FOOTBALL CULTURES AND IDENTITIES

Also by Gary Armstrong

FOOTBALL HOOLIGANS: Knowing the Score BLADE RUNNERS: Lives in Football ENTERING THE FIELD: New Perspectives in World Football (co-editor with Richard Giulianotti)

Also by Richard Giulianotti

THE SOCIOLOGY OF FOOTBALL FOOTBALL, VIOLENCE AND SOCIAL IDENTITY (co-editor) GAME WITHOUT FRONTIERS (co-editor) ENTERING THE FIELD: New Perspectives in World Football (co-editor with Gary Armstrong)

Football Cultures and Identities Edited by

Gary Armstrong Lecturer in Criminology and Sociology University of Reading England

and

Richard Giulianotti Lecturer in Sociology Unil'ersitr of Aberdeen Scotland

Selection, editorial matter and Introduction © Gary Armstrong and Richard Giulianotti !999 Chapter 2 © Richard Giulianotti !999 Chapter 8 © Gary Armstrong and Jon P. Mitchell 1999 Chapters I, 3-7, 9-18 © Macmillan Press Ltd 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 978-0-333-73009-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road. London WIP9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 1999 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-73010-2 ISBN 978-0-230-37889-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230378896

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Contents Acknowledgements

VII

Notes on the Contributors

Vlii

Introduction Football in the Making Gary Armstrong and Richard Giu!ianotti

3

Part I The Old World Superpowers: Veteran Players Associating with Football: Social Identity in England

1863-1998

15

David Russell 2

Hooligans and Carnival Fans: Scottish Football Supporter Cultures Richard Giulianotti

29

3

The Coming of Age: the World Cup of France '98 Ge(Jff Hare and Hugh Dauncey

41

4

Football Identity and Youth Culture in Germany Udo Merkel

52

Part II

Glory and Innovation: Pre-eminent Players

5

Everything in Moderation: the Swedish Model Torbji)rn Andersson and Aage Radmann

6

Post-Modern Times: Identities and Violence in Argentine Football Pablo Alabarces

7

The Brazilian Style of Football and its Dilemmas Jose Sergio Leite Lopes

Part III

67

77

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Waiting in the Wings: Marginal Players

8

Making the Maltese Cross: Football on a Small Island Gary Armstrong and Jon P. Mitchell

9

Beyond Edirne: Football and the National Identity Crisis in Turkey Can Ko::anoglu

v

99

117

Contents

VI

I0

View from the Periphery: Football in Indonesia Freek Colombijn

Part IV

126

Contested Decisions: Disunited Players

II

The Generation Game: Football among the Baga of Guinea Ramon Sarro

141

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The Territorial Politics of Soccer in Northern Ireland Alan Baimer and Peter Shirlmr

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Team Selection and the Chosen People in Israel: the Case of Hapoel Taibeh Yoram S. Carmeli and Iris Bar

164

From Ends to Trenches, and Back: Football in the Former Yugoslavia Srdjan Vrcan and Dm::.en Lalic

176

I4

Part V

New Tactics: Contemporary Players

15

Bhola Lethu: Football in Urban South Africa John Nauright

I6

No Longer Worlds Apart? British Influences in Norwegian Football Matti Goks¢yr and Hans Hognestad

201

The Suburban Soccer Field: Sport and America's Culture of Privilege Detle\' Zwick and Dal'id L. Andrews

21 I

The Japanese Dream: Soccer Culture towards the New Millennium Haruo NogaH'a and Hiroko Maeda

223

I7

18

189

References

234

Index

251

Acknowledgements As captains of this collection, we take full responsibility for team selection. We thank every one of our squad members for playing a full part in this enthralling encounter. Each player carried out their allotted task, showing initiative, discipline and, as we hope you'll agree, considerable flair on occasion. All players were encouraged to show a combative approach, occasionally resulting in the odd overthe-ball tackle on deserving opponents. No cautions were administered, nor tears shed (to the best of our knowledge). There was no need for flying crockery during intervals when the game plan was not being adhered to. In emulation of the footballing genius Ruud Gullitt, we similarly acknowledge that professionals in this game cannot perform properly if covered in tea. We encourage all our contributors to experiment with new styles of play and to continue scouting for new talent. The captains have yet to see the benefits of vitamin tablets, faith healing and other New Age foibles for improving performance. Hence, we invite all our team-mates to meet at some point for a traditional British post-match tete-il-tete that will include beers and chicken kebabs. In putting together our squad, we have received invaluable assistance from several talent scouts at home and abroad. We would like to thank Eduardo Archetti, Adam Brown, Ogden Caradovic, Rocco De Biasi and Alessandro Dal Lago, Gerry Finn, Malcolm Hamilton, Rosemary Harris, Kate Longley, Tony Mason, Stephen Parrott and Norman Stockman. Karen Kinnaird and Sallie Scott provided invaluable back-up in tidying up any technical weaknesses in attack and defence. Our thanks are due to Annabelle Buckley for commissioning the collection and to Keith Povey for an excellent job in editing and proof-reading. Finally, as always, many thanks to our two recent but hopefully permanent signings, Hani Darlington and Donna McGilvray. June 1998

GARY ARMSTRONG RICHARD GIULIANOTTI

VII

Notes on the Contributors Pablo Alabarces is Lecturer and Researcher in the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires. His book A Ballgame Question: Football, Sport, Society, Culture was co-written with Maria Graciela Rodriguez and published in 1996. His other research interests include media studies and social theory. He is currently working towards the completion of his doctorate and co-ordinating a sports research network throughout Latin America. Torbjorn Andersson studied at universities in Stockholm and Lund before working as a researcher in the Department of History at the University of Lund. His research interests are in the social and cultural history of Swedish football. Together with Aage Radmann he wrote the book From Gentleman to Hooligan? (1998). David L. Andrews is Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Movement Sciences and Education at the University of Memphis. He teaches and researches on a variety of topics related to the critical analysis of sport as an aspect of contemporary popular culture. Gary Armstrong is Lecturer in Criminology and Sociology at the University of Reading, England. He completed his doctorate at the Department of Anthropology, University College, London in 1996. In the field of football, he has written Football Hooligans: Knowing the Score (1998), Blade Runners: Lives in Football (1998) and has co-edited (with Richard Giulianotti) Entering the Field: New Perspectives on World Football ( 1997). Alan Bairner is Lecturer in Politics at the University at Ulster at Jordanstown. He has written widely on sport and society in Scotland, Sweden and Ireland. He is a co-author of Sport, Sectarianism and Society in a Divided Ireland ( 1993) and joint editor of Sport in Divided Societies (1997). Iris Bar, a graduate in anthropology, at the University of Haifa, is conducting postgraduate research into football in Israel. Yoram S. Carmeli undertook his doctorate at the Department of Anthropology, University College, London, then returned to Israel where he took up a position as Lecturer in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Haifa. His main research area has been in the anthropology of circuses.

Vlll

Notes on the Contributors

IX

Freek Colombijn is an anthropologist who obtained his PhD from Leiden University with a thesis on the urban development of Padang in the twentieth century. He is presently working on an environmental history of Central Sumatra. He started his football career in club teams at the age of nine as right-back at the Haarlemsche Football Club, and ended it the age of 36 as left-winger at Lugdunum. Hugh Dauncey is Lecturer and Researcher in French Studies at the University of Newcastle and has published on a variety of aspects of contemporary French societies and culture, including high technology, television and news media. Richard Giulianotti is Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland. He was employed as an ESRC Researcher from 1990 to 1995 on projects investigating football fan culture in the UK and Ireland. He has co-edited the books Football, Violence and Social Identity ( 1994) Game without Frontiers (1994) and Entering the Field (1997). His book on the general social and historical aspects of football will be published in 1999. Matti Goksfjyr is Associate Professor of Sports History at the Norwegian University of Sport and Physical Education, Oslo. Well known for his work on sport and state politics and national identity, he has published extensively both in Norway and in international journals. Geoff Hare is Senior Lecturer in French Studies at the University of Newcastle. He publishes mainly on the subject of French television and broadcasting. Together with Hugh Dauncey, he is working on a research project centred on the 1998 World Cup in France. Hans Hognestad is an anthropologist who conducted ethnographic fieldwork among the supporters of Heart of Midlothian FC between 1992 and 1995. He spent three years working at UNESCO in Oslo as a cultural attache. He is currently working as a researcher at the Norwegian University for Physical Education and Sport in Oslo. Can Kozanoglu is a sociologist, author and a former journalist. He is the author of Football in Turkey: We Will Win This Game! ( 1990), The Age of the Varnished Image: Media Stars of Turkey and Social Change in the 1980s (1992), The Pop Age Fever (1995) and Internet, Full Moon, Community (1997). Drazen Lalic studied at the University of Split, where he completed his doctoral study of Croatian football fans, later published in the book Torcida: an Inside View (1993). He has also published books entitled Graffiti and Subculture (1991) and Heroin Addicts: Death Histories ( 1997). Dr Lalic is a Director of the Youth Information Centre, and a councillor on Split City Council.

X

Notes on the Contributors

Jose Sergio Leite Lopes is Professor of Anthropology at the Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from where he obtained his doctorate in 1986. He has published and researched extensively in the anthropology of industrial societies. working class culture, and sports culture. Recently he has been engaged in research into the political anthropology of pollution in Brazil.

Hiroko Maeda is Assistant Professor in the Department for Interdisciplinary Studies of Lifelong Sport and Physical Exercise, at the National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya. Japan. She received her master's degree from Kobe University in 1989. Her major areas of study are in the sociology of sport, gender issues and the socialisation of top athletes. Udo Merkel is Senior Lecturer in the Chelsea School at the University of Brighton, England. His academic and research interests are the sociology of sport and leisure, comparative (European) studies and football. He has published various articles in English and German and co-edited (with W. Tokarski) Racism and Xenophobia in European Football ( 1996).

Jon P. Mitchell is Lecturer in Social Anthropology at the School of Cultural and Community Studies, Sussex University. His doctoral research, conducted in Malta, is oriented around three main themes: politics and the dynamics of the public sphere; history and memory; ritual and religious experience, which are developed in a forthcoming monograph, Politics in Everwhing: Ritual. Memory and the Public Sphere in Malta. Current research interests are on such diverse topics as evil eye and devil beliefs, tour-guides and tourism, and football. John Nauright is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Human Movement Studies at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. He has studied at universities in Canada, the US and England, specialising in southern African history. He has written numerous journal articles; he co-edited (with Tim Chandler) the book Making Men: Rugby and Masculine Identity (1996) and has published the book Sport, Cultures and Identities in South Africa ( 1998).

Haruo Nogawa is Professor in the Department of Sport Management at Juntendo University, Japan. He was formerly employed at the National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya. He received his doctorate from Oregon State University in 1983. His major research interests are in the sociology of sport and leisure, tourism, ethnic relations and sport for development.

Aage Radmann studied at universities in Trondheim, Norway, and Lund, Sweden. He is a sociologist, working in the Sport Research Centre at the University of Lund. His research interests are in youth and sport culture in Scandinavia,

Notes on the Contriblltors

XI

and he has written articles on Scandinavian youth and football culture. Together with Torbjorn Andersson he is author of From Gentleman to Hooligan? ( 1998).

David Russell is Reader in the History of Popular Culture at the University of Central Lancashire. He is currently Head of the Institute of Football Studies, a joint venture between the university and the Football Museum, Preston, and is the author of FiiOtball and the English ( 1997) and numerous essays and articles on the histories of sport and music. Ramon Sarro was born in Barcelona. He recently completed his PhD in social anthropology at University College London on the subject of Baga identity in the Republic of Guinea, West Africa. Peter Shirlow is Lecturer in Geography at Queen's University, Belfast. and a director of the Socio-Spatial Analysis Research Unit. He has written on paramilitarism. political identity and deprivation. He is the editor of the book Derelotlment Ireland ( 1995) and Who are the People? Unionism, Lomli.1111 and Protestantism in Northern Ireland ( 1997). Srdjan Vrcan was born in 1922, and has retired from his post as Professor of Sociology at the University of Split. His major books are Social lnequalitr and Modem Society ( 1978) and Sport and Violence Here and Now ( 1991) (both in the Croatian language). He has also published numerous articles in Croatian and Italian journals.

Detlev Zwick has received a bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Hagen, Germany, and a master's degree in sports management from the University of Sport in Cologne, Germany. After studying aspects of sports and leisure commerce at the University of Memphis, he is currently a doctoral candidate in marketing at the University of Rhode Island.