriction on fish and wildlife consumption, degradation of fish and wildlife populations, and degradation of benthos. 2013 Field surveys were conducted in the Grasse, St. Regis, and Raquette Rivers by snorkel and scuba at 19 sites; 7 inside the AOC and 12 outside and upstream of the AOC to examine mussel populations and reproduction. The 7 sites (segments) surveyed inside the AOC represent 5.7% of the total number of river segments inside the AOC. Thirteen of the 19 total sites had information on mussel presence and abundance from previous surveys conducted between 1991and 2006 Erickson 9 to 23 years earlier, although 11 of these sites were upstream and outside the AOC, and only two were inside the AOC. There were no surveys conducted in the St. Lawrence River in 2013. The 2013 surveys identified 13 species of mussels in and adjacent to the AOC, including five (5) New York State Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Mussel communities inside and outside the AOC in the Grasse, Raquette, and St. Regis Rivers had similar species richness at the 19 survey sites across all three rivers. Compared to earlier Erickson surveys, species richness was generally slightly higher in 2013 than in previous studies. Two new native species are now present inside the Grasse River AOC that were not found 17 years ago, although this could be due in part to greater sampling effort. Across all rivers, the Grasse River has the highest species richness (n=13) and perhaps the least understood mussel fauna of rivers surveyed inside and outside the AOC. Zebra mussels continue to threaten native unionid mussels in the lower reaches of the rivers, near the confluence of the main stem St. 3

Lawrence River backwater influence, in particular American Veterans Campground (AmVets) site on the lower Grasse River. At most sites, mussels were found to represent a broad array of age classes from 1 year old to 20 or more years of age based on counts of external rings. Gravid individuals of several species were found inside and outside the AOC and in each of the three tributary rivers. Combined, these data suggest largely stable mussel populations and the occurrence of successful reproduction and recruitment, except in areas of zebra mussel. Thirty composite mussel samples of five individual Elliptio complanata were collected from the tributary rivers of the AOC and analyzed for contaminants (aluminum, cadmium, lead, mercury, organochlorine pesticides, fluoride, dioxins/furans, PCB congeners, and PAHs); 15 samples inside the AOC and 15 samples outside (upstream) of the AOC. Not all samples could be run for all tests due to sample mass limitations. No pesticides, PAHs, nor fluoride were detected in any samples. With the three rivers combined, total PCBs inside the AOC were significantly higher than total PCBs outside the AOC. Two dioxins (HpCDD and OCDD) and one furan (TCDF) were also significantly higher inside the AOC than outside the AOC. No other contaminants were significantly different inside versus outside the AOC when the data were pooled among rivers. Across all rivers inside the AOC (only), total PCBs were significantly highest in the Grasse River. Total PCBs were not detected inside the AOC from the St. Regis River. The furan TCDF was also significantly highest in the Grasse River inside the AOC. Across all rivers outside the AOC, there were no significant differences in contaminant concentrations. Contaminant levels in 2013 were similar or lower to mussel tissue collected in the AOC from 1983 to 1991. Although 97% of mussels collected (n=38) on the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers in 1985 had DDE, no DDE was detected in any sample in 2013. While consumption of mussels was not examined by EPA’s human health risk assessment for the Grasse River, the average PCB concentrations for mussels inside the AOC on the Grasse River exceed the EPA remedial goal of 10 ng/g for fish tissue PCB concentrations to be protective of Mohawk health. Average PCB concentrations inside the AOC for the Raquette and St. Regis

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Rivers, and for all three rivers outside the AOC, do not exceed this level, although 3 of 12 samples from the Raquette River did. For protection of wildlife which may consume aquatic organisms, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation advises a limit of 110 ng/g PCBs. This threshold was exceeded in 2013 inside the AOC for the Grasse River only. Further field studies are necessary to identify any occurrence of rare, threatened or endangered species, and to determine the impacts of lower Grasse River remediation on the freshwater mussel community. Mussels appeared to be more common in shallow nearshore areas with emergent and submergent aquatic vegetation, although this is a general qualitative impression that needs to be supported with additional field surveys. Such surveys would also identify the extent of zebra mussel infestation. Full restoration of the freshwater mussels and the habitats they depend on will be a necessary part of Grasse River remediation activities, and restored BUIs.

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. 8 LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. 8 LIST OF PHOTOS .............................................................................................................. 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ 11 1.0

INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 12 1.1

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................ 12

1.2

FRESHWATER MUSSELS OF THE AOC ........................................................ 18

1.3

PREVIOUS STUDIES OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN THE AOC ..................... 24

1.4

AOC REMEDIATION SUMMARIES ............................................................... 25 1.4.1 1.4.2

2.0

3.0

GENERAL REMEDIATION SUMMARY .............................................. 25 SITE SPECIFIC RIVER SEDIMENTS, BANK, AND/OR WETLAND SOIL REMEDIATION SUMMARIES ............................................................ 26 METHODS .............................................................................................................. 31 2.1

STUDY AREA ............................................................................................. 31

2.2

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ............................................................... 33

2.3

2012 QUALITATIVE MUSSEL SURVEYS ...................................................... 34

2.4

2013 FIELD SURVEY METHODS.................................................................. 34

2.5

2013 SAMPLING DESIGN ............................................................................ 35

2.6

CONTAMINANT SAMPLE COLLECTION METHODS....................................... 39

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION..................................................................................... 41 3.1

ACHIEVEMENT OF DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES IN THE FIELD ................... 41

3.2

SPECIES OF MUSSELS ................................................................................. 44

3.3

MUSSEL POPULATIONS .............................................................................. 49

3.4

3.3.1 2013 MUSSELS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE AOC............................. 49 3.3.2 2013 DATA COMPARED TO EARLIER STUDIES ............................... 53 REPRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 62

3.5

CONTAMINANTS ......................................................................................... 69 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3

QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL ............................ 69 DATA TREATMENT ......................................................................... 70 RESULTS ........................................................................................ 70 6

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

4.0

3.5.4 COMPARISON WITH OTHER STUDIES ............................................... 72 3.5.5 IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION..................................... 84 LESSONS LEARNED ................................................................................................ 86

5.0

RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................. 87

6.0

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 91

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of Massena/Akwesasne AOC ...................................................................... 32 Figure 2. Map of 2013 survey sites for populations and contaminants .............................. 43 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. AOC Beneficial Use Impairments, Status, and Delisting Criteria ........................ 17 Table 2. Freshwater mussel species of the AOC and their status ....................................... 22 Table 3. Number of survey segments targeted for 2013 population surveys by river ........ 37 Table 4. Number of mussel samples for 2013 contaminant analysis by river .................... 40 Table 5. Number of sites surveyed in 2013 for mussels by river ....................................... 41 Table 6. Sites surveyed for 2013 populations and reproduction ......................................... 42 Table 7. Species of mussels identified in the 2012-2013 studies ....................................... 48 Table 8. Number of species, individuals, and mussels collected in 2013 per search hour . 51 Table 9. Presence of positively identified live individuals at each 2013 survey site……..52 Table 10. Number of mussels collected by Normandeau (2008) and this study (2013) ..... 57 Table 11. Number of sites historically surveyed and resurveyed by Erickson .................. 57 Table 12. Number of species, individuals, and mussels collected per search hour ............ 61 Table 13. Age of Elliptio complanata and other mussels at each 2013 sampling site ....... 66 Table 14. Presence of gravid individuals at each 2013 survey site .................................... 67 Table 15. List of contaminants detected and not detected in 2013 mussels surveys .......... 76 Table 16. Contaminants in mussels inside and outside the AOC ....................................... 77 Table 17. Contaminants in mussels from the Grasse River ................................................ 78 Table 18. Contaminants in mussels from the Raquette River ............................................. 79 Table 19. Contaminants in mussels from the St. Regis River ............................................ 80 Table 20. Contaminants in mussels from three rivers inside the AOC ............................... 81 Table 21. Contaminants in mussels from three rivers outside the AOC ............................. 82 Table 22. Historical concentrations of contaminants in mussels from the AOC ................ 83 Table 23. Rivers and areas where mussels are below the remedial goal for fish tissue ..... 85 Table 24. Potential locations for long term trend monitoring............................................. 90 8

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

LIST OF PHOTOS Photo 1. Mussel surveys were conducted with scuba and surface supplied air .................. 37 Photo 2. Mussels were collected, measured, and returned to the river ............................... 38 Photo 3. Mussels were collected and sorted by species and size ........................................ 47 Photo 4. The number of mussels at one site was much greater than historically ............... 58 Photo 5. Potamilus alatus in the lower Grasse River varied in size and age ...................... 59 Photo 6. Zebra mussels were found on several species in the lower Grasse River ............ 60 Photo 7. Mark Erickson examining a mussel for identification.......................................... 65 Photo 8. A gravid Potamilus alatus showing marsupial gills with larval mussels ............. 65 Photo 9. A gravid Potamilus alatus from the Grasse River ................................................ 68

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS List of abbreviations used in documents related to the Massena/Akwesasne Area of Concern. Not all of the abbreviations listed here appear in this document. Alcoa Inc. AOC ASTM BUI COCs COSEWIC CPUE DDT GLNPO GLWQA GM GRLI HS IJC MCA ND NELAC NOAA NTCRA NYNHP NYPA NYSDEC NYSDOH OMNR PAHs PCBs PCDD PCDF POCs QAPP RACER Trust RI/FS ROD SLRRP SRMT SRMTED TDBF USEPA (EPA) USFWS USGS VOCs

Aluminum Corporation of America Area of Concern American Society for Testing and Materials Beneficial Use Impairment (Indicator) Contaminants of Concern Committee and the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada Catch Per Unit Effort Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane Great Lakes National Program Office Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement General Motors Great Lakes Restoration Initiative Hot Spots International Joint Commission Mohawk Council of Akwesasne Non-detect National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Non-Time Critical Removal Action New York Natural Heritage Program New York Power Authority New York State Department of Environmental Conservation New York State Department of Health Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Polychlorinated biphenyls Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins Polychlorinated dibenzofurans Persistent organochlorine chemicals Quality Assurance Project Plan Revitalizing Auto Communities Environmental Response Trust Remedial Investigation and Feasible Study Record of Decision St. Lawrence River Remediation Project (Alcoa East) Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe Environment Division Total dibenzofurans (used in SLRRP ROD) United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Fish and Wildlife Service United States Geological Survey Volatile organic compounds

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This report, prepared on behalf of Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe Environment Division (SRMTED), contains field data collection and technical writing contributions from Riveredge Associates and Dr. J. Mark Erickson, with chemical analysis of mussel tissue by PACE Analytical Laboratories. Technical direction, field audits, oversight of the field activities, and contributions and edits of this report was provided by SRMTED. The work was funded by a grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (GL-97221310) to the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe (SRMT) through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI). SRMTED Staff Amberdawn LaFrance provided contaminant data from the SRMT database to Riveredge Associates for data synthesis, reporting, and comparison. Members of the Akwesasne, Massena, and Louisville communities assisted by providing access to the rivers that were surveyed in the field. Riveredge biologists Joel Danko, Anna Butler, and Michael Reynolds conducted the mussel collections in the field; William Votra assisted. Christopher Baird summarized the contaminant data and prepared text and tables for the report. Map figures were prepared by Bill Olsen. Some mussels were sent out for verification of field identifications. Dave Strayer, Lisa Holst, Matt Schlesinger, Erin White, Lyubov Burlakova, and Isabel Hannes all assisted with the verification of field identifications. A license to collect and possess freshwater mussels for the SRMT investigation into BUIs of the AOC was obtained from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). This license permitted the temporary collection of mussels for population surveys and the collection of Elliptio complanata for contaminant analysis. In addition, this license specifically requested that mussels be collected and vouchered for the collections of NYSDEC and the New York State Museum.

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

1.0

INTRODUCTION 1.1

Background and Objectives

The international section of the St. Lawrence River was identified as one of five Bi-National Areas of Concern (AOC) by the International Joint Commission (IJC) under the 1987 amended Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA). The Bi-National geographic boundary is delineated as, “The St. Lawrence River Area of Concern (AOC) includes the waters from the Moses-Saunders power dam to the eastern outlet of Lake St. Francis, including the area upstream of the Snell lock and power dam to the Massena public water supply intake, the Grasse River from the mouth upstream to the first dam, the Raquette River from the mouth upstream to the New York State Route 420 bridge and the St. Regis River from the mouth upstream to the dam at Hogansburg. This includes water shared by the United States, Canada, and the Mohawks of Akwesasne” (Environment Canada et al. 1994). The boundaries of interest under this Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) funded project (GL-97221310) are the upstream and southern portion of the International St. Lawrence River Area of Concern (AOC), primarily located in St. Lawrence County and the Mohawk Territory of Akwesasne (also called the St. Lawrence River AOC at Massena and/or Massena/Akwesasne AOC). The Massena/Akwesasne AOC includes the Grasse (04150304), Raquette (04150305), and St. Regis (04150306) tributaries, Power Canal on the Grasse River, and portions of the St. Lawrence River itself. The Massena/Akwesasne AOC was identified due to discharge of hazardous substances and industrial byproducts to nearby tributaries, land, and the St. Lawrence River itself, thus causing ecological impairments and impaired water quality. Contaminants of concern in the Massena/Akwesasne AOC associated with industry facility releases include: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins, furans, cyanide, fluoride, phenols, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia, styrene, phenols, sulfate, mercury and metals (aluminum, lead, cadmium). Organochlorine pesticides of concern in the Massena/Akwesasne AOC include chlordane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dieldrin, endrin, and hexachlorobenzene, and mirex. Mercury is a contaminant of concern in both the Cornwall St. Lawrence River AOC (Cornwall AOC) and in the Massena/Akwesasne AOC due to some contribution from Massena industry and atmospheric deposition within the watershed. 12

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC In addition to the presence of these contaminants, the channel of the lower Grasse River was dredged over 100 years ago, deepening (up to 14 feet or more) and widening (100-300 ft) the natural channel to facilitate power production and industrial operations (Alcoa 2012). More recent navigational dredging occurred at the mouth for the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway in the 1950’s. These chemical and physical habitat changes inside the Massena/Akwesasne AOC have likely had an impact on freshwater mussels, a sediment dwelling invertebrate important for overall ecosystem health, water quality, and food sources to multiple species, including humans historically. Several efforts have been made to remediate contamination sources and improve water and sediment quality in and around the AOC between 1995 and 2009. Remediation efforts have been implemented at the three hazardous waste sites, Alcoa East (former Reynolds Metal Company (RMC)), Alcoa West, and GM (see remediation summaries below) but the Grasse River remains a source of a large mass of contaminated sediment in the AOC. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA 2012b, 2013a) has selected a Grasse River remedy to mitigate risks to the biota, fish, human and ecological receptors that includes the dredging of nearshore contaminated sediments and capping of main channel contaminated sediments. Marine and freshwater mussels have been used to monitor contaminants in U.S. coastal and Great Lakes waters. Started in 1986 nationally and in the Great Lakes in 1992, the Mussel Watch program represents the longest continuous running contaminant monitoring program in the United States (NOAA 2014). Mussel Watch supports environmental management through monitoring and assessment of environmental quality (NOAA 2014). Mussel tissue is analyzed for over 100 organic and inorganic contaminants and maintained in a comprehensive database (NOAA 2014). In the Great Lakes, the Mussel Watch program analyzes non-native dreissenid mussels, but there are no sampling stations below the Moses-Saunders Power Dam located within the AOC. Monitoring contaminants in mussels is important because contaminants may affect the reproductive health of marine or freshwater mussels and the survivorship of mussel glochidia (Hellou et al. 2003, Gagné and Blaise 2003, Gagné et al. 2004, Yeats et al. 2008). The freshwater mussel family Unionidae has emerged as a critical group for contaminant monitoring 13

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC in the field over the past 20 years (Farris and Van Hassel 2007). Hellou et al. (2003) investigated biological indicators of mussel health during gametogenesis in marine mussels, and Gagné et al. (2004) examined the same in freshwater mussels. Caged mussel studies have been conducted in the St. Lawrence River using Elliptio complanata downstream of a municipal effluent plume. These studies found a complex pattern of responses that could lead to harmful health effects including disruption of reproduction (Gagné et al. 2004). Wide-spread contaminant exposure from industrial waste and agricultural production is considered one of the major threats to healthy freshwater mussel populations throughout North America (Strayer et al. 2004). However, complex life-histories and synergistic effects of potential stressors (e.g. habitat degradation, exotic species introductions, and water pollution) have made it difficult to determine specific negative toxicity effects thresholds in freshwater mussels (Keller and Ruessler 1997, Augspurger et al. 2003, Milam et al. 2005). Additionally, the majority of studies that have evaluated specific contaminant toxicity thresholds are laboratory based and are difficult to relate to natural populations, but Cope et al. (2008) have shown that laboratory-based studies can represent wild mussel populations in certain cases. Another important concern is that contaminant-specific toxicity thresholds vary substantially by species and life-history stage (Cherry et al. 2002). Contaminant toxicity to freshwater mussels has been the subject of emerging research in the last decade but much work remains to be done. Some species appear to be highly sensitive while others less so. Some studies suggest that water quality criteria might need to be revised to afford protection of freshwater mussels (March et al. 2007). In some cases, mussels may be very sensitive and the inclusion of freshwater mussels in regulatory standards could significantly change criteria (USEPA 2010, Hall 2010). For some contaminants, such as pesticides and other organic compounds, mussels may be less sensitive than species traditionally used for toxicological reference (Keller and Augspurger 2005). For other contaminants, such as metals and ammonia, mussels may be more sensitive (Keller and Augspurger 2005). Current water quality standards may not be protective of sensitive life stages of freshwater mussels and new standards will need to be developed (e.g., Cope et al. 2008, Hall 2010, USEPA 2010, Wang et al. 2011, ASTM 2013, USGS 2013). Toxicity testing has focused primarily on the early life stages

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC of freshwater mussels including glochidia and juvenile mussels in water-only exposures; future toxicity tests may be conducted with adult freshwater mussels as well (ASTM 2013). Because almost no data are available to directly assess the impact of local industrial pollutants on the growth, reproduction, and survival of freshwater mussels, this study examined current mussel populations and compared them to population assessments conducted in the same region approximately 20 years ago. This freshwater mussel study is one of several in the Massena/Akwesasne AOC designed to make progress on Beneficial Use Impairments (BUIs): Restrictions on Fish and Wildlife Consumption, Degradation of Fish and Wildlife Populations, and Degradation of Benthos (Table 1). Freshwater mussel populations may have been impacted by persistent organochlorine chemicals (POCs) and other compounds released through discharges. Criteria for the Restriction of Fish and Wildlife Consumption include documentation that contaminant levels in mussels do not exceed current standards for human consumption. The current status of this BUI is “Impaired” with no surveys conducted to date to compare mussel contaminant burdens inside and outside the AOC. Criteria established for Degradation of Fish and Wildlife Populations include documenting healthy and reproducing populations and a community structure that does not significantly diverge from unimpacted sites that would be expected from the amount of quality of suitable physical, chemical, and biological habitat characteristics. The current status of this BUI is “Unknown/Needs Further Assessment” with no surveys conducted to date to compare mussel populations inside and outside the AOC. While this project was underway, the Remedial Advisory Committee (RAC) evaluated and revised the delisting criteria for this BUI. The new criteria was approved by the RAC on June 18, 2014 and include the following: -

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Concentrations of contaminants (particularly PCBs) in AOC fish and wildlife are not significantly higher than levels found outside of the AOC; OR concentrations of contaminants found in AOC fish and wildlife are below toxicity reference values, established criteria to protect piscivorous wildlife, or adverse effect levels documented in scientific literature. Native wildlife species richness and diversity (including resident birds, amphibians, reptiles, and freshwater mussels) in AOC wetland and riverine habitats is equal to or greater than that

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

-

found in similar habitats in the surrounding region. Bald eagle, mink, lake sturgeon, otter, or other sentinel species are present and successfully reproducing in the AOC.

Criteria established for the Degradation of Benthos include no significant difference between the community structure of sites within the AOC and unimpacted sites upriver. The current status of this BUI is “Unknown/Needs Further Assessment,” with no surveys conducted to date to compare mussel community structure inside and outside the AOC. In 2012, qualitative field surveys for freshwater mussels and their habitats were completed and the findings reported in a Freshwater Mussel Interim Status Report (Harper and Jock 2014). The 2013 field studies, the subject of this report, were designed to investigate contaminant burdens in the tissues of freshwater mussels in and near the Massena/Akwesasne AOC, and the potential effects of these contaminants on freshwater mussel presence and distribution. Freshwater mussel tissues were collected and tested for contaminant burdens, and field surveys of mussel species, ages, and catch per hour (or catch per unit effort (CPUE)) were conducted to provide information on populations and reproduction. These surveys were conducted to gather information useful to make progress on the delisting criteria of multiple BUIs. The results of those field surveys are reported in this Status Report.

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Table 1. St. Lawrence River, Massena/Akwesasne AOC Beneficial Use Impairments, Status and Delisting Criteria Beneficial Use Impairment

Restriction on Fish and Wildlife Consumption

Degradation of Fish and Wildlife Populations1

Status

Impaired

Delisting Criteria

Measurement

Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption in the AOC due to watershed or in-place contaminants are absent. No public health advisories are in effect for human consumption that are due to watershed or AOC specific sources; AND

Quantitatively measure contaminant burden in tissue (PCBs, organochlorine pesticides (chlordane, DDD, DDE, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, Hexachlorbenzene, and mirex), mercury, metals, fluoride, and dioxin/furans)

Contaminant levels created by anthropogenic chemicals due to watershed or in-place contaminants do not exceed current standards, objectives, or guidelines in resident fish and wildlife; AND Any remaining restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption are due to upstream or downstream sources that are addressed by other management plans, such as Lakewide Management Plans (LaMPs). Environmental conditions support healthy, selfsustaining communities of desired fish and wildlife at predetermined levels of abundance that would be expected from the amount and quality of suitable physical, chemical, and biological habitat present; AND

Unknown/ Needs Further Assessment Fish populations meet applicable Index of

Biological Integrity (IBI) and wildlife populations have healthy reproducing populations of eagle, mink, otter, or other species.

Degradation of Benthos

Unknown, needs further assessment

Benthic macroinvertebrate community structure does not significantly diverge from unimpacted control sites of comparable physical and chemical characteristics; AND In the absence of community structure data, the toxicity of sediment-associated contaminants is not significantly higher than controls at unimpacted sites.

Compare chemical analysis data to Fish and Wildlife Consumption Advisories. Use data to assist update to Mohawk Consumption Advisory and Traditional Pathways and Uses Restoration

Use quantitative chemical data of tissue burden to compare to adverse health effects threshold levels Collect comparable # of samples from upstream river locations within the same body of water. Use quantitative chemical data of tissue-associated contaminant burden to determine impairment to community structure, and compare impacted and unimpacted sites. Review secondary data sediment database to cross reference sediment-associated contaminants at impacted and unimpacted sites. Collect comparable # of samples from upstream river locations within the same body of water.

Notes: 1Delisting Criteria listed here was used to design study (E&E 2008). Updated criteria was approved by the RAC on June 18, 2014 during the drafting of this report.

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC 1.2

Freshwater Mussels of the AOC

Freshwater mussels are found around the world in rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. There are approximately 1,000 freshwater mussel species worldwide and North America is home to almost 300 of these species. Approximately 70 of North America’s freshwater mussels are either endangered or threatened, and several species have already gone extinct (USFWS 2014). Threats to their survival come from a variety of sources such as loss of habitat, water degradation, and impoundments. Industrial contaminants have implications for human consumption of freshwater mussels. Freshwater mussels were traditionally harvested and consumed and have important cultural significance for Native American tribes (Garvin 2005). The earliest wampum was believed to have been made by the shells of freshwater mussels, drilled and polished with stone tools (Nature Bulletin 1972). A string of wampum from freshwater mussels plays a significant role in the first Longhouse Condolence Ceremony, and oral history of the Creation of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora), and the Great Law of Peace through the story of Aionwatha (Hiawatha) (NAITC 1984). In later periods, wampum was made by the quahog shell and today by plastic beads, but there is oral evidence through the Peacemaker story of earliest wampum made from freshwater mussels. Wampum is interwoven throughout Mohawk and Haudenosaunee history and culture including but not limited to; identification of those who hold chief and clan mother titles, use as jewelry, artifacts, art, ceremonies, and wampum belts as historical records and treaties. Freshwater mussels play an important role in the ecosystem. They provide ecological services in water clarification, nutrient recycling, and as a food source for other organisms (USFWS 2014). Mussels are filter-feeders, meaning they pass water over their gills filtering out particles that can be ingested. As a result, they remove not only food particles but also inorganic and organic compounds, some of which can be toxic to the mussel. Freshwater mussels are excellent biomonitors for the AOC due to their well-known ability to burrow in the sediment and accumulate contaminants from the water column and particulate matter (i.e. filter-feeding) and thus reflect local contaminants in the environment (Richman et al. 2013).

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Freshwater mussels in the AOC are a food source to lake sturgeon and multiple aquatic furbearer mammals such as otter, mink, and muskrat. An intricate relationship exists between mussels and fish, as mussels use fish as a host to assist reproduction and distribution in a watershed by releasing glochidia (fertilized eggs) into the gills of fish for transport and survival of juveniles, until they detach and fall to the stream bed (USFWS 2014). If a fish host is threatened, endangered, or can no longer access spawning habitat, this impediment may affect freshwater mussel recovery and/or reproductive success in the St. Lawrence River watershed. An example of this intricate relationship may be demonstrated by the lack of post-1970’s records of Hickorynut (Obovaria olivaria) in the St. Lawrence River in New York State. Strayer and Jirka (1997) list this species as otherwise historically widely distributed in large rivers in the Mississippi, Great Lakes, and St. Lawrence basins. Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) a New York State listed Threatened fish species, is assumed to be its fish host in the St. Lawrence River basin (Bouvier et al. 2013). Evidence of Hickorynut populations have been recently identified in the Ottawa River and in the St. Lawrence River downtstream of Montreal, Canada (Bouvier et al 2013). Recovery of this species in the St. Lawrence River basin and associated tributaries may be dependent on habitat quality and the overlap of sufficient numbers of both species to ensure completion of the Hickorynut’s reproductive cycle. Very few field surveys for mussels have been conducted in or near the Massena/Akwesasne AOC. The surveys that have been conducted suggest that the two most abundant species of freshwater mussels in and near the AOC are Elliptio complanata and Lampsilis radiata (Erickson and Fetterman 1996, Normandeau 2008, Harper and Jock 2014, Erickson, personal communication). E. complanata has been considered a sentinel species for monitoring pollutant impacts (Won et al. 2005), and has been used to monitor contaminants at several Great Lakes AOCs for many years (Kauss and Hamdy 1985, Richman et al. 2011). Surveys for mussel species presence and absence have previously been conducted inside and upstream of the AOC by Erickson (2001, 2003), Erickson and Fetterman (1995, 1996, 1997), Erickson and Garvey (1997), Fetterman and Erickson (1996), Normandeau (2008, 2009), and by Harper and Jock (2014). In total, over 20 species of freshwater mussels could potentially occur in the vicinity of the AOC, although some are known only from historical records and may no longer be present (Table 2) (Natural Resource Trustees of the St. Lawrence River Environment 19

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC 2013, Erickson and Fetterman 1996, Harper and Jock 2014). Of these species, eleven (11) are listed in New York State as Species of Greatest Conservation Need. These species are A.ligamentina, A. marginanta, A. varicosa, L. cariosa, L. ovata, L. ochracea, L. recta, L. nasuta, M. margaritifera, P. alatus, and V. iris. Surveys conducted by Erickson and Fetterman (1996) identified fifteen (15) species, with two additional species recorded with question, from the Grasse River drainage. Prior to these studies, only two species, L. recta and L. cariosa, had been formally recognized in the Grasse River. The species identified in Erickson and Fetterman (1996) included: Anodonta grandis, A. cataracta, Anodontoides ferussacianus, Strophitus undulatus, Alasmidonta undulata, A. marginata, Elliptio complanata, Lasmigona compressa, L. subviridis (?), Lampsilis radiata, L. ovata, L. cariosa, Leptodea ochracea (?), Ligumia recta, L. nasuta, Villosa iris and Margaritifera margaritifera. Note, the genus Anodonta is synonymous with Pyganodon (Pyganodon grandis and Pyganodon cataracta). Erickson later stated that Leptodea ochracea and Villosa iris are questionable, and the Lasmignoa subviridis was probably a Lasmigona compressa (Normandeau 2009). Those clarifications were based on examination of specimens by Strayer (personal communication from Erickson, 2015). Erickson also clarified (Jock, personal communications 2015) the three (3) specimen assigned as L. nasuta at the AmVets site were later changed to E. complanata identification. A dead L. nasuta shell from Sucker Brook was identified by Dave Strayer, and is illustrated in the Key to Unionacean Clams (Mollusca) of the Grasse River Drainage, St. Lawrence County, New York (Erickson and Garvey 1997). The misidentification adjacent the AmVets site does not preclude L. nasuta potential from being present in the Grasse River. Normandeau conducted surveys in 2007, 2008, and 2009 in the Grasse River, adjacent the Power Canal working upstream to Louisville, NY. During the 3-years of survey, nine (9) mussel species were found; Elliptio complanata, Lampsilis ovata, L. radiata, L. cariosa, Lasmigona costata, Ligumia recta, Pydanodon cataracta, Alasmidonta marginata, and Strophitus undulatus. (Normandeau 2009) Survey results from 2012 reported 10 species occur in or near the AOC: Alasmidonta marginata, Elliptio complanata, Lampsilis cariosa, L. ratiata, L. ovata, Leptodea fragilis, Ligumia recta, Potamilus alatus, Strophitus undulatus, and Pyganodon cataracta (Harper and Jock 2014). The 20

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC number of species that may have occurred historically in and near the AOC is unknown, but was likely greater. No mussel data are available for the area prior to 1991, and nothing is known about the historical abundance, species richness, or distribution of mussels in the region. Our knowledge of the abundance and distribution of freshwater mussel species in the region increases with each new survey effort.

21

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Table 2. Freshwater mussel species potentially occurring in and near the AOC and their conservation status.

Scientific Name

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Actinonaias ligamentina 1 Alasmidonta marginata Alasmidonta undulata Alasmidonta varicosa Anodontoides ferussacianus Elliptio complanata Lampsilis cariosa Lampsilis ovata Lampsilis radiata Lampsilis siliquoidea2 Lasmigona compressa Lasmigona costata Leptodea fragilis Leptodea ochracea Ligumia recta Ligumia nasuta Margaritifera margaritifera Obovaria olivaria 3 Potamilus alatus Pyganodon cataracta Pyganodon grandis Strophitus undulatus Villosa iris

Common Name

Mucket Elktoe Triangle Floater Brook Floater Cylindrical papershell Eastern elliptio Yellow lampmussel Pocketbook Eastern lampmussel Fat mucket Creek heelsplitter Fluted shell Fragile papershell Tidewater mucket Black sandshell Eastern pondmussel Eastern pearlshell Hickorynut Pink heelsplitter Eastern floater Giant floater Creeper Rainbow Totals

New York Status4

Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN) in New York5  

Species of New England Conservation Concern (Therres, 1999)

 (HP)



SC

SC

 



SC

SC

T

COSEWIC6

Ontario Status7

Quebec Status8

SARA Status 9

*10



*10  (HP)  (HP)  

 

E

E

E

E

E

T 3(2 E, 1 T)



 (HP) 1

11

E=Endangered, T = Threatened, SC = Special Concern, HP= high priority COSEWIC = Committee and the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

22

5

5 (3 E,2 SC)

E *10 *10

4 *likely

E 4 (2 E, 2 SC)

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Notes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

This species previously reported as occurring in the AOC but further research indicates it is not known to occur in the AOC. L. siliquoidea may be present based on recent 2013 field surveys, however preliminary results have not been confirmed. This species is considered historical (SH) in New York State. New York Status: http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/7494.html SGCN Status: http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/sgnc2015list.pdf COSEWIC October 2014 Status: http://www.cosewic.gc.ca/eng/sct0/rpt/csar_fall_2014_e.pdf Ontario Status: https://www.ontario.ca/environment-and-energy/species-risk-ontario-list Quebec Status: http://www3.mffp.gouv.qc.ca/faune/especes/menacees/liste.asp SARA Status: http://www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/species/schedules_e.cfm?id=1 *Listed as “likely” to be designated threatened or vulnerable

23

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

1.3

Previous Studies of Freshwater Mussels in the AOC

PCBs and other contaminants can affect health in freshwater mussels, potentially including reproductive impairment. Data for contaminant levels in freshwater mussel species in the Massena/Akwesasne AOC are lacking. Most collections of freshwater mussels in or near the AOC date from the late 1980s when the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) targeted wildlife for study in the area surrounding Massena industrial sites but no samples were collected in upstream reference areas outside the AOC (NYSDEC 1990; TAMS 2001; WWC 1992). Also in the mid-1980s, Metcalfe and Charlton (1990) collected freshwater mussels in the vicinity of the AOC in small numbers. These mussels were shown to have elevated levels of contaminants of concern (COC) compared to upstream sites. A few individuals of Elliptio complanata and Lampsilis radiata have been tested for contaminants in and near the Massena/Akwesasne AOC. NYSDEC (1990) reported that one Lampsilis radiata collected in the St. Lawrence River offshore of General Motors contained up to 680 ng/g (ppb) PCBs, while a conspecific collected upstream at Cape Vincent had no detectable PCBs. NYSDEC’s criteria for protection of wildlife which may consume aquatic organisms is 110 ng/g PCBs (Newell et al, 1987). Metcalfe and Charlton (1990) collected Elliptio complanata and Lampsilis radiata from 17 sites on the St. Lawrence River between Lake Ontario and Trois Riviéres Quebec in 1985. Mussels were tested for organochlorine pesticides, PCBs and other compounds. One mussel (Lampsilis radiata) was collected at the mouth of the Grasse River and another (also Lampsilis radiata) was collected downstream of the AOC in Akwesasne. Both had elevated levels of PCBs compared to reference sites. Metcalfe and Charlton (1990) concluded that the Grasse River was a major source of PCB contamination in the St. Lawrence River system, and the Massena, NY industries were a source of transboundary pollution to Lac Saint-Francois, Quebec. Mussels from within and upstream of the AOC, collected from the St. Lawrence and Raquette Rivers, have also been tested for PCBs, fluoride, aluminum, and cyanide (Woodward-Clyde Consultants [WCC] 1992). In general, levels of aluminum, fluoride, cyanide, and PCBs were higher in mussels collected from areas near Alcoa East (WCC 1992) than in Pollys Gut.

24

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Aluminum and fluoride were also higher in mussels at the Raquette River station influenced by Alcoa East releases.

1.4

AOC Remediation Summaries 1.4.1

General Remediation Summary

A principal goal of the Revised Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978, as amended by Protocol signed November 18, 1987 (1987 GLWQA) is to restore the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Great Lakes Ecosystem in the Areas of Concern (AOCs) (IJC 1987). Primary contaminants of concern in the Bi-National St. Lawrence River AOC include: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated pesticides (including mirex and hexachlorobenzene), dioxins, furans, and metals (Environment Canada et al., 1994). While many remedial successes and contaminant mass reductions (i.e. PCBs, PAHs, dioxins, and metals) have contributed to the restoration of the Massena/Akwesasne AOC since 1995 on the United States side, excessive levels and inventory of PCBs can still be found in sediments in the Grasse River Superfund Site. Fish tissue concentrations are elevated, and fish and wildlife advisories are still in effect in the Massena/Akwesasne AOC. Health risks to Mohawks have been identified through epidemiological studies and subsistence/cultural exposure routes, and NYSDOH had issued a Special Consumption Advisories for the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation specific to lake sturgeon and other game consumption (Forti et al. 1995). Between 1995-2013, a number of remedial efforts have taken place at the Massena, NY Industrial facilities (i.e. Alcoa West, RACER formerly known as General Motors, and Alcoa East formerly known as Reynolds Metals) to contribute to reduction of contaminant mass and/or exposure, contaminated fish tissue concentrations and its associated human and ecological risk reduction, and ecological restoration. The land-based remediation of eighteen contaminated sites at Alcoa West and six contaminated sites at Alcoa East (former Reynolds Metals) was completed in 2001, and fulfills the requirements of the two 1992 Record of Decisions (RODs) for these sites. GM land remediation and demolition for revitalization was conducted by RACER Trust 25

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC (http://www.racertrust.org/files/massena-marketing-brochure.pdf ). Plant demolition began in 2011 and was completed in 2014. Remediation of site sources is proposed to be completed in 2015. Long-term groundwater remediation and monitoring of the “GM Dump” is currently underway.

1.4.2 Site Specific River Sediments, Bank, and/or Wetland Soil Remediation Summaries

St. Lawrence River – Alcoa East Plant (Formerly Reynolds Metal Company (RMC)) Through 1989-1992 remedial investigations and feasibility studies (RI/FS) of the St. Lawrence River adjacent to Alcoa East were conducted with PCB-contaminated sediments identified as the primary contaminants of concern (COCs). Other contaminants identified as present at the site included furans, fluoride, aluminum, cyanide, and PAHs found in similar patterns of PCBs at this site on the St. Lawrence River. USEPA issued a 1993 Record of Decision (ROD) that called for dredging of sediments containing contaminants in excess of 1mg/kg (ppm) PCBs, 10 mg/kg total PAHs, and 1 ug/kg (ppb) of total dibenzofurans (TDBFs). This area of contamination was 21.8 acres. In 2001 the St. Lawrence River Remediation Project (SLRRP) dredging commenced following those prescribed clean-up goals to remove 86,000 cubic yards (cy) of contaminated sediments (20,200 lbs of PCBs) in a dredge design divided into 268 “dredge cells” (avg. 0.08 acres each). The ROD estimated 28% of the contaminated sediment inventory on-site included PCBs ≥ 25 mg/kg, with 9 identified Hot Spots (HS) Units delineated into 0.06 acres (2,500ft2 areas) with PCBs ≥ 500 mg/kg (USEPA 1993, USEPA 2008, USEPA 2012a). After completion of 2001 dredging efforts, post-dredging verification sampling demonstrated a site-wide average PCB concentration of 0.8 mg/kg PCBs, a 98.6% PCB contaminant reduction. All but 12 of the 268 dredge cells achieved target PCB clean-up goal of 1.0 mg/kg PCBs; those 12 cells were capped in 2009 to achieve assumed 100% PCB clean-up goal achievement for risk reduction.

26

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC A 90% reduction in PAHs was achieved in 2001, and additional verification sampling conducted between 2002-2006 indicated 76 of the 268 dredge cells were above the 10 mg/kg total PAHs clean-up goal. Fifty-three dredge cells indicated total PAHs >20 mg/kg with a maximum concentration detection at D-118 of 741 mg/kg in fall 2002. In addition to dredge cell D-118, 5 additional dredge cells indicated > 100 mg/kg total PAHs at 285, 241, and 244, 181, and 112 mg/kg for dredge cells A-7, A-16, C-39, D-117, and D-126 respectively. All 53 dredge cells with PAHs> 20 mg/kg were capped in 2009. Twenty-three cells indicated PAHs between 10-20 mg/kg, and these were assumed to have naturally degraded with time due to low molecular weight PAH degradation period (~3years) (USEPA 2008). On the 21.8 acre contaminated site, 3.5 acres were capped for achievement of risk reduction goals associated with PCBs and total PAHs. A 100% achievement of clean-up targets for TDBFs was achieved via 2001 dredging and 2009 capping (USEPA 2008).

St. Lawrence River –Former General Motors, Central Foundry Division (GM) The USEPA issued a Record of Decision for the General Motors (Central Foundry Division) for Operable Unit 01 in December 1990. The ROD outlined several major areas for soil remediation of the North and East disposal areas and industrial landfill; sludge and liquid remediation in four unlined industrial lagoons (350,000 gallon, 500,000 gallon, 1.5 million gallon, and 10 million gallon lagoons); contaminated sediments, riverbanks, and associated wetlands of the St. Lawrence River, Raquette River, and Turtle Creek; and contaminated Tribal property and contaminated groundwater (with groundwater flow north and northeast to the St. Lawrence River and Turtle Creek, respectively). Contaminants of concern identified during the 1988 RI/FS at the GM Site include PCBs, PAHs, phenols, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). PCBs were detected at highest concentrations and frequency, and therefore drove remediation at this site. The ROD identified over 62,000 cy of contaminated river sediments and soil with PCB concentrations above 1 mg/kg located in and along the St. Lawrence River, Raquette River and Turtle Creek (with majority of contaminated sediments ~56,000 cy in St. Lawrence River adjacent to the facility) (USEPA 1990). 27

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC During RI/FS the highest concentration of PCBs detected was 5,700 mg/kg, and PAHs up to 8.0 mg/kg. The 1995 dredging activity on the St. Lawrence River removed 18,000 cy of contaminated sediment. A 1.72-acre cap was placed over the areas that did not achieve the 1.0 mg/kg PCB clean-up goal (USEPA 2013b, 2015) General Motors, Raquette River and bank soils During RI/FS the highest PCB concentration detected in the Raquette River was 390 mg/kg. In 2002, river bank and sediment removal efforts removed 11,000 cy of soils and 1,400 cy of sediment with respective 10 mg/kg PCB and 1.0 mg/kg PCB clean-up goals successfully achieved.

General Motors, Turtle Cove and associated wetlands/uplands During RI/FS, approximately 15,000 cy of soil >1 mg/kg PCBs was identified to be located on adjacent Tribal Mohawk Property (highest concentration reported of 48 ppm). NYSDEC detected PCBs concentrations as high as 3,101 mg/kg in Turtle Creek, with at least 4 samples >100 mg/kg PCBs. In 2003, 4,600 cy of highly contaminated soils between the Northeast Industrial Landfill and the Cove were removed. By spring 2005, 18,000 cy of PCB-contaminated sediment and soils from the cove area were excavated in the dry to achieve Mohawk clean-up standard of 0.1 mg/kg PCBs. The sediment clean-up goal was based on the 1989 Saint Regis Mohawk Tribal Council Resolution (No. 89-19) promulgated sediment standards for Mohawk territory protection of human and ecological health. An estimated 700 cy of soils still need to be remediated on Mohawk Upland Properties (soils) with a clean-up goal of 1.0 mg/kg PCBs. Historic samples range from 1.0-10.0 mg/kg PCBs.

28

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Grasse River – Alcoa West Plant USEPA issued an Administrative Order to ALCOA, Inc. in September 1989 to investigate the nature and extent of hazardous toxic material in the lower Grasse River, Unnamed Tributary, Robinson Creek, and the Power Canal. The lower Grasse River underwent remedial investigation and feasibility studies (RI/FS) from 1990-2013 when a Record of Decision (ROD) was issued in April 2013. Remedial design and pre-monitoring are proposed for 2014, with implementation expected in 2015-2020 (USEPA 2013a). In 1995, EPA required Alcoa to conduct a Non-Time Critical Removal Action (NTCRA) due to significantly elevated PCB sediment concentrations in the lower Grasse River identified adjacent to Outfall 001. Removal of ~3,000 cubic yards (cy) of contaminated sediment, boulder, and debris comprising of PCB concentrations ranging from 12 mg/kg-11,000 mg/kg, representative of about 20% (8,000 pounds (lbs)) of the total PCB mass in the river was conducted. PCB average sediment surface concentrations were reduced from 518 to 75 mg/kg (1.1-260 mg/kg range post-dredge sampling) in 1995 (BBL 1995, USEPA 2012b, USEPA 2013a). In 1998, 10,650 cy of PCB-containing sediments were removed from the Unnamed Tributary, and disposed of in the on-site Secure Landfill. In most years from the mid-1990s until currently, water column monitoring in the lower Grasse River has been conducted spring through fall. Data trends indicate seasonal patterns with highest concentrations in summer, and lowest in late fall and noticeable decreases over the years (i.e. 115-130 ng/L (ppt) in the mid-90s to 8-20 ng/L in 2011 with background concentrations of 0.23.0 ng/L). Power canal concentrations averaged 7.9 ng/L in 1998 and 1.9 ng/L in 2002 (USEPA 2012b). In 2005, a Remedial Options Pilot Study (ROPS) was conducted to evaluate cost and implementation feasibility of multiple remedial options. An 8-acre area was targeted by Transect 7 (T7) for main channel dredging of sediments ranging from non-detect (ND) to 3,668 mg/kg PCBs (with highest concentration at 3.5 ft sediment depth, and a pre-dredge average surface concentration of 3.8 mg/kg). A maximum volume of 75,000 cy was proposed for removal. Of that, only 24,400 cy was removed, with 84% of PCB mass targeted successfully removed, but 29

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC with increased post-dredge average surface concentrations (138 mg/kg) due to difficulty from debris and/or hard bottom preventing access to clean underlying material. This area was capped, with post-cap average concentrations of 7.4 mg/kg, a 95% reduction in post-dredge conditions (Alcoa 2005, 2006). Additional river sediment investigations conducted 1995-2010 identified highest PCB concentrations at depth, and widely distributed throughout the 7.2 river mile stretch. Current conditions indicate approximately 1.7 million cy of sediment with PCBs ≥ 1mg/kg over a 325 acre area exist as remaining inventory in the lower Grasse River (USEPA 2012b). The 7.2 river mile study area is broken down by 0.1 mile transect (T1-T72), and main channel and nearshore (water depths of five feet or less during normal summer flow). Current PCB-laden sediment concentration ranges are summarized below: • • • •

ND-3,106 mg/kg PCBs in the Main Channel (T1-T21), ND-3,070 mg/kg PCBs in the Nearshore (T1-T21), ND-1,063 mg/kg PCBs in Main Channel (T21-T72), ND- 313 mg/kg PCBs in the Nearshore (T21-T72)

The 2013 Record of Decision by USEPA calls for 109,000 cy of nearshore PCB-contaminated sediment ≥ 1 mg/kg to be removed, with clean back-fill to grade for nearshore T1-T72 (7.2 miles), a 59-acre armored cap within the upper 2-river miles, and over 225-acres of sand/natural cap over remaining 5-river miles of main channel with PCB concentrations ≥ 1mg/kg. Site-wide remedial action is based on PCBs only, however initial sediment investigations for Baseline Ecological Risk Assessment also detected VOCs, PAHs, dioxin, furans, aluminum, arsenic, fluoride, and lead in lower Grasse River sediments at variable concentrations and locations (TRC 1993). Due to the widespread distribution of PCBs throughout the site, it is assumed that by remediating the PCB contamination, all other contaminants bioavailable at site will be remediated as well. EPA established several remedial action objects. These included a 0.01 mg/kg PCB fish tissue remedial goal designed to be protective of Mohawk health from fish ingestion for the lower Grasse River (USEPA 2013a), and minimize PCB bioavailability of PCBs in sediments to the biota (including benthos such as freshwater mussels). 30

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

2.0

METHODS 2.1

Study Area

The Investigation Area included the Massena/Akwesasne AOC tributaries, Grasse, Raquette and St. Regis Rivers, and comparable river miles upstream of each river for comparison. For further detail of comparable sampling segment, see QAPPs (Riveredge 2012, 2013a, and 2013b) and Figures 2:8 in Freshwater Mussel Interim Status Report (Harper and Jock 2014). A map of the AOC is depicted in Figure 1 below.

31

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Figure 1. Map of Massena/Akwesasne AOC.

32

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

2.2

Study Goals and Objectives

The goal of the 2013 field work was to gather data that would help determine if healthy, selfsustaining populations of freshwater mussels were present inside and outside the AOC by determining the species present, the number of individuals of each species as measured through catch per unit effort (CPUE), and the age, sex, and presence of gravid individuals among the freshwater mussels collected. To assess chemical characteristics of benthos and consumption restrictions in the AOC, contaminant burden was measured to Elliptio complanata inside the AOC compared to outside the AOC. Data Objectives for 2013 Qualitative Mussel Surveys: 1. Select sites based on 2012 qualitative habitat work 2. Conduct semi-quantitative field surveys to describe mussel abundance and richness based on timed searches 3. Determine the age, sex, length, height, and width of a subsample (≥20 individuals) of all mussels 4. Examine mussels for evidence that they are gravid and reproducing 5. Report on the current status of mussels and their habitat inside and outside the AOC.

Data Objectives for 2013 Assessment of Mussel Contaminant Burden: 1. Collect freshwater mussels for contaminant testing during late summer or fall of 2013. 2. Samples from the AOC and upstream (outside AOC) reference sites will be submitted for contaminant analysis [PCB-congeners, mercury, pesticides, dioxins/furans, metals (Pb, Cd, Al), and fluoride]. All samples collected will be labeled, documented, and processed for shipment to the lab for analysis within appropriate holding times. 3. Conduct chemical analysis of tissues by Pace Analytical Services utilizing USEPA Method 8082 Comprehensive for PCBs, USEPA Method 7471B for Mercury, USEPA Method 8081B for Pesticides, USEPA Method 1613B for PCDDs and PCDFs, USEPA Method 6010B for metals, and USEPA Method 300.0 Mod for fluoride. 33

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC 4. Compare contaminant concentrations in freshwater mussel tissues to published literature and to toxicity thresholds (where available).

2.3

2012 Qualitative Mussel Surveys

Qualitative 0.5 hr surveys in the nearshore shallows were conducted in 2012 (Harper and Jock 2014). A total of 116 river segments were qualitatively surveyed for mussels in the Grasse, Raquette, St. Regis and St Lawrence Rivers. Half the river segments were within the AOC and half were outside the AOC. A maximum of 10 species were documented during the study across all rivers surveyed. The most species collected live were taken from the Grasse (5); the most species live or dead from the Raquette (7). The results of the 2012 sampling was used to design the semi-quantitative sampling conducted in 2013.

2.4

2013 Field Survey Methods

Two Quality Assurance Project Plans (QAPP) were prepared for 2013 mussel surveys. The first was an amendment to the QAPP prepared for fall 2012 qualitative habitat surveys conducted inside and outside the AOC (Riveredge 2012). This QAPP was amended in August 2013 for semi-quantitative sampling of mussel surveys using timed searches at sites inside and outside of the AOC (Riveredge 2013a). The work plan outlined in the QAPP for 2013 field work was based on the results of the 2012 qualitative habitat surveys. Note, no field survey was proposed in the St. Lawrence River for 2013 due to lack of mussels found in 2012. In addition to the QAPP Amendment (Riveredge 2013a), a separate QAPP was prepared for freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata collection and analysis for assessment of contaminant burden (Riveredge 2013b). Some of the sites selected included sites that had been previously sampled 15-20 years ago by Dr. J. Mark Erickson of St. Lawrence University (Erickson and Fetterman 1996, Erickson unpublished data). These sites were surveyed again in 2013 to determine if the population metrics (species, age) of freshwater mussels have changed over time. These data will assist with the determination of whether or not freshwater mussels are successfully reproducing inside and outside the AOC. 34

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Measurements were made of all specimens, or a selected range of specimens (usually 20) if the species was abundant (e.g. Elliptio complanata), and included valve length, height and width. These were made using digital calipers or a measuring device provided by Erickson with an accuracy of ±0.25mm. Mussels were aged by counting external growth rings. If possible without damaging or injuring the mussel, the valves of female mussels were gently pried open to look for evidence that the mussel might be gravid (e.g. inflated marsupial gills). Most, but not all females were checked. All members of the subfamily Lampsilinae are dimorphic; thus all species of Lampsilis, Ligumia, Leptodea, and Potamilus were examined. Alasmidonta marginata, Pyganodon species, Strophitus undulatus, and Anodontoides ferussacianus are thin-shelled and may damage upon prying open, so not all were checked. Elliptio complanata was abundant at all sites, assumed to be reproducing successfully, and generally not gravid in summer months, therefore not checked in the interest of time. After measurement and examination, mussels were returned to the river alive. A few specimens were collected as voucher specimens at the request of NYSDEC and New York Natural Heritage Program for deposit in the State Museum collections. Data were summarized in tabular form including species, species numbers, survey time, site number, tables of measurements, and reproductive condition. Data were summarized and presented by drainage and location.

2.5

2013 Sampling Design

Semi-quantitative mussel sampling was conducted at sites inside and outside of the AOC. For population surveys, a minimum of seven sampling sites were targeted inside the AOC and seven sampling sites outside the AOC for a total of 14 sites (Table 3). These sampling sites were selected from a total of 246 total sampling segment sites, made up of 84 segments on the Grasse River, 130 segments on the Raquette River, and 32 segments on the St. Regis River (Figure 2). In total, the field sampling surveys for populations were conducted on 5.7% of the river segments inside and outside the AOC (Table 3; Figure 2). Priority sites were those for which Erickson could provide data from his previous work. For contaminant surveys, 30 samples were targeted to be spatially representative of the AOC and upstream areas (Table 4). 35

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC A wide range of survey methodologies exist for sampling freshwater mussels, including qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative techniques (Cvancara 1972, Hornbach and Deneka 1996, Miller and Payne 1993, Obermeyer 1997, Strayer, Claypool and Sprague 1997). Strayer et al. (1997) showed that random quadrat sampling can miss species whose population densities are less than 0.1/m2 unless more than 10 person-hours of search is conducted. When faunal surveys are desired, Erickson (pers. comm) believes that the most effective method is a timed survey reporting species numbers per person-hours of survey time. This method was employed throughout Erickson’s earlier studies and was therefore repeated in the present work. In-stream collection involved both visual and tactile examination of bottom sediments by a team of waders, snorkelers and divers using both scuba and surface supplied air (Air Line hookah rig) and the recovery of all mussels discovered (Photo 1). Total search time at each site ranged from 1.0 to 1.5 person-hours. Surveys included areas of nearshore, slope, and main channel habitats. Specimens were returned to shore in mesh bags for identification and measurement (Photo 2). All species identifications were verified in the field by J. Mark Erickson, while some mussels were sent out for verification of field identification assisted by Dave Strayer, Lisa Holst, Matt Schlesinger, Erin White, Lyubov Burlakova, and Isabel Hannes. A few specimens were vouchered at the request of the NYSDEC and sent to NYSDEC and the New York State Museum for verification of identifications.

36

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Table 3. Number of survey segments targeted for 2013 population surveys by river.

River

Segments Outside AOC

Total Segments Segments Inside Surveyed AOC by River

Total River Segments

Percent of Total River Segments Surveyed

Grasse River

3

3

6

84

7.1%

Raquette River

2

2

4

130

3.1%

St. Regis River

2

2

4

32

12.5%

Total Sites or Segments

7

7

14

246

5.7%

Photo 1. Mussel surveys were conducted by scuba and surface supplied air.

37

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Photo 2. Mussels were collected, measured, and returned to the river.

38

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

2.6

Contaminant Sample Collection Methods

To assess contaminant burdens in freshwater mussels, samples of Elliptio complanata, the dominant species, were collected from sites inside and outside the AOC for each tributary river (St. Regis, Raquette, and Grasse) during the late summer and early fall of 2013. Because qualitative field surveys of mussels populations and habitat in the fall of 2012 (Harper and Jock2014) failed to locate native mussels in the St. Lawrence River in sufficient numbers to support sampling, no animals were collected from the main stem St. Lawrence River. Mussels (Elliptio complanata) were visually located and collected for contaminant analysis in each of the targeted locations. Mussels were collected using latex gloves, rinsed in the river, measured in the field (mm), and placed in whirlpak or resealable plastic bags. These bags were placed in a cooler with ice for transport. A Sample ID was assigned to each sample collected. The Sample ID included a two character code for the river (e.g. GR for Grasse River, RR for Raquette River, SR for St. Regis River), a 1 letter code for inside or outside the AOC (D for downstream or in the AOC and U for upstream or outside the AOC), a 2 number code for the river segment, a 3-letter Month, and six digit day and year of collection, and the identification of the species collected for analysis EC – Elliptio complanata. A complete sample code would appear as GRD12SEP192013EC. Since all mussels collected were Elliptio complanata, the last two letters for species were dropped to save space. Each contaminant sample was a composite of five individuals. To the extent possible, these five animals were of approximately equal size, and all individuals were at least five years old. Age was determined by counting the annual growth rings on the outside of the shell. Samples were frozen until shipped overnight to Pace Analytical. Fifteen composite samples were collected inside the AOC and 15 composite samples were collected outside the AOC (Table 4). Of the 15 total samples collected inside or outside the AOC, six samples were collected from the Grasse River, six from the Raquette River, and three from the St. Regis River (Table 4). Sites were selected on each of the tributary rivers based on the results of the investigation of populations and habitat conducted in the fall of 2012 (Harper and Jock 2014). Specific segment numbers were targeted where mussels were known to be the most abundant, while trying to maintain 39

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC some separation of sample sites as well as distribute them among each river reach approximately equidistantly for adequate spatial representation. The location of all samples was recorded in the field with a Garmin GPS 76 handheld global positioning receiver. All samples were to be tested for PCB congeners, mercury, pesticides, PCDDs, PCDFs, PAHs, metals (Al, Pb, Cd) and fluoride.

Table 4. Number of mussel samples1 for 2013 contaminant analysis by river. Samples Inside AOC

Samples Outside AOC

Total Samples

Mussels per Sample

Total Mussels (inside and outside AOC)

Grasse

6

6

12

5

60

Raquette

6

6

12

5

60

St Regis

3

3

6

5

30

St. Lawrence2

0

0

0

0

0

Total

15

15

30

River

150

1

Each sample is a composite of five individual mussels of approximately equal size

2

No mussels collected for contaminant analysis based on limited availability in 2012.

40

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

3.0

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1

Achievement of Data Quality Objectives in the Field

The data quality objectives required that 30 mussel contaminant samples be collected, 15 inside the AOC and 15 outside the AOC, distributed spatially among the three rivers of the AOC (Table 4; Figure 2). These 30 samples were collected and sent to the laboratory for analysis. The data quality objectives required that 14 sites be surveyed for populations and reproduction with equal numbers inside and outside the AOC (Riveredge 2013). At the completion of field work, 19 sites had been surveyed, exceeding the data quality objectives of the QAPP (Table 5). The locations of these survey sites are indicated in Table 6.

Table 5. Number of sites surveyed in 2013 for mussels by river. Proposed

Completed

River Sites Outside AOC

Sites Inside AOC

Total Sites

Sites Outside AOC

Sites Inside AOC

Total Sites

Grasse River

3

3

6

6

3

9

Raquette River

2

2

4

2

2

4

St. Regis River

2

2

4

4

2

6

7

7

14

12

7

19

Total Sites

41

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Table 6. Sites surveyed for 2013 populations and reproduction. Drainage and Date

Erickson River Segment Historical (this study) Site No

GRASSE RIVER 9/18/2013 A495 9/18/2013 A481 9/16/2013 A572 9/16/2013 A502 8/15/2013 A581 8/15/2013 A1026 9/19/2013 NA 9/19/2013 NA 8/14/2013 A1025 RAQUETTE RIVER 9/16/2013 A2403 8/13/2013 A2265 8/16/2013 A2266 NA 8/16/2013 ST. REGIS RIVER

Site Location

Latitude

Longitude

GRU99 GRU98 GRU43 GRU22 GRU11 GRU02 GRD12 GRD18 GRD39

Madrid boat launch Chase Mills bridge Louisville bridge Massena Rod and Gun Club Rt. 37 bridge Massena Memorial Park, Fire Station GR near Dennison Rd. Rt. 131 Bridge. American Veterans campground

N 44.74808 N 44.84841 N 44.89906 N 44.91280 N 44.92200 N 44.93288 N 44.95050 N 44.95463 N 44.97940

W 75.12901 W 75.07670 W 75.01590 W 74.95770 W 74.92738 W 74.89466 W 74.85694 W 74.83800 W 74.77987

RRU38 RRU01 RRD18 RRD42

Raymondville Rt. 56 bridge Massena Springs RR near O'Neil RoadRR east of Haverstock Rd.

N 44.84629 N 44.91608 N 44.93106 N 44.96828

W 74.97709 W 74.89054 W 74.83094 W 74.75890

N 44.92396 N 44.92288 N 44.94660 N 44.97081 N 44.99574 N 44.99783

W 74.72302 W 74.72691 W 74.69820 W 74.66959 W 74.64954 W 74.64234

SRU99 9/20/2013 A1705 Rt. 53 north of Brasher Center SRU98 9/11/2013 A1702 Nevin Road below old bridge SRU16 9/11/2013 A1704 North Road where close to west bank SRU02 9/11/2013 NA Mohawk School SRD12 9/17/2013 NA Tom White Rd Hogansburg SRD14 9/17/2013 NA SR near mouth NA = not applicable as not surveyed historically. - = Site upstream and outside of the river segments delineated for this study 42

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Figure 2. Map of 2013 survey sites for mussel populations and contaminants. 43

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

3.2

Species of Mussels

Field surveys conducted in 2012 and 2013 identified 13 species of mussels inside and outside the AOC (Table 7, Photo 3). The Grasse River had the richest freshwater mussel fauna with 13 species, followed by the St. Regis River with 10 species and the Raquette River with 8 species (Table 7). Only one species was found in the St. Lawrence River in 2012, and this was represented by only a single individual Lampsilis radiata found on the shore of an island opposite the mouth of the Raquette River, raising the possibility that it could have been transported downstream from the Raquette during a high flow event. No other native mussels were found in the St. Lawrence River at the nearshore sites surveyed in 2012, and 2013 survey was limited to the tributaries of the AOC. No state-listed threatened or endangered species were found but five species are considered Species of Greatest Conservation Need in New York (Table 7) (NYSDEC 2015). Overall, Elliptio complanata remains the dominant cosmopolitan unionoid in main stem North Country rivers. Lampsilis radiata and Lampsilis cariosa remain co-dominants in second and third place numerically. Two species, Potamilus alatus and Leptodea fragilis, were not previously known from the Grasse or St. Regis rivers prior to surveys conducted in 2012 and 2013. Results found Potamilus alatus: 2 sites in St. Regis age 4-6, n=2; 3 sites in lower Grasse, age 3-17, n=40; Leptodea fragilis: 3 sites lower Grasse age 3-11, n=12; 1 site St. Regis age 6-7, n=2. These two species are most common in the lower gradient, softer substrate sections of the Grasse River and St. Regis River inside the AOC. They are not known to occur in the gravelly or rocky reaches upstream and outside the AOC, and probably do not occur there. It is also possible that these species have long been present but were only located through more survey effort. Erickson felt that he would have found them at the American Veteran's campground site on the Grasse River if they were there during his early surveys between 1991 and 1996. This change in community structure could have occurred in the last two decades. Anodontoides ferussacianus was found in low numbers in the Grasse, Raquette and St. Regis rivers during this study. This species was not previously known from the lower reaches of these rivers, although had been recorded in the upper reaches by Erickson and Fetterman (1996). 44

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC One individual of Lasmigona costata was found in the Raquette and one in the Grasse during this study, and had not been found in the lower reaches of these rivers before. This species is relatively rare wherever it occurs, although it was known from the upper reaches of these rivers previously (Erickson, personal communication). Single specimens were also collected in a couple of locations upstream of the AOC between the Main Street Bridge and the Massena Rod and Gun Club (Normandeau 2008). The two species of Pyganodon (formerly Anodonta), cataracta and grandis, are typical of slow moving waters where they were found in the lower Grasse River in areas that had not been searched in previous years. P. cataracta was previously documented from the stretch of the Grasse River between the Main Street bridge and the Rod and Gun Club (Normandeau 2008). All mussels collected were identified in the field and verified by Erickson. Some species were sent out for further verification of these field identifications. Mussels were hand carried to the New York Natural Heritage Program (NYNHP) and NYSDEC for examination and later will be placed in the collections of the New York State Museum. One mussel that was thought might possibly be Actinonaias ligamentina was sent to NYNHP for verification and identified as L. radiata. Actinonaias ligmentina is known to occur in Ontario. Mussels that appeared phenotypically to be Lampsilis siliquoidea were found in the Grasse, Raquette, and St. Regis Rivers, although Strayer and Jirka (1997) report no L. siliquoidea from northern New York. The distinction between L. siliquoidea and L. radiata is the focus of research in progress by doctoral student Isabel P. Hannes at the State University of New York at Buffalo working with Dr. Lyubov Burlakova at Buffalo State College. Hannes is analyzing DNA samples from several sites in North America to investigate the phylogenetic relationship of these species. Preliminary results suggest that two mussels collected from the Grasse River may have L. siliquoidea haplotypes (i.e., particular DNA sequence; Hannes 2014) although additional tests and statistical analyses need to be performed to determine the significance of this finding. Following the established practice of Strayer and Jirka (1997), all these mussels have been considered to be Lampsilis radiata in this report. However, Lampsilis siliquoidea was also included in our list of species (Table 7), with qualification, because some individual mussels appeared phenotypically as this species. Future work by Hannes will shed further light on the taxonomy of this group and the distinction between these species.

45

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Overall, the river reaches inside the AOC and outside the AOC had similar species richness, although the species in the mussel community may be different in areas where the waters of the AOC are lowgradient, low-flow, and dominated by softer substrates than in the higher gradient higher flow areas upstream and outside the AOC. In particular, Potamilus alatus and Leptodea fragilis occur in the lower reaches of the Grasse River and St. Regis River but not in the upper reaches where substrates have more sand, gravel, and cobble. In addition, the two species of Pyganodon are much more common in low flow rivers, and more common inside the AOC than outside and upstream.

46

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Photo 3. Mussels were collected and sorted by species and size. After examination, mussels were returned to the river at the same site.

47

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Table 7. Species of mussels identified in the 2012-2013 studies.

Scientific Name

Common Name

St. Lawrence River

Raquette River

St. Regis River

1

Alasmidonta marginata2

Elktoe

X

X

X

2

Anodontoides ferussacianus

Cylindrical papershell

X

X

X

3

Elliptio complanata

Eastern elliptio

X

X

X

4

Lampsilis cariosa2

Yellow lampmussel

X

X

X

5

Lampsilis ovata2

Pocketbook

X

X

X

6

Lampsilis radiata

Eastern lampmussel

X

X

X

Lampsilis siliquoidea1

Fat mucket

7

Lasmigona costata

Fluted shell

X

X

8

Leptodea fragilis

Fragile papershell

X

9

Ligumia recta2

Black sandshell

X

10

Potamilus alatus2

Pink heelsplitter

X

11

Pyganodon cataracta

Eastern floater

X

12

Pyganodon grandis

Giant floater

X

13

Strophitus undulatus

Creeper

X

X

Totals by River 1

Grasse River

1

13

X X

X X

X 8

10

Recent DNA evidence on at least one individual animal (2013) suggests this genetic haplotype is present in the AOC (Hannes 2014). However, preliminary

results have not been confirmed. The current status report treats L. siliquoidea as L. radiata following Strayer and Jirka (1997). 2

NYSDEC Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN)

48

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

3.3

Mussel Populations

Mussel populations were assessed by the number of species, number of individuals, and the number collected per search hour (catch per unit effort or CPUE) found during timed searches. Across all segments of all three rivers (Grasse, Raquette, St. Regis), timed searches identified three to seven species of mussels at each site and 40 to 620 individual mussels collected per search hour (Table 8). At least one survey site on each river had seven species, with one site on the Raquette having only three species. This site was the Massena Springs site upstream the 420 Bridge, just upstream the upper limit of the AOC where the fewest species were recorded (Table 8). The total number of positively identified live individuals by species found at each survey site were recorded (Table 9). 3.3.1

2013 Mussels Inside and Outside the AOC

The total number of species found inside the AOC at each site ranged from 4 to 7, similar to the range of 3 to 7 species found at survey sites outside and upstream of the AOC (Table 8). The average number of species found at each site inside the AOC was 4.0 for the St. Regis River, 6.0 for the Raquette, and 5.7 for the Grasse River (Table 8). Outside (and upstream) of the AOC, the average number of species found at each site was 7.0 for the St. Regis River, 4.0 for the Raquette River, 5.5 for the Grasse River. (Table 8). On average, the Grasse River sites had 5.5 species of mussels outside and upstream of the AOC, and 5.7 species inside the AOC (Table 8). The Raquette River had an average of 4.0 species outside the AOC, and 6.0 species inside the AOC. The St. Regis River had the greatest difference between sites inside and outside the AOC with an average of 4.0 species inside the AOC and 7.0 species outside and upstream of the AOC. On the St. Regis River, every site outside and upstream of the AOC had more mussel species than sites inside the AOC (Table 8). Inside the AOC, the St. Regis River is dominated by soft sediments and low flow, whereas upstream of the AOC the habitat is much more complex, including areas of sand, gravel, cobble, and boulders with rapids and pools. Variability in habitat complexity and in the density of the most common species Elliptio complanata resulted in differences in the number of mussels collected per search hour (Table 8). Overall, the number of mussel species inside and outside the AOC was similar, although the species might be different, and the number of mussels collected per search hour inside and outside the AOC 49

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC varied with habitat. Because mussel habitats tended to be more varied upstream and outside the AOC than inside the AOC in general, more mussels (CPUE) were typically encountered upstream and outside the AOC than inside the AOC.

50

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Table 8. Number of species, individuals, and mussels collected in 2013 per search hour (CPUE). All sites listed upstream to downstream. River segments with a U indicate upstream and outside of the AOC; segments with a D are inside the AOC. River and Site (listed from upstream to downstream)

Inside or Outside the AOC

Site Segment/ Identifier

GRASS RIVER Madrid boat launch Outside GRU99 Chase Mills bridge Outside GRU98 Louisville bridge Outside GRU43 Massena Rod and Gun Club Outside GRU22 Rt. 37 bridge Outside GRU11 Massena Memorial Park, Fire Outside GRU02 Grasse River Outside AOC Average GR near Dennison Rd. Inside GRD12* Rt. 131 bridge. Inside GRD18* American Veterans campground Inside GRD39* Grasse River Inside AOC Average RAQUETTE RIVER Raymondville Rt 56 bridge Outside RRU38 Massena Springs Outside RRU01 Raquette River Outside AOC Average RR near O'Neil Road Inside RRD18** RR east of Haverstock Rd. Inside RRD42** Raquette River Inside AOC Average ST. REGIS RIVER Rte. 53 N. of Brasher Ctr Outside SRU99 Nevin Road below old bridge Outside SRU98 North Road where close to west Outside SRU16 Mohawk School Outside SRU02 St. Regis River Outside AOC Average Tom White Rd Hogansburg Inside SRD12 SR near mouth Inside SRD14 St. Regis Inside AOC Average

Number of Mussel Species

Number of Mussels Collected

Number of Mussels Collected per Search Hour (CPUE)

6 4 7 5 6 5 5.5 6 7 4 5.7

620 127 91 159 451 210 276.3 116 132 51 99.7

620 127 61 159 301 210 241.3 116 132 51 99.7

5 3 4.0 7 5 6.0

315 43 179 127 87 107.0

315 29 172 127 58 92.5

7 7 7 7 7.0 4 4 4.0

275 153 74 149 162.8 40 91 65.5

211 153 74 149 146.8 40 91 65.5

* Downstream of Alcoa West facility, within Grasse River Superfund Study Area and 2013 ROD (EPA 2013a). ** Upstream of the GM outfall to Raquette River and bank/in-river remediation.

51

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Total Mussel Count/Segment

Anodontoides ferussacianus

4

121

2

Louisville bridge

GRU43

7

77

3

Massena Rod and Gun Club

GRU22

5

127

Rt. 37 bridge

GRU11

6

409

16

Massena Memorial Park, Fire Station

GRU02

5

200

6

GR near Dennison Rd.

GRD12

6

41

19

1

6

47

2

Rt. 131 bridge.

GRD18

7

71

42

2

2

7

4

American Veterans campground

GRD39

4

24

11

4

12

Raymondville Rt 56 bridge

RRU38

5

295

3

Massena Springs

RRU01

3

40

2

RR near O'Neil Road-

RRD18

7

111

2

5

6

1

RR east of Haverstock Rd.

RRD42

5

80

1

2

3

1

Rte. 53 N. of Brasher Ctr

SRU99

7

231

3

20

6

3

2

10

275

Nevin Road below old bridge

SRU98

7

98

1

6

10

4

2

32

153

North Road where close to west bank

SRU16

7

61

1

1

4

3

3

1

74

Mohawk School

SRU02

7

137

2

3

4

1

1

Lasmigona costata

GRU98

Ligumia recta1

Chase Mills bridge

Pyganodon cataracta

24

Pyganodon grandis

579

Strophitus undulatus

6

Potamilus alatus1

GRU99

Leptodea fragilis

Lampsilis radiata

Madrid boat launch

Lampsilis cariosa1

Number of Mussel Species

River and Site (listed from upstream to downstream)

Lampsilis ovata1

Segment

Elliptio complanata

Alasmidonta marginata1

Table 9. Presence of positively identified live individuals at each 2013 survey site.

GRASS RIVER 4

11

1

1

2 3

3

3

12

14

1

7

15

1

620 2

127

1

91

1

451

5

159

3

2

1

1

210 116

4

132 51

RAQUETTE RIVER 5

7

5

315 1

43 1

1

127 87

ST. REGIS RIVER

Tom White Rd Hogansburg

SRD12

4

33

5

SR near mouth

SRD14

4

45

43

1 2

1. New York State Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN) Status

52

1

149

1

40

1

91

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

3.3.2

2013 Data Compared to Earlier Studies

The results of the timed searches conducted during this study were compared to earlier timed search data from surveys conducted by Normandeau (2008) in 2007 and 2008 and by Erickson from 1991 to 2005 (unpublished data). Surveys were conducted in the same general area of previous surveys, but not at the exact same site. Search times and search areas were similar between Erickson and this study (1.0-1.5 person-hours), but some Normandeau (2008) searches were longer (3.0 hours) and covered a much wider area. Normandeau (2008) surveyed the Grasse River during 2007 and 2008 in a study related to the proposed Massena hydroelectric facility. The portions of the Grasse River surveyed by Normandeau corresponded roughly to the upstream segments of the Grasse surveyed in this study. Four survey sites were surveyed by both Normandeau (2008) and the 2013 study with similar methods. At each of the four individual survey sites, Normandeau (2008) reported 2 to 5 species (Table 10). At the same sites, the 2013 study reported 5 to 7 species (Table 10). Overall, the number of mussels encountered per search hour was variable, but somewhat similar between the two surveys. Normandeau (2008) covered a greater proportion of the river segment in their surveys than we did, and this likely resulted in a greater probability of encountering dense mussel beds in areas such as at the Massena Rod and Gun Club which had the greatest number of mussels encountered per search hour (Table 10). This greater spatial coverage may also have increased the probability of encountering areas of low density as well, such as areas of bedrock near the Louisville Bridge. Our 2013 surveys were designed to replicate the methods of Erickson as outlined in QAPP (Riveredge 2013a) rather than the methods of Normandeau (2008) since our goal was to generate a data set comparable to Erickson's to compare species and numbers over a longer temporal time frame. Erickson provided data for mussel species and abundance at 13 sites on these rivers from surveys he conducted between 1991 and 2006 (Table 11). Only two of these sites were inside the AOC, one for the Grasse River (American Veterans campground) and one for the Raquette River (near O’Neil Rd). The number of mussels collected per search hour was only available for the Grasse River site at the American Veterans campground. Across all sites inside and outside the AOC, the comparison of these

53

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC timed search data suggested changes in the distribution and abundance of some mussel species from the 1990s and 2000s to the present. In the Grasse River, the number of species encountered during the 2013 surveys was greater at 4 of 7 sites than it was from 1991 to 1996, approximately 20 years earlier (Table 12). There was no change at two site, and the number of species decreased at one site by one species. Across all nine Grasse River sites the average number of species at each survey site was 4.3 from 1991-1996 and 5.6 in 2013 (Table 12). For the 7 sites for which both current (2013) and earlier (1991-1996) data are available (6 upstream and 1 inside the AOC), the average number of species increased from 4.3 to 5.3. The number of individual mussels encountered per search hour on the Grasse River increased at 3 sites, but decreased at 4 sites. (Table 12). For the 7 sites where both current (2013) and earlier data were available, the overall average number of individuals collected per search hour at each survey site was fairly similar at 255.7 individual mussels in 1991-1996 and 218.4 mussels in 2013 (Table 12). At some sites, like the Madrid boat launch, the number of mussels encountered per search hour was very similar between the 2013 and earlier surveys conducted from 1991 to 1996 (Table 12). At other sites, notably the Massena Memorial Park (adjacent to the Massena Fire Station), the number of mussels collected per search hour was much greater in 2013 than it was approximately 20 years earlier (210 mussels per hour vs. 27 mussels per hour) (Photo 4). This site was historically a lake-like impoundment created by the Massena Weir, but is now a free-flowing river with riffles and pools. The removal of an impediment to fish passage had the potential to increase fish hosts accessing the Massena Memorial Park area and to allow for upstream transport of glochidia from mussel beds downstream of the former weir. This increase in habitat diversity over time could have resulted in an increase in species richness at this site. At the American Veteran’s (AmVets) campground site on the Grasse River inside the AOC, the number of species increased by one, but the number of mussels encountered per search hour dropped from 75 to 51 (Table 12). Although results are listed as increasing and/or decreasing, it is recognized mussel distribution is patchy, and sampling on the same exact plot is challenging. At the AmVet’s site the same water access points were utilized. To the greatest extent possible, efforts were made to cover the same search area. In the Raquette River, the number of species increased at 2 of the 3 sites which had historical data. The average increase across all three sites was from 3.7 species to 5.0 species (Table 12). Erickson reported 54

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC that the number of mussels collected per search hour also increased, although limited data were available from earlier site surveys (Table 12). Erickson felt that the Raymondville bridge site was poorly searched in 2005 due to deep water and the lack of scuba gear at this site at the time. The number of species encountered on the St Regis River increased at 2 of 3 sites (Table 12), and was similar at the third site. Across all three sites for which 2013 and earlier data were available the average number of species increased from 4.3 to 6.0 (Table 12). The number of mussels collected per search hour also increased at these three sites from 82.3 mussels to 119.7 mussels per search hour (Table 12). Overall, these data indicate that current mussel populations are very similar to the earlier data, and the species richness appears to have increased at several sites. Where declines in richness have occurred, they have been minor (by only a single species). Two notable additions are Potamilus alatus and Leptodea fragilis. Where Potamilus alatus occurred at the American Veteran's campground site, the local population was characterized by a wide range of sizes of individual mussels (Photo 5). Some of these changes are likely due to the greater survey effort in the lower reaches of these rivers as compared to previous work, as most differences are in relatively rare species that are represented by very few individuals. These rare species are difficult to find. Lasmigona costata for example, is often hidden in small crevices among rocks, making it difficult to encounter unless all microhabitats are searched carefully, and often for extended periods. One change in mussel species distribution that is notable is the loss of large reproductive Lampsilis radiata from the lower Grasse River. Erickson (Erickson and Fetterman 1996, Erickson unpublished data) reported this species as common at the American Veterans campground site in the lower Grasse River in 1996, with large and gravid individuals commonly encountered. However, many of these mussels were covered in zebra mussels. In contrast, 2013 surveys recorded few of these individuals, and none were large nor in reproductive condition. The dense concentrations found by Erickson in 1996 were gone. Of the species that were present in 2013, many mussels of varying species had zebra mussels attached (Photo 6). Erickson's 1996 surveys indicate that Potamilus alatus was not present in the lower Grasse River at the American Veterans campground site in 1996. Age data for this species at this site in 2013 suggest it 55

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC appeared approximately 13 years ago. It is possible that the appearance of zebra mussels in the lower Grasse River had two effects: 1) the zebra mussels smothered out the Lampsilis radiata, and 2) freshwater drum were attracted to the lower Grasse River using zebra mussels as a food source. Freshwater drum are the host fish species for Potamilus alatus glochidia, and could have brought them to this area. This may also be true of the St. Regis River and the mouths of other St. Lawrence River tributaries.

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Table 10. Number of mussel species and number of mussels per hour collected by Normandeau (2008) and this study (2013).

River Segment

Site Location

2013 Surveys (this study) Species

Normandeau 2007 and 2008 Surveys

Mussels per Hour

Species

Mussels per Hour

Louisville bridge

GRU43

7

61

2

12

Massena Rod and Gun Club

GRU22

5

159

4

353

Rt. 37 bridge

GRU11

6

301

5

191

Massena Memorial Park, Fire Station

GRU02

5

210

4

69

Table 11. Number of sites historically surveyed and resurveyed by Erickson in this study. River

Sites Outside AOC

Sites Inside AOC

Total Sites

Grasse

6

1

7

Raquette

2

1

3

St. Regis

3

0

3

11

2

13

Total Sites

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Photo 4. The number of mussels encountered at one site on the Grasse River was much greater than historically.

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Photo 5. Potamilus alatus in the lower Grasse River was represented by individuals of varying sizes and ages.

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Photo 6. Zebra mussels were found on several species in the lower Grasse River during 2013 surveys.

60

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Table 12. Number of species, individuals, and mussels collected per search hour (CPUE). All sites listed upstream to downstream. River segments with a U indicate upstream and outside of the AOC; segments with a D are inside the AOC.

River and Site (listed from upstream to downstream)

Inside Outside the AOC?

Site Segment/ Identifier

Number of Species

GRASS RIVER 1991-1996 Outside Madrid boat launch GRU99 4 Outside Chase Mills bridge GRU98 4 Outside Louisville bridge GRU43 3 Outside Massena Rod and Gun Club 4 GRU22 Outside Rt. 37 bridge GRU11 6 Massena Memorial Park, Fire Station Outside 6 GRU02 Inside GR near Dennison Rd. GRD12 Inside Rt. 131 bridge. GRD18 Inside American Veterans campground GRD39 3 Past and Current Average for Grasse River 4.3 RAQUETTE RIVER 2003-2005 Outside Raymondville Rt 56 bridge 2 RRU38 Outside Massena Springs RRU01 3 Inside RR near O'Neil RoadRRD18 6 Inside RR east of Haverstock Rd. RRD42 Past and Current Average for Raquette River 3.7 ST. REGIS RIVER 2005-2006 Outside Rte. 53 N. of Brasher Ctr SRU99 7 Outside Nevin Road below old bridge SRU98 4 North Road where close to west bank Outside SRU16 2 Outside Mohawk School SRU02 Inside Tom White Rd Hogansburg SRD12 Inside SR near mouth SRD14 Past and Current Average for St. Regis River 4.3

61

2013 6 4 7 5 6 5 6 7 4 5.6 2013 5 3 7 5 5.0 2013 7 7 7 7 4 4 6.0

Number of Mussels Collected

Number of Mussels Collected per Search Hour (CPUE)

1991-1996 755 131 111 362 798 40

1991-1996 668 87 55 398 480 27

112 2003-2005 7

2005-2006 69 471 404

-

2013 620 127 91 159 451 210 116 132 51 2013 315 43 127 87 2013 275 153 74 149 40 91 -

75 255.7 2003-2005 7

2005-2006 28 111 108

82.3

2013 620 127 61 159 301 210 116 132 51 197.4 2013 315 29 127 58 132.3 2013 211 153 74 149 40 91 119.7

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

3.4

Reproduction

The age of individual mussels present at a site along with the presence of gravid female mussels is a good indication of whether or not successful reproduction is occurring. For mussels to successfully reproduce, their host fish species must be present as well. Although no fisheries studies were conducted as part of this work, the host fish species in the rivers known to be present include smallmouth bass, freshwater drum, lake sturgeon, yellow perch, and many others. Species of mussels that have host fish that are colder water fish species, such as trout, are known to occur in the upper reaches of these rivers (e.g. Margaritifera margaritifera) but not in the warmer, lower reaches of the AOC and nearby upstream areas (Erickson and Fetterman 1996). Erickson thought we might find this upstream of Helena, less than 10 miles from AOC, but did not during 2013 surveys. Successful reproduction of freshwater mussels can be inferred by age distributions of mussels and by the presence of gravid individuals. Age can be estimated by counting growth rings on the exterior of the shell. Counting rings on the exterior of the shell is most accurate for individuals under 15-20 years old, after which age estimates are unreliable and underestimate the actual age of the animal. Shell length is not always a good indicator of age (Schneider and Strayer 2006). Nonetheless, aging mussels by counting exterior growth rings gives an approximation of the range of ages, especially for mussels aged 20 years or less. If a broad range of ages is present at any given site, it suggests that reproduction is successful and recruitment is occurring. On the Grasse River, Elliptio complanata was found to range in age from 1 year to 15 years old, with no apparent difference in the maximum and minimum ages between mussels from inside or outside the AOC (Table 13). Similarly, other mussels were found to be of ages between 2 and 17 years old. On the Raquette River, Elliptio complanata ranged in age from 3 to 20 years of age, with mussels inside the AOC slightly younger than outside the AOC (Table 13). Other species ranged in age from 7 years old to 18 years old. On the St. Regis River, Elliptio complanata ranged in age from 1 to 20 years of age, with upstream and outside AOC individuals showing a slightly broader range of ages (Table 13). Other mussels were aged at between 2 and 24 years old.

62

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC The mussels collected by Metcalfe and Charlton (1990) on the St. Lawrence River were of similar ages, ranging from 6 to 16 years old for Elliptio complanata and 3 to 10 years old for Lampsilis radiata. These mussels were aged by preparing thin sections of shells and counting internal growth rings while the present study ages were determined by counting external annuli. Mussels of all three tributaries, inside and outside the AOC, are represented by individuals of a broad range of ages, suggesting that successful reproduction is taking place and recruitment is occurring. Most mussels were examined to see if they were gravid by gently prying open the shell slightly and looking inside for inflated marsupial gills (Table 14; Photos 7, 8, and 9). The posterior portion of the outer gills serve as the glochidial marsupium (Photo 8). Elliptio complanata was not examined since it is a hermaphroditic short-term breeder that mostly reproduces in late spring and early summer (Clarke 1981 in Metcalfe and Charlton 1990), and abundant at all sites. Leptodea fragilis also was generally not examined because of its very thin shell and the likelihood that the shell valves could not be separated even slightly to look inside without damaging the animal. Lampsilis radiata was found gravid in the Grasse, Raquette and St. Regis Rivers, including in the downstream reaches of the AOC of the Raquette and Grasse. As noted earlier, few individuals of this species were found in the lower Grasse River, and none were large or gravid. Other species were found gravid inside and outside the AOC in the Grasse and Raquette Rivers, but not in the lower St. Regis River (Table 14). Overall, gravid individual mussels were found widespread in each river, both inside and outside the AOC. In the Grasse River, three species were gravid outside the AOC, and four species inside the AOC. In the Raquette River, two species were found gravid outside the AOC, and four species inside the AOC. On the St. Regis River, four species were gravid outside the AOC, and one species was found gravid inside the AOC (Table 14). These results, based on the range of ages of mussels and the presence of gravid mussels for some species in the three rivers inside and outside the AOC, suggest that reproduction and recruitment are occurring at the sites we surveyed. No endangered or unreproductive populations were observed in the 2013 survey, although faunal compositions have changed at some sites, which may have resulted from unreproductive populations having occurred in the intervening years. Erickson, with over 30 years of experience surveying mussels in Northern New York, felt that these data suggest recruitment appears to be continuing at levels equal to or better than those demonstrated in his earlier surveys, and that 63

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC mussel populations at these sites appear to be healthier now than when they were surveyed a decade or more ago. If these statements are correct, it is encouraging the mussels of these rivers are doing relatively well, when mussels in many parts of New England and southern Canada are declining. The continued health and protection of mussel populations in these tributary rivers is important to the overall diversity and health of the mussel populations in the greater St. Lawrence River watershed. Mussels in the tributaries to the St. Lawrence have the potential to serve as refugia for St. Lawrence River populations impacted by non-native zebra and quagga mussels (Ricciardi et al 1996).

64

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Photo 7. Mark Erickson examining a mussel for identification.

Photo 8. A gravid Potamilus alatus showing marsupial gills with larval mussels.

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Table 13. Age, by external ring count, of Elliptio complanata and other mussels at each 2013 sampling site. River and Site (listed from upstream to downstream)

Elliptio complanata Segment

Other Species

Min

Max

Ave

S.D.

N

Min

Max

GRU99 GRU98 GRU43 GRU22 GRU11 GRU02 GRD12 GRD18 GRD39

3 4 2 2 1 5 4 3 7

12 15 12 14 12 17 11 13 12

6.8 8.7 8.3 6.8 6.8 8.8 7.5 8.7 9.8

2.73 3.03 2.38 3.01 3.41 3.71 2.16 3.33 1.85

20 19 15 20 29 10 20 20 12

7 4 8 3 3 6 4 3 2

16 11 13 13 12 11 17 14 13

RRU38 RRU01 RRD18 RRD42

7 5 3 3

20 18 16 16

12.9 10.1 9.4 9.7

3.66 3.14 3.88 3.74

23 39 20 21

9 8 7 8

18 12 14 18

GRU99 GRU98 SRU16 SRU02 SRD12 SRD14

4 1 2 3 6 4

13 13 12 20 15 12

7.9 8.4 8.3 8.3 10.6 8.0

2.48 3.18 2.38 3.53 3.12 2.54

20 18 15 23 20 18

4 2 6 6 4 5

16 14 13 19 12 24

GRASS RIVER Madrid boat launch Chase Mills bridge

Louisville bridge Massena Rod and Gun Club Rt. 37 bridge Massena Memorial Park, Fire

GR near Dennison Rd. Rt. 131 bridge. American Veterans RAQUETTE RIVER Raymondville Rt 56 bridge Massena Springs RR near O'Neil RoadRR east of Haverstock Rd. ST. REGIS RIVER Rte. 53 N. of Brasher Ctr Nevin Road below old bridge North Road where close to west

Mohawk School Tom White Rd Hogansburg SR near mouth

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Pyganodon cataracta Ligumia recta

A1705 A1702 A1704 -

Pyganodon grandis

SRU99 SRU98 SRU16 SRU02 SRD12 SRD14

Strophitus undulatus

A2403 A2265 A2266 -

Potamilus alatus

RRU38 RRU01 RRD18 RRD42

Leptodea fragilis1

A495 A481 A572 A502 A581 A1026 A1025

Lampsilis cariosa

GRU99 GRU98 GRU43 GRU22 GRU11 GRU02 GRD12 GRD18 GRD39

Lampsilis ovata

Segment

Erickson Site Number

Lampsilis radiata

River and Site (listed from upstream to downstream)

Elliptio complanata1

Table 14. Presence of gravid individuals at each 2013 survey site.

GRASS RIVER Madrid boat launch Chase Mills bridge

Louisville bridge Massena Rod and Gun Club Rt. 37 bridge Massena Memorial Park, Fire Station

GR near Dennison Rd. Rt. 131 bridge American Veterans campground RAQUETTE RIVER Raymondville Rt 56 bridge Massena Springs RR near O'Neil RoadRR east of Haverstock Rd. ST. REGIS RIVER Rte. 53 N. of Brasher Ctr Nevin Road below old bridge North Road where close to west bank

Mohawk School Tom White Rd Hogansburg SR near mouth

X X X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X X

X X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

Note: 1Species not examined. 67

X

X

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Photo 9. A gravid Potamilus alatus collected for the State Museum from the American Veterans campground site on the Grasse River.

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STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

3.5

Contaminants

Thirty samples were collected across the study area (inside and outside the AOC, combined) in the tributaries only for contaminant analysis. Each sample was a composite of five individual mussels. All samples were run for PCBs and pesticides. Analysis for PAHs, mercury, and metals could not be run on all samples due to mass limitations. Twenty four samples were run for mercury, 23 for metals, and 16 for PAHs. Of the 16 samples that were analyzed for PAHs, 12 (75%) were from inside the AOC (expected to have potential PAH exposure routes). Of the 14 samples that could not be run for PAHs, 11 were from upstream and outside of the AOC (not expected to have PAH exposure routes) and three samples were inside the AOC, two from the Raquette and one from the Grasse. Of the 16 samples run for PAHs, no PAHs were detected in any sample. 3.5.1

Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Contaminant analysis was performed by Pace Analytical (Schenectady, NY) and met all National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference (NELAC) standards. Fluoride analysis was completed by EMSL Analytical, Inc. (Cinniminson, NJ). All samples were kept frozen in storage until delivered to the laboratory via overnight courier. At the lab, they were received intact and within approved holding times and were kept in frozen storage until analysis. Analysis of percent lipids was performed by Pace method SOP NE158.05 and all quality assurance parameters were met for the analysis. Congener PCB analysis was performed by comprehensive Quantitative Congener Specific (SOP NE133_02) method and samples were extracted by Soxhlet Extraction Method (EPA method 3540C) and all quality assurance parameters were met for the analysis. Pesticide analysis was performed using method SW-846 8081A and samples were extracted using EPA method 3540C. Endosulfan sulfate was recovered above acceptable limits in the CCV, but samples were not-detected (ND) for that analyte and no bias was indicated. Mercury was performed by method SW-846 7471A and all quality assurance parameters were met for the analysis. Other heavy metal (lead, cadmium, aluminum) analysis was performed using method SW-846 6010B with one laboratory note: the relative percent difference between the sample and the duplicate sample was 69

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC outside quality acceptance limits for one sample. Fluoride analysis was done using Metrohm 881 Compact IC Pro- Ion Chromatography (IC) and the limit of quantitation for fluoride was between 4.3 and 5.3 mg/kg. Dioxins and Furans were analyzed using USEPA method 1613B and labeled standard recoveries were within target ranges specified by method 1613B with the exception of one sample. Laboratory method blanks revealed no contamination and laboratory spike samples indicated a high degree of precision and accuracy for sample determinations. 3.5.2 Data Treatment Contaminant results in freshwater mussels were not evenly distributed so we selected a non-parametric approach to evaluate differences in contaminant exposure among rivers and inside and outside the Massena/Akwesasne St. Lawrence River AOC. To evaluate overall differences in contaminant burdens and lipids from inside and outside the AOC, data were pooled from all river stems (i.e. Grasse, St. Regis, Raquette) and classified as inside or outside the AOC. We also compared contaminant burdens from inside and outside the AOC for each river stem (i.e. Grasse Inside AOC vs. Grasse Outside AOC) when sample sizes were sufficient. Lastly, we compared contaminant burdens among rivers and inside and outside the AOC. When we obtained values less than the detection limit, they were set at 10% below the detection limit to complete the statistical comparisons (Provencher et al. 2014). In cases where less than 60% of samples had values above the detection limit, only the minimum and maximum values are reported and they were not included in the analysis. In all cases, statistics in tables do not include values set by the investigators during analysis. Wilcoxon tests and Wilcoxon Each Pair were performed with a significance level (alpha) set to 0.05 to compare contaminants from within and outside the AOC. All results are reported in ng/g (ppb) wet weight (w.w.) ± standard error (SE). All analyses were performed using the statistical package JMP (version 11.0). 3.5.3

Results

PCBs, metals, mercury and dioxins/furans were detected in the samples. No pesticides, no PAHs, and no fluoride were detected in any samples (Table 15). For freshwater mussels with the three rivers combined, several contaminants were significantly higher inside the AOC than outside the AOC (Table 16). Total PCBs inside the AOC (90 ± 30.0 ng/g; n=12) was significantly higher (p = 0.02) than total PCBs outside the AOC (4.0 ± 1.0 ng/g; n=10). Two 70

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC dioxins (HpCDD and OCDD) and one furan (TCDF) were also all significantly higher inside than outside the AOC. The dioxin HpCDD inside the AOC (0.0015 ± 0.0003 ng/g; n=12) was significantly higher (p = 0.04) than outside the AOC (0.0008 ± 0.0002 ng/g; n=10) and OCDD inside the AOC (0.0058 ± 0.0013 ng/g/ n=9) was also significantly higher (p = 0.03) than outside the AOC (0.0026 ± 0.0004 ng/g; n = 8). Total TCDF inside the AOC (0.0076 ± 0.0035 ng/g; n=12) was higher than outside the AOC (0.0009 ± 0.0002 ng/g; n=14) but the difference was not significant (p = 0.09) because of the high range of observed values inside the AOC. No other contaminants were significantly different inside vs. outside the AOC when the data were pooled among rivers (Table 16). In the Grasse River, total TCDF inside the AOC (0.014 ± 0.0062 ng/g) was significantly higher (p = 0.004) than outside the AOC (0.0007 ± 0.0001ng/g; Table 17). Percent lipids in mussels collected from the Grasse River inside the AOC (1.08 ± 0.19 %) was also significantly higher (p = 0.007) than those collected outside the AOC (0.68 ± 0.07 %). No other contaminants in the Grasse River were significantly different inside or outside the AOC. Importantly, the mussel sample with the highest Total PCB concentration outside the AOC (1.0 ng/g) is lower than the lowest Total PCB concentration reported for inside the AOC (97.0 ng/g), but they were not statistically comparable because PCBs were detected in n = 2 samples outside the AOC. However, PCBs were detected in all inside AOC Grasse River samples (97.0-283.0 ng/g; n=6; Table 17). Conversely, the sample with the highest mercury concentration inside the AOC (Grasse River; 60 ng/g) is lower than the lowest concentration reported for mussels collected outside the AOC from the Grasse River (68.0 ng/g; Table 17), but was also not statistically comparable because of a limited sample size inside the AOC (n=2). In the Raquette River, no contaminants or lipids were significantly different between those collected from inside vs. outside the AOC (Table 18). Importantly, in the Raquette River outside the AOC, the sample with the highest OCDD concentration was lower than the lowest OCDD concentration reported for samples collected from inside the AOC (Table 18). In the St. Regis River, lipids outside the AOC (0.74 ± 0.10%) were significantly higher (p = 0.0495) than mussels from the St. Regis inside the AOC (0.54 ± 0.05%; Table 19). Interestingly, total PCBs were not detected inside the AOC from the St. Regis River. Across all rivers inside the AOC, Total PCBs were significantly highest in the Grasse River (p = 0.03; Table 20). Total TCDF and lipids (%) were also significantly highest in the Grasse River AOC 71

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC (p=0.005; p = 0.03, respectively; Table 20). Across all rivers outside the AOC, there were no significant differences (Table 21). Overall, contaminants that were significantly higher in mussels collected inside the AOC included: Total PCBs, Dioxins HpCDD and OCDD, and the furan TCDF. Inside the Grasse River AOC, the range of PCBs is much higher than for samples collected outside the AOC on the Grasse River, but because it was not detected in several samples outside the AOC, the sample size was insufficient for analysis. Interestingly, mussel lipid content was also significantly higher inside the AOC for the Grasse and outside the AOC for the St. Regis River. In the St. Regis and Raquette Rivers, no contaminants were significantly higher in samples collected inside the AOC, but this was largely because most samples were below the detectable limit so they could not be compared. 3.5.4

Comparison with other studies

Mussels inside the AOC were sampled from 1983 to 1997 by NYSDEC (1990), Woodward-Clyde Consultants (WWC) (1992), and TAMS Consultants for Reynolds Metals Corporation (RMC) (2001) (Table 22). Most samples were collected on the St. Lawrence River east of the mouth of the Grasse River in the vicinity of General Motors and RMC and were analyzed for aluminum, fluoride, PCBs and PAHs. Samples were collected in 1983 and 1986 (NYSDEC 1994), 1991 (Woodward-Clyde 1992), and in 1996 and 1997 (RMC 2001). In addition, Alcoa conducted caged mussel studies with two 30day deployments in the Grasse River in June/July and September/October 1998 using Margaritifera margaritefera. These mussels were submitted to NEA Laboratories for PCB Aroclor analysis, pre- and post-caged studies. Pre-deployment samples were non-detect (ND) for PCBs, using a detection limit of 120 ng/g (Alcoa Inc. 2001). The Alcoa results and the Woodward-Clyde results were reported in dry weight (d.w.) whereas the NYSDEC (1994) and TAMS (2001) results were reported in wet weight (w.w.). Metcalfe (unpub. data in Metcalfe and Charlton 1990) suggests a conversion factor of 10 times between wet weight and dry weight contaminant values in mussels. NYSDEC (1990) collected mussels in the AOC from the St. Lawrence, Grasse and Raquette Rivers and Environs. Four mussels collected from 1983 to 1986 near General Motors and the MassenaCornwall Bridge were found to have 170 to 680 ng/g (ppb)(w.w.) total PCBs (Table 22) (NYSDEC 1990). 72

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Woodward-Clyde collected a St. Lawrence River mussel sample in 1991 that contained 368 ng/g (d.w.) of aluminum, 63.2 ng/g (d.w.) of fluoride, and 360 ng/g (d.w.) of PCBs (WWC 1992). Samples collected in 2013 for this study in the tributary rivers of the AOC contained no PAHs nor fluoride. Aluminum, however, was much greater in the 2013 tributary samples, with a mean value of 142,420 ng/g (ppb) (w.w.) inside the AOC. Note, however, that no 2013 samples were collected from the St. Lawrence River. Metcalfe and Charlton (1990) examined contaminant concentrations in freshwater mussel species Elliptio complanata and Lampsilis radiata at 17 stations on the St. Lawrence River from Lake Ontario to Trois Riviéres Quebec in October 1985. They collected a total of 38 mussels from 20 sampling stations, including a single gravid Lampsilis radiata aged nine years old at the mouth of the Grasse River (station 30) from a depth of 10.5 meters using a ponar dredge (Metcalfe and Charlton 1990). This individual was found to have the highest total PCB concentration (63 congeners) reported of all mussels sampled by Metcalfe and Charlton (1990), with 492 ng/g of total PCBs (w.w.) (Table 22). This value is 100 times higher than they reported for the Ottawa River (same study) and similar to the highest concentration reported in the current study inside the AOC and Grasse River (280.0 ng/g). These two studies, NYSDEC (1990) and Metcalfe and Charlton (1990), sampled freshwater mussels from inside the AOC between 1983 and 1986 and found total PCB concentrations ranging from 170 to 680 ng/g (w.w.). The mussel collected by WWC (1992) in 1991 could have been even higher if the conversion rate suggested by Metcalfe (unpub. data in Metcalfe and Charlton 1990) of 10 times between wet weight and dry weight contaminant values in mussels is considered. The 1998 caged mussel samples analyzed by Alcoa Inc. (2001), three years after the Non-Time Critical Removal Action adjacent Outfall 001 on the Grasse, found PCBs (ng/g d.w.) ranging from non-detect (ND) to 738 ng/g (ppb) depending on location and position in the water column, and season of collection. All these levels are higher than those found in this study (280 ng/g w.w. total PCBs in the most contaminated sample) 15-30 years later, using Elliptio complanata, albeit, inside the AOC where field collected mussels have been exposed over their life span. Mean total PCBs in samples collected outside the AOC (4.0 ng/g) are similar to freshwater mussel reference locations such as mean PCBs in Fossaria sp. and Gyraulus sp. from Kusawa and Laberge Lakes, Yukon, Canada, which were 0.85 and 2.03 ng/g (w.w.), respectively (Schindler and Kidd, 1993) 73

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Interestingly, Metcalfe and Charlton (1990) found that 97% of the 38 mussels they collected from 20 sampling stations on the St. Lawrence River and Ottawa River sampling sites contained detectable levels of p, p'-DDE, which was the dominant organochlorine pesticide in mussels. The second highest concentration was from the mussel collected at the mouth of the Grasse River (Station 30). No pesticides were found in any of the samples analyzed in our 2013 study. For heavy metals, Kwan et al. (2003) evaluated heavy metals in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) from the St. Lawrence River between Cornwall, Ontario and Quebec City, Quebec, and reported a mean Hg concentration 123 ng/g (d.w.) near Cornwall; which is similar to the wet weight (w.w.) ranges reported in the current study for Hg inside (42.0 – 155.0 ng/g) and outside (68.4 – 168.0 ng/g) the AOC. Further, Kwan et al. (2003) reported mean lead and cadmium concentrations (d.w.) near Cornwall of 1,500 and 3,080 ng/g, respectively. Also on the St. Lawrence River, Johns (2001, 2012) used zebra mussels and quagga mussels as biomonitors for cadmium, copper, and zinc at 5-12 sites including one site in the AOC from 1994 to 2007. In quagga mussels, levels of copper were greatest in the AOC, but in general, concentrations of the three metals were not high compared to reports in the published literature. However, few published studies used quagga mussels instead of zebra mussels. In zebra mussels, Johns (2012) found levels of cadmium highest at the head of the St. Lawrence River (Cape Vincent) but second highest in the AOC, but all levels declined over time. Cadmium levels in the Massena/Akwesasne AOC ranged from 2,930 to 3,640 ng/g d.w. (Johns 2012). The values for lead and cadmium reported by Kwan et al. (2003) and Johns (2012) are higher than reported in the current study inside the AOC (468.0 and 952.0 ng/g w.w.), but with a conversion rate of 10 between wet weight and dry weights, the values of the current study may be higher. In the current study, mussel dioxin concentrations inside the AOC range from 0.0001 ng/g to 0.013 ng/g. Few field studies have measured the concentrations of dioxins and furans in freshwater mussels of the Great Lakes (although see Marvin et al. 2002). The mean concentration of total TCDD inside the AOC was 0.0014 ng/g, higher than reported for marine mussels from northern Norway 0.0004 ng/g (Schlabach and Skotvold 1996). The dioxin HxCDD inside the AOC (current study) ranged from 0.0001 – 0.0007 ng/g, similar to the concentration reported in Schlabach and Skotvold (1996) for northern Norway (0.00023 ng/g). Further, Schlabach and Skotvold (1996) report HpCDD and OCDD 74

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC concentrations of 0.00019 and 0.00041 ng/g, respectively, whereas we report higher mean concentrations (inside the AOC) of 0.0015 and 0.0058 ng/g, respectively. Furan concentrations reported in Schlabach and Skotvold (1996) are: TCDF – 0.0032 ng/g, HxCDF – 0.0008 ng/g, HpCDF – 0.0004 ng/g, and OCDF – 0.0012 ng/g. In the current study, inside the AOC, mean TCDF was higher (0.0076 ng/g), HxCDF similar (0.0002 – 0.0011 ng/g), HpCDF similar (0.0002 – 0.0022 ng/g), and OCDF similar (0.0004 – 0.0036 ng/g).

75

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Table 15. List of contaminants detected and not detected in 2013 mussels surveys. Detected PCBs Mercury Aluminum Cadmium Lead TCDD PeCDD HxCDD HpCDD OCDD TCDF PeCDF HxCDF HpCDF OCDF 2,3,7,8 TCDF

Not detected Fluoride Aldrin beta-BHC gamma-BHC delta-BHC Heptachlor alpha-BHC Heptachlor epoxide Endosulfan I p,p'-DDE Dieldrin Endrin p,p'-DDD Endosulfan II

2-Methylnaphthalene Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Anthracene Benzo(a)anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Chrysene Dibenz(a,h)anthracene Fluoranthene Fluorene Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene

p,p'-DDT

Naphthalene

Endrin aldehyde

Phenanthrene Pyrene 2,3,7,8 TCDD

Endosulfan sulfate Chlordane Toxaphene alpha Chlordane gamma Chlordane Hexachlorobenzene Methoxychlor Endrin ketone

76

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Table 16. Average concentrations of contaminants (ng/g w.w.; ppb) and total lipids (%) in freshwater mussels collected inside (n = 15) and outside (n = 15) the Massena/Akwesasne AOC in 2013. In cases where not all samples detected a given contaminant, the sample number is given in parentheses. Note: ND = Non-detect; NA= Not applicable due to small number of samples with levels above detection limit; NS = Not significant.

Inside AOC

Outside AOC Range (n) Mean ± SE 0.3 – 11.0 (10) 4.0 ± 1.0 ND

Contaminant Range (n) Mean ± SE 3.1 - 280.0 (12) 90.0 ± 30.0 Total PCBs ND Fluoride Metals Mercury 42.0 – 155.0 (7) NA 68.4 – 168.0 (13) 117.0 ± 9.0 Aluminum 29,700 – 549,000 (10) 142,420 ± 47,320 29,000 – 351,000 (13) 124,000 ± 29,900 Cadmium 468.0 (1) NA 511.0 – 697.0 (3) NA Lead 952.0 (1) NA 551.0 – 924.0(4) NA Dioxins TCDD 0.0003 - 0.0033 (11) 0.0014 ± 0.0004 0.0003 – 0.001 (5) NA PeCDD .00013 – 0.0010 (2) NA 0.0001 (1) NA HxCDD 0.0001 - 0.0007 (3) NA 0.00008 - 0.0003 (4) NA HpCDD 0.0003 – 0.0045 (12) 0.0015 ± 0.0003 0.0003 – 0.0018 (10) 0.0008 ± 0.0002 OCDD 0.0012 – 0.0130 (9) 0.0058 ± 0.0013 0.0011 – 0.0046 (8) 0.0026 ± 0.0004 Furans TCDF 0.0006 – 0.039 (12) 0.0076 ± 0.0035 0.0002 – 0.0032 (14) 0.0009 ± 0.0002 PeCDF 0.00002 – 0.0013 (3) NA 0.0002 - 0.0005 (6) NA HxCDF 0.0002 – 0.0011 (6) NA 0.0002 - 0.0009 (7) NA HpCDF 0.0002 – 0.0022 (6) NA 0.0002 - 0.0004 (3) NA OCDF 0.0004 – 0.0036 (6) NA 0.0002 - 0.001 (2) NA 0.44 - 1.28 (15) 0.84 ± 0.07 0.41 - 1.24 (15) 0.76 ± 0.06 Lipids Note: PAHs (n=16), Fluoride (n=30), and Organochlorine pesticides (n=30) all non-detect (ND)

77

Significance p = 0.02

NA NS NA NA NA NA NA p = 0.04 p = 0.03 NS (p = 0.09) NA NA NA NA NS

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Table 17. Concentrations of contaminants (ng/g w.w.; ppb) and total lipids (%) in freshwater mussels collected from the Grasse River inside (n = 6) and outside (n = 6) the Massena/Akwesasne AOC in 2013. In cases where not all samples detected a given contaminant, the sample number is given in parentheses. Note: ND = Non-detect; NA= Not applicable due to small number of samples with levels above detection limit; NS = Not significant. Grasse River Inside AOC Contaminant Total PCBs Fluoride Metals Mercury Aluminum Cadmium Lead Dioxins TCDD PeCDD HxCDD HpCDD OCDD Furans TCDF PeCDF HxCDF HpCDF OCDF Lipids

Outside AOC Range (n) Mean ± SE 0.4 – 1.0 (2) NA ND

Range (n) 97.0- 283.0 (6) ND

Mean ± SE 180.0 ± 30.0

42.0 – 60.0 (2) 71,400 – 156,000 (5) ND ND

NA 117,540 ± 16,330 NA NA

68.0 – 150.0 (6) 29,100 – 328,000 (6) ND ND

110.0 ± 10.0 108,650 ± 45,300 NA NA

NA NS NA NA

0.0012 – 0.0033 (5) ND ND 0.0013 – 0.0045 (5) 0.0041 – 0.013 (3)

0.0025 ± 0.0005 NA NA 0.0024 ± 0.0006 NA

ND ND ND 0.0003 - 0.0006 (4) 0.0017 – 0.0034 (4)

NA NA NA 0.0004 ± 0.00007 0.0025 ± 0.0004

NA NA NA NS NA

0.0027 – 0.039 (6) 0.0001-0.0013 (2) 0.0007 – 0.0011 (2) 0.0004 – 0.0022 (2) 0.0013 – 0.0036 (3) 0.86 - 1.28 (6)

0.014 ± 0.0062 NA NA NA NA 1.08 ± 0.08

0.0004 – 0.0011 (6) 0.0002 (1) 0.0003 - 0.0006 (3) 0.0002 (1) ND 0.42 – 0.88 (6)

0.0007 ± 0.0001 NA NA NA NA 0.68 ± 0.07

p =0.004 NA NA NA NA p = 0.007

78

Significance NA

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Table 18. Concentrations of contaminants (ng/g w.w.; ppb) and total lipids (%) in freshwater mussels collected from the Raquette River inside (n =6) and outside (n = 6) the Massena/Akwesasne AOC in 2013. In cases where not all samples detected a given contaminant, the sample number is given in parentheses. Note: ND = Non-detect; NA= Not applicable due to small number of samples with levels above detection limit; NS = Not significant. Raquette River Inside AOC Contaminant Total PCBs Fluoride Metals Mercury Aluminum Cadmium Lead Dioxins TCDD PeCDD HxCDD HpCDD OCDD Furans TCDF PeCDF HxCDF HpCDF OCDF Lipids

Outside AOC Range (n) Mean ± SE 2.0 – 11.0 (6) 7.2 ± 2.0 ND

Range (n) 3.0 – 13.0 (6) ND

Mean ± SE 6.5 ± 1.0

63.0 – 117.0 (3) 29,700 – 549,000 (4) 468.0 (1) 952.0 (1)

NA 197,180 ± 119,800 NA NA

80.0 – 170.0 (5) 58,300 – 351,000 (5) 510.0 – 700.0 (3) 550.0 – 920.0 (4)

120.0 ± 17.0 158,200 ± 57,400 NA 750.0 ± 80.0

NA NS NA NA

0.0003 - 0.0009 ND 0.0007 (1) 0.0004 – 0.0019 (5) 0.0031 – 0.0062 (4)

NA NA NA 0.001 ± 0.0003 0.0052 ± 0.0007

0.0003 - 0.001 (4) ND 0.0002 - 0.0009 (3) 0.0006 – 0.0018 (4) 0.0022 – 0.0027 (2)

0.0006 ± 0.0002 NA NA 0.0012 ± 0.0003 NA

NA NA NA NS NA

0.0006 – 0.0019 (5) 0.0002 - 0.0005 (2) 0.0003 - 0.0006 (3) 0.0003 - 0.0007 (3) 0.001 – 0.0012 (2) 0.51 - 1.03 (6)

0.0013 ± 0.0003 NA NA NA NA 0.74 ± 0.08

0.0002 – 0.0032 (5) 0.0004 - 0.0005 (4) 0.0002 - 0.0009 (3) 0.0003 - 0.0004 (2) 0.001 (1) 0.41 - 1.24 (6)

0.0013 ± 0.0005 0.0004 ± 0.00002 NA NA NA 0.84 ± 0.14

NS NA NA NA NA NS

79

Significance NS

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Table 19. Concentrations of contaminants (ng/g w.w.; ppb) and total lipids (%) in freshwater mussels collected from the St. Regis River inside (n = 3) and outside (n = 3) the Massena/Akwesasne AOC in 2013. Note: ND = Non-detect; NA= Not applicable due to small number of samples with levels above detection limit; NS = Not significant. St. Regis Inside AOC Contaminant Total PCBs Fluoride Metals Mercury Aluminum Cadmium Lead Dioxins TCDD PeCDD HxCDD HpCDD OCDD Furans TCDF PeCDF HxCDF HpCDF OCDF Lipids

Outside AOC Range (n) Mean ± SE 0.3 - 0.8 (2) NA ND

Range (n) ND ND

Mean ± SE NA

60.0 – 160.0 (2) 47,800 (1) ND ND

NA NA NA NA

110.0 – 160.0 (2) 54,600 – 119,000 (2) ND ND

NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA

0.0003 - 0.0006 (3) 0.0001 (1) 0.0001 - 0.0003 (2) 0.0003 - 0.0006 (2) 0.0012 – 0.0019 (2)

0.45 ± .08 NA NA NA NA

0.0006 (1) 0.0001 (1) 0.00008 (1) 0.0003 – 0.0012 (2) 0.0011 – 0.0046 (2)

NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NA NA

0.0009 (1) ND 0.0002 (1) 0.0002 (1) 0.0004 (1) 0.44 - 0.60 (3)

NA NA NA NA NA 0.54 ± 0.05

0.00041 – 0.0010 (3) 0.0003 (1) 0.0003 (1) ND 0.0002 (1) 0.64 - 0.95 (3)

0.0008 ± 0.0002 NA NA NA NA 0.74 ± 0.10

NA NA NA NA NA p = 0.0495

80

Significance NA

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Table 20. Concentrations of contaminants (ng/g w.w.; ppb) and total lipids (%) in freshwater mussels collected inside the Massena/Akwesasne AOC in 2013 from the Grasse (n = 6), Raquette (n = 6), and St. Regis (n = 3) Rivers. Notes: ND = Non-detect; NA= Not applicable due to small number of samples with levels above detection limit; NS = Not significant; significant differences among groups use different symbols (*,+).

Grasse River Range (n) Mean ± SE

Contaminant 97.0–283.0 (6) Total PCBs ND Fluoride Metals 42.0–60.0 (2) Mercury 71,400–156,000 (5) Aluminum ND Cadmium ND Lead Dioxins

*

Inside AOC Raquette River Range (n) Mean ± SE +

St. Regis River Range (n) Mean ± SE

Sig.

180.0±30.0

3.0–13.0 (6) ND

6.5±1.0

ND ND

NA

p=0.03

NA 117,540±16,300 NA NA

63.0-117.0 (3) 29,700–549,000 (4) 468.0 (1) 952.0 (1)

NA 197,180±119,800 NA NA

60.0–160.0 (2) 47,800 (1) ND ND

NA NA NA NA

NA NS NA NA

0.0001 (1) 0.0001-0.0003 (2) 0.0003-0.0006 (2) 0.0012–0.0019 (2)

0.0005± 0.0001 NA NA NA NA

NA NA NS NS

0.00129±0.00030+ NA NA NA

0.0009 (1) ND 0.0002 (1) 0.0002 (1)

NA NA NA NA

p=0.005 NA NA NA

NA 0.74±0.08+

0.0004 (1) 0.44-0.60 (3)

NA 0.54±0.05+

NA p=0.03

TCDD

0.0012–0.0033 (5)

0.0025±0.0005

0.0003-0.0009 (3)

NA

0.0003-0.0006 (3)

PeCDD HxCDD HpCDD OCDD Furans TCDF PeCDF HxCDF HpCDF OCDF Lipids

ND ND 0.0013–0.0045 (5) 0.0041–0.013 (3)

NA NA 0.0024±0.0006 NA

ND 0.0007 (1) 0.0004–0.0019 (5) 0.0031–0.0062 (4)

NA NA 0.0010±0.0003 0.0052±0.0007

0.0027–0.039 (6) 0.0001-0.0013 (2) 0.0007–0.0011 (2) 0.0004–0.0022 (2)

0.0140 ± 0.0062* NA NA NA

0.0006–0.0019 (5) 0.0002-0.0005 (2) 0.0002-0.0006 (3) 0.0003-0.0008 (3)

0.0013–0.0036 (3) 0.86-1.28 (6)

NA 1.08 ± 0.08*

0.0010–0.0012 (2) 0.51-1.03 (6)

81

NS

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Table 21. Concentrations of contaminants (ng/g w.w.; ppb) and total lipids (%) in freshwater mussels collected outside the Massena/Akwesasne AOC in 2013 from the Grasse (n = 6), Raquette (n = 6), and St. Regis (n = 3) Rivers. Notes: ND = Non-detect; NA= Not applicable due to small number of samples with levels above detection limit; NS = Not significant; significant differences among groups use different symbols (*,+).

Grasse River Range (n) Mean ± SE

Contaminant 0.4 – 1.0 (2) Total PCBs ND Fluoride Metals 68.0 – 150.0 (6) Mercury 29,100–328,000 (6) Aluminum ND Cadmium ND Lead Dioxins ND TCDD ND PeCDD ND HxCDD 0.0003-0.0006 (4) HpCDD 0.0017–0.0034 (4) OCDD Furans TCDF PeCDF HxCDF HpCDF OCDF Lipids

Outside AOC Raquette River Range (n) Mean ± SE

St. Regis River Range (n) Mean ± SE

Sig.

NA

2.0 – 11.0 (6) ND

0.0072 ± 0.002

0.3 - 0.8 (2) ND

NA

NS

110.0 ± 10.0 108,650 ± 45,300 NA NA

80.0 - 170.0 (5) 58,300–351,000 (5) 510.0 - 700.0 (3) 550.0 - 920.0 (4)

120.0 ± 20.0 158,240±57,400 NA 750.0 ± 80.0

110.0 - 160.0 (2) 54,600–119,000 (2) ND ND

NA NA NA NA

NS NS NA NA

NA NA NA 0.0004 ± 0.00007 0.0025 ± 0.0004

0.0003 – 0.0010 (4) ND 0.0002 - 0.0009 (3) 0.0006 – 0.002 (4) 0.0022 – 0.0027 (2)

0.0006 ± 0.0002 NA NA 0.0012 ± 0.0003 NA

0.0006 (1) 0.0001 (1) 0.00008 (1) 0.0003–0.0012 (2) 0.0011–0.0046 (2)

NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA NA NS NS

0.0004 – 0.0011 (6)

0.0007 ± 0.0001

0.0002 – 0.0032 (5)

0.0013 ± 0.0005

0.0004 – 0.0010 (3)

NS

0.0002 (1) 0.0004-0.0006 (3) 0.0002 (1) ND 0.42 - 0.88 (6)

NA NA NA NA 0.68 ± 0.07

0.0004 - 0.0005 (4) 0.0002 - 0.0009 (3) 0.0003 - 0.0004 (2) 0.001 (1) 0.41 - 1.24 (6)

0.0004 ± 0.00002 NA NA NA 0.84 ± 0.14

0.0003 (1) 0.0003 (1) ND 0.0002 (1) 0.64 - 0.95 (3)

0.0008 ± 0.0002 NA NA NA NA 0.74 ± 0.10

82

NA NA NS NA NS

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Table 22. Historical concentrations of contaminants (ng/g [ppb] w.w. unless noted) and total lipids (%) in freshwater mussels collected inside the Massena/Akwesasne AOC. Where N>1 values are means and SE. No samples were analyzed for pesticides, mercury, other metals, dioxins, furans, or other contaminants. Blank cells mean the analysis was not done.

Site

Year Collected

N

Total PCBs Aluminum

1983 1983 1986 1986 1985 1991 1991 1996 1997 1996 1996 1996

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 3 3 3

680 400 100 50 492 50 360 81.6 ± 13 516 ± 33 519 ± 40 146 ± 25 42.7 ± 2.9

Fluoride

Total Lipids (%)

Author

Inside AOC STLW-GM2 STLW-GM3 STLW-CB1 STLW-CB2 Station 30 SL1 1 SL2 1 TAMS-SL3 TAMS-SL4 TAMS-SL5 TAMS-SL6 TAMS-SL8 1

368

63.2 60.2 0.78 ± 0.05 0.93 ± 0.09 1.1 ± 0.15 0.93 ± 0.19 1.1 ± 0.09

Samples from WWC 1992 were reported as dry weight, not wet weight.

83

NYSDEC 1990 NYSDEC 1990 NYSDEC 1990 NYSDEC 1990 Metcalfe and Charlton 1990 WWC 1992 WWC 1992 TAMS 2001 TAMS 2001 TAMS 2001 TAMS 2001 TAMS 2001

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

3.5.5

Implications for human consumption

Contaminant data have implications for human consumption of freshwater mussels. Freshwater mussels are known to have important cultural significance for Native American tribes (Garvin 2005). Mussels were traditionally used for food, utensils, and ornaments. The distribution of mussels along streams and rivers in the southeastern U.S. may have been more important in determining the location of Native America villages than the presence of big game animals for food (Garvin 2005). Elder interviews on file with SRMTED indicate freshwater mussels were consumed as recently as within the last 30 years. Current consumption is unknown. However, Mohawk Akwesasne Cultural Restoration (ACR) Program efforts target restored uses of all traditional and customary consumption pathways and practices. While many remedial successes and contaminant mass reductions have contributed to the restoration of the AOC since 1995 on the United States side, excessive levels and inventory of PCBs can still be found in sediments in the Grasse River Superfund Site (USEPA 2012b, 2013a). Fish tissue concentrations are elevated. Fish and wildlife advisories are still in effect in the Massena/Akwesasne AOC (SRMT 2014a, 2014b). Data from this study indicate that PCB levels in freshwater mussels inside the AOC exceed the EPA remedial goal of 10 ng/g for fish tissue to be protective of Mohawk health. On average, across all three rivers, the levels of total PCBs inside the AOC was 90 ± 30.0 ng/g. Mussels collected upstream of the AOC had significantly lower levels of average total PCBs (4.0 ± 1.0 ng/g) than inside the AOC. However, the results varied across each of the three rivers (Table 20, Table 21). On the Raquette River, one sample inside the AOC and two samples outside the AOC contained PCB levels above 10 ng/g, although the remaining five samples inside and four samples outside were below the threshold. On the St. Regis River, all mussel samples were below 10 ng/g (Table 23).

84

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

Table 23. Rivers and areas where average mussel contaminant levels are below the EPA Grasse River remedial goal for fish tissue. Numbers in parentheses are the number of samples above 10 ng/g/total samples. Mussels below the fish tissue remedial goal inside the AOC?

Mussels below the fish tissue remedial goal outside (Upstream) the AOC?

No (6/6)

Yes (0/6)

Raquette

Yes (1/6) 1

Yes (2/6) 2

St Regis

Yes (0/3)

Yes (0/3)

NA3

NA3

River Grasse

St. Lawrence 1

2

3

The average of six samples is below the goal but one of six samples inside the AOC exceeded the fish tissue remedial goal The average of six samples is below the goal but two of six samples upstream of the AOC exceeded the fish tissue remedial goal. NA Not sampled in 2013

85

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

4.0

LESSONS LEARNED

Overall, field sampling of freshwater mussels went very smoothly and most identifications in the field were accurate. Considerable phenotypic plasticity exists in the mussels among the three rivers and some identifications can be difficult. The DNA analysis of Lampsilis radiata and Lampsilis siliquoidea will ultimately shed light on which species is present or if both are present. Several species that could occur in the AOC and environs but were not found in this survey are species of big, deep rivers such as the St. Lawrence (e.g. Obovaria olivaria). At present, it appears that these species have been eliminated from the Great Lakes and connecting channels due to the presence of zebra mussels (Bouvier et al. 2013). Determining the age of older mussels can be difficult or impossible. Selected mussels could be sacrificed and the shells thin-sectioned and microscopically examined to determine mussel age. However, at present it seems that counting external growth rings and finding gravid individuals suggests that successful reproduction and recruitment are occurring. Future surveys should consider aging mussels through internal ring counts to confirm age distributions of mussel populations. Field surveys did not start early enough in the year to find gravid Elliptio complanata, although the large numbers of individuals found and the wide range of ages of these individuals suggests that this species is successfully reproducing in each river and active recruitment is occurring. In future work that involves collecting mussels for broad contaminant analysis, the number of mussels collected for each sample should be increased to ensure sufficient sample mass (e.g. minimum of 150g, approximately 10 large bivalves minimum age of 5 years). If only PCBs are being investigated, then a composite sample of five individuals would be sufficient even with smaller individuals. These surveys were not designed to locate rare species. Rare species surveys would require greater search time and concerted efforts in targeted microhabitats. These surveys were also not designed to map mussel beds, or to estimate the total number of mussels inside or outside the AOC, by river or in total, or to compare findings between nearshore and deeper water (channel) habitat. 86

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC

5.0

RECOMMENDATIONS

Overall, healthy, self-sustaining mussel populations appear to be present inside and outside the AOC in all three tributary rivers (Grasse, Raquette, St. Regis) based on our surveys of 7 sites inside the AOC and 12 sites outside the AOC (19 sites total). Only a single mussel was found in the St. Lawrence River shallow nearshore during 2012 surveys, where most all mussels appear to have been eliminated by zebra mussels.The mussels of the St. Regis River inside and outside the AOC are the most uncontaminated of the AOC. The mussels of the lower Grasse River are the most contaminated. Surveys of mussels for population and reproduction assessment included only 3 of 42 (7.1%) river segments in the lower Grasse River (this study). Additional survey data are needed to determine the overall distribution pattern of species and individuals in the river, locations of mussel beds, and distribution and abundance in nearshore, side slope and channel areas. Mussels appeared to be more common in shallow nearshore areas with emergent and submergent aquatic vegetation, although this is a general impression that needs to be supported with additional field surveys. Additional surveys also would provide more information on the presence or absence of rare species, and possibly estimates of density depending on the survey methods employed. Two species considered Endangered in Canada could occur in the lower Grasse River. Ligumia nasuta, was reported by Erickson in 2008, although he later decided the mussels he found were not this species, it could be present (Jock, personal communications 2015). Strayer suggested Obovaria olivaria could be present in the lower Grasse River as well (Dittman, personal communications 2014). Future surveys should look for these species, and could be designed to search the nearshore, slope, and main channel habitats of the river to gather data on the number of individuals of each species present in these habitats. These data would be useful in guiding dredging, capping, and proposed 2016-2020 remediation activities, as well as post-remediation mussel community restoration in the lower Grasse River. Mussel community restoration following Grasse River remediation will need to restore the habitats used by mussels in the lower Grasse River. Although current knowledge of mussel distribution is limited, shallow nearshore areas, wetlands with emergent and submergent aquatic vegetation, and slope areas are important mussel habitats in the lower Grasse River. In particular, soft, silty substrates with high organic matter appear to be important habitats for species such as 87

STATUS REPORT - FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN AND NEAR AOC Potamilus alatus and Leptodea fragilis. Restoring these habitats may require additional engineering design beyond the simple sand and topsoil mix proposed for capping. Nearshore dredging of the Grasse River will remove mussels and main channel capping will bury mussels. The ability of mussels to recolonize the remediated areas will depend upon, amongst numerous factors, the suitability of the reconstructed habitat; and the number, species composition, and proximity of mussels remaining in the lower Grasse River following remediation. Restoration of lower Grasse River mussels following remediation may not be possible without mitigating for their loss through transplant and seeding efforts. Recent efforts on the Hogansburg Hydroelectric Project will result in its decommissioning and removal by 2016 (SRMT 2015). This project is proposed to restore fish passage for fish species like walleye, muskellunge, Atlantic salmon, lake sturgeon, and American eel. Pre- and postmonitoring of freshwater mussel species richness and diversity distribution in the impoundment should be conducted to verify no project impacts to overall populations. A pre-assessment would help identify any mitigation efforts needed, if any. However, it is recognized this impoundment is outside (upstream) the AOC boundaries, and already indicative of contaminant free, healthy reproducing mussel populations. Additional surveys and/or long term trend monitoring surveys should be designed to track changes, if any, to freshwater mussel species richness and diversity in the main stem St. Lawrence River. The freshwater mussel surveys efforts were limited to 2012 presence/absence sampling efforts only in the St. Lawrence River sites (n=16), and were conducted primarily in the nearshore (