l ntroduction 1 Plann ing an Exploratio n Program Reconnaissance lnvestigations 2 Explorations for Preliminary Design 6 Explorations for Detailed Design 8 Geophysical Explorations 8 Soundings and Probings 12 Boring Methods 14 Excavation Methods for Exploration 29 Groundwater lnvestigations 30 Test Grouting 37 Representative but Disturbed Samples 37 Undisturbed Samples 43 In Situ So il Testi ng in Boreholes 51 Rock Coring 53 Miscellaneous Exploratory Techniques 59 Preservation, Shipment, and Storage of Samples 61 Logs of Subsurface Explorations 64 Contracting and Supervising Exploratory Programs 68 Subsurface Explorations Reports 69
2 SAMPLING ANO PREPARATION O F MAR INE SEOIMENTS Ronald C . Chaney
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
l ntroduction 72 Offshore / Nearshore Soil Samples 75 Handling, Wrapping, and Labeling 80 Storage 82 Preparation of Soil Samples 83 Laboratory versus l n-Situ Properties 84
3 SOIL TECHNOLOGY ANO ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOILS Hans F. Winterko r n a n d Hsai-Yang Fang
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
Definition of Soil 88 Descript ion and ldentification of Soils 88 Rocks and Their Classification 92 Physical Properties Employed in Eng ineering Classifications of Soil Materials Soil Classification Systems 102 Soil Types by Deposition or Other Special Features 109
99
vii
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viii
Contents ix
Contents
The Structure of Noncohesive Soil Systems 115 3.7 The Structure of Cohesive Soils 119 3.8 Capillarity and Conduction Phenomena 125 3.9 3.10 Effect of Temperature on Engineering Properties of Soils 3.11 Densification ( Compaction ) 131 3.12 Consoli dation 132 3.13 Shear Strength 1 34 3.14 ln -Situ Measurements of Soil Properties 138
7.3 7.4 7. 5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7 .9 7 .10 7 .11
129
Methods of Groundwater Contro! 236 Field Pumping Tests 239 Design of Predrainage Systems 241 Managing Groundwater Contro! 244 Disputes over Groundwater Contro! 245 Cost of Groundwater Contro! 245 Undesirable Side- Effects of Dewatering 246 Permanent Dewatering Systems 246 Ground Freezing 247
4 BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Wai - Fah Chen and William O. McCarron
l ntroduction 144 Methods of Analysis 144 Soil Governing Parameters 145 Bearing Capacity by the Upper- Bound Method 145 Bearing Capacity by the Lower- Bound M ethod 150 Footi ng Depth and Shape and lncli ned and Eccentric Loads 152 Footing Shape, Depth, and lnclination Effects 154 Nonhomogeneous Foundations and An isotropie Strength 154 lnfluence of Groundwater Table 156 Comments o n Bearing Capacity Solutions 157 Sliding Stability of Gravity Structures 157 Choice of Safety Factor 158 Example Problems 1 59 Numerica! Evaluatio n of Bearing Capacity 161
5 STRESS DISTRIBUTION ANO SETTLEMENT OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Robert D . Holtz l ntroduction 166 Settlement of Shallow Foundations 167 Applicability of the Theory of Elasticity to Calculation of Stresses and Displacements in Earth Masses Calculation of lnitial Distortion Settlements 170 Distortion Settlement of Granular Soils 177 Calculation of Stress Distributions 185 Consolidation Settlements 192 Secondary Compression Settlements 209 To lerable Criteria 212 Foundation Treatment Alternates 216
309
9 SOIL STABI LIZATION ANO GROUTIN G Hans F. Winterkor n and Sibel Pamukcu
V•
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.1 O
lntroduction 249 Soil Compaction 249 Compaction Equ ipment 273 Contro! of Compaction 294 M iscellaneous Problems in Compaction
l ntroductio n 317 Principia of Soi l Stabilization 317 M ethods of Soil Stabilization 318 Stabil ization of Soils with Granu lar SKeleton 319 Chemical Stabi lization 324 Cement Stabi lization 328 Lime Stabilization 337 Ash and Slag Stabilization 344 Bituminous Stabilization 346 Thermal and Electroki netic Stabilization 349 Construction 351 Grouting Principles 353 Grouting Techniques 354 Planning of the Grouting Project 358 The Grouting Process 363 Contro! of Grouts and Grouting Operations 368 Examples of Applications of Grouting 369
10 STABILITY OF EARTH S LOPES Hsai -Yang Fang and George K. Mikroudis 6 EARTH PRESSURES G. W . Clough and J . M. Duncan 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7
A t- Rest Latera l Pressures 224 Active and Passive Latera! Earth Pressures 224 Soii- Structure lnteraction for Unmoving Walls 228 Earth Pressures due to Surface Loads 229 Earth Pressures due to Compaction 230 Relation Between Earth Pressures and Wall Movements Earth Pressures for Design 234
7 DEWATERING ANO GROUNDWATER CONTROL J . Patrick Powers 7.1 7.2
lmpact of Groundwater on Construction 236 Design of Structures Below the Water Table 236
232
1 0.1 10.2 1 0.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8
l ntroduction 379 Factors Affecting Slope Stabi lity A nalysis 379 Factor of Safety 380 Slope Stability Analysis Procedure : Limit Equilibrium Methods 381 Slope Stability Analysis Procedure : Limit Analysis Methods 395 Methods Considering Seismic Effects 399 Slope Stability in Soils Presenting Special Problems 404 Computer-Aided and Expert Systems for Slope Stability A nalysis 406
11 LANDSLIDES Bengt B. Broms and Kai S . Wong 11 .1 11.2 11 .3
l ntroduction 41 O Causes of Landslides 411 Consequences of Landslides
415
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Contents xi
Contents
11.4 11 .5 11 .6 11 .7 11 .8 11 .9
Slope Movements Preceding Landslides Classification 417 lnvestigations for Landslides 425 Analysis of Landslides 427 lnstrumentation 432 M ethods of Correcting Landslides 435
15.3 t5.4
415
15.5
16
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H . Bolton Seed 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5
lntroduction 447 Restrained Retaining Structures 447 Gravity Structures 478 Cantilever Retain ing Walls 503 Special Structures 504 Sheet Piling and H- Piles 507
lntroduction and Backg round 511 Aspects for Generai Consideration 512 The Shaft Resistance 513 Toe Resistance 516 Capacity Determined from ln- Situ Field Testing 517 lnstallation Considerations 517 Residua! Compression 517 The Neutral Piane 518 Capacity of a Pile Group 520 Summary of Design Procedure for Capacity and Strength Settlement of Pile Foundat ions 521 Static Testing of Piles 524 Pile Dynamics 529 Horizontally Loaded Piles 531 Seismic Design of Lateral Pil e Behavior 533 Design Example 533
lntroduction 537 Generai Behavior Patterns 537 Axial Compression Capacity 538 Drained Axial Compression Capacity 539 Undrained Axial Compression Capacity 545 Axial Uplift Capacity 548 Belled Shafts 549 Compression and Uplift Displacements 549 Other Site and Loading Conditions 550 Closing Comments on Design 551 Pertinent Standards and Specifications 551
l ntroduction 553 M achine Foundation Vibrations : Statement of th e Problem
lntroduction 673 lrrotational Seismic Waves 673 Shear Seismic Waves 675 Case History 677
18 OFFSHORE STRUCTURE FOUNDATIONS Ronald C. Chaney and Kenneth R. Demars lntroduction 679 Loading on Foundations 684 Pile Structures in Marine Environment Gravity Platforms 702 Anchor Uplift Capacity 712 Pipelines 716 Jack- Up Platforms 723 Hydraulic Filled lslands 727
684
19 FOUNDATIONS IN COLO REGIONS Arvind Phukan
15 FOUNDATION VIBRATIONS George Gazetas 15.1 15.2
lntroduction 623 lnfluence of Soil Conditions on Ground Settlement 624 lnfluence of Soil Conditions on Liquefaction Potential 628 lnfluence of Soil Conditions on Landslides 635 Behavior of Clays and Silts During Cyclic Load ing 653 Remedy of Earthquake Damage on Soii- Foundation Systems
17 FOUNDATION PROBLEMS IN EARTHOUAKE REGIONS Leonardo Zeevaert
14 DRILLED SHAFT FOUNDATIONS Fred H . Kulhawy
cc rn
l ntroduction 594 lnfluence of Soil Conditions lnfluence of Soil Conditions l nfluence of Soil Conditions l nfluence of Soil Conditions
Part Il: From 1975 to 1989
Jh
or
EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON SOIL- FOUNDATION SYSTEMS
Part l : Prior to 1975
12 RETAINING STRUCTURES ANO EXCAVATIONS Thomas D . Dismuke 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6
Soil Moduli and Damping- Field and Laboratory Testing Procedures 555 Harmonic Vibration of Block Foundations: Definition and Use of lmpedances ( Dynamic " Springs" and " Dashpots" ) 564 Computing Dynamic lmpedances : Tables and Charts for Dynamic "Springs" and " Dashpots" 569
553
19.1 19.2 19.3 1 9.4 19.5 19.6
l ntroduction 735 Frozen Soils: Phases and Temperature Profila Design Approach 737 Design Considerations 738 Shallow Foundations 742 Pile Foundations 745
735
661
597
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Contents
Contents
20 GEOTECHNICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE CONTROL SYSTEMS Jeffrey C . Evans 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7
l ntroduction 750 Soii-Waste lnteractions 750 Permeability and Compatibility Testing 752 Hazardous Waste Control Systems 760 Covers and Liners 762 Vertical Barrier Systems and Cutoff Walls 765 Generai Guidance 775
l ntroduction 778 Principle and Advantages of Reinforced Earth History and Development 779 Behavior of Reinforced Earth 780 Design Methods 786 Materia! Specifications 790 Effects of Water and Dynamic Loading 791 A pplications 792
778
22 GEOSYNTHETICS IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERIN G Robert M . Koerner 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6
23 DEEP COMPACTION OF GRANULAR SOILS Bengt B. Broms 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6
l ntroduction 814 Vibration Methods 815 Displacement Methods 821 Loading Methods 827 Control Methods 828 Cost Comparisons 829
24 STABILIZATION OF SOIL WITH LIME COLUMNS Bengt B . Broms 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6
l ntroduction 833 Principle of the Lime Column Method 837 Applications of the Lime Column Method 847 Laboratory and Field lnvestigations 850 Control Methods 852 Schedule for Design and Construction 853
25 DURABILITY ANO PROTECTION OF FOUNDATIONS Thomas D . Dismuke 25.1 25.2
l ntroduction 856 Facility Function and Failure Criteria
857
Properties of Construction Materials, Soil, and Water Site Data 861 Behavior of Materials in Soil and Water 863 Evaluation of Site Data 864 Protection of Foundations 865
857
26 GROUND ANCHORS ANO SOIL NAILS IN RETAINING STRUCTURES llan Juran and Victor Elias
21 REINFORCED EARTH F. Schlo sser and M . Bastick 21 .1 21 .2 21 .3 21 .4 21 .5 21 .6 21 .7 21 .8
25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7
26.1 lntroduction 868 Pri nciples, Historical Development, and Fields of Application 868 26.2 Technology, Construction Process, and Structural Elements 871 26.3 Soil-lnclusion l nteraction : Pu ii-Out Capacity Estimates 877 26.4 Application Criteri a: Advantages an d Limitations 883 26.5 Feasibility Evaluation 884 26.6 Short- and Long-Term Performance of Anchors and Nails 884 26.7 Durability Considerations 889 26.8 Design of Anchored Walls and Nailed Soii- Reta ining Structures 890 26.9 26.10 Technological Development and Research Needs 902
