Fire Safety Engineering in Historic Buildings Forward Fire is probably the greatest single threat to the fabric and contents of any building. Historic buildings have suffered from the effects of fire, both accidental and deliberate ever since man began building. Today we do not know exactly how many buildings are being lost and damaged by fire, but a recent survey by Historic Scotland suggested that it may be as high as one grade A building every month. They are a finite source and once they are destroyed they are lost forever. The recent English Heritage led review 'Power of Place' and the government's response 'The Historic Environment: A Force for Our Future' show the importance of the historic environment and how it enriches the quality of life for everyone. Fire engineering has been thought of by many as the fitting of fire safety systems to buildings, but in this paper a wider perspective is provided. British Standard 7874 gave one of the first interpretations of ‘Fire Safety Engineering’ as;“The application of scientific and engineering principles to the protection of people, property and the environment from fire”. A fire safety engineer is ‘a person suitably qualified and experienced in fire safety engineering’

Legislation 1. Introduction There are two pieces of primary fire legislation covering historic properties, The Fire Precautions Act 1971 and the Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997 (as amended). In addition there are other pieces of legislation, such as the Licensing Act, and Theatres Act, which contain some fire safety requirements. 1.1 The Fire Precautions Act 1971 The Fire Precautions Act requires certain designated premises to have a Fire Certificate. These designated uses are Hotel, Office, Shop, Factory, and Railway Premises. However a Fire Certificate is only required if there are more than 20 persons in total at work at any one time, or more than 10 persons above or below the ground floor. In an hotel a Fire Certificate is only required if sleeping accommodation is provided for more than six persons, being staff or guests, or if sleeping accommodation is provided above the first floor or below the ground floor. The Fire Precautions Act is enforced by the fire authorities and is Criminal Law. Any contravention of the conditions of the Fire Certificate is an offence, with penalties of a fine and/or imprisonment, of up to two years, which can be imposed by a Magistrate. A Fire Certificate confirms among other things, that • The means of escape is satisfactory

• There is adequate means for giving warning in case of fire • Adequate fire fighting equipment is provided • Training is given to members of staff on fire fighting and evacuation procedures The Fire Certificate details the minimum standards of fire precautions that the premises are provided with. It specifies a program of testing and maintenance of the fire safety equipment, together with the person or persons responsible. These responsible persons are either The Owner of the premises in multi-occupied premises, or The Occupier in single occupied premises. (To encourage the expansion of small businesses and to reduce the administrative burden, Fire Authorities have the power and are encouraged to exempt certain low risk premises from the requirement to have a Fire Certificate). The Fire Precautions Act does not override the legislation protecting historic buildings, so a Fire Authority cannot specify works to be undertaken that would interfere with the historic fabric or character of the building. 1.2 The Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997 (as amended) Until the introduction of the Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations in 1997, (amended in 1999), all fire safety legislation was 'stable door' legislation resulting from fire tragedies. The Fire precautions (Workplace) Regulations was different in that it was introduced as a result of the European Council Health and Safety Directives, 89/391/EEC and 89/654/EEC, The guidance to this legislation 'The Employers Guide' makes special mention of historic buildings and the need for flexibility in providing fire safety measures. 1.3 The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations were amended by The Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations so that, in addition to the health and safety risk assessments, fire risk assessments are required. Fire risk assessments are required for all places of work, but they only need to be in writing if there are more than 5 employees. Fire authorities enforce this legislation, which is criminal law. The fire risk assessment should highlight any steps that are necessary to ensure the safety of employees and visitors. 1.4 The Licensing Acts There are various pieces of licensing legislation containing fire safety clauses, The Licensing act 1961 The Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1984 The Theatres Act. The Marriages Special Premises Regulations

The Miscellaneous Provisions Act covers places used for public entertainment and has comprehensive guidance in the form of ‘The Primrose Guide’, entitled ‘Guide to Fire Precautions in Existing Premises used for Public Entertainment and Like Uses’. This guide is often applied to theatres and other licensed premises in the absence of more specific guidance. The Licensing Officer of the Local Authority is responsible for most Licences, except Liquor Licences, which remain the responsibility of the Licensing Magistrates. The Licensing Officer and the Magistrates take the advice of the Fire Authority on fire related matters. 1.5 General Particular uses of premises, such as hotels, theatres, licensed premises, factories, care homes, places of public entertainment etc. attract different pieces of legislation. The guidance for the fire precautions in these premises tends to be prescriptive. Travel distances, levels of fire resistance, sizes of signs and the provision of emergency lighting and door furniture are all specified. Some premises might be subject to several pieces of legislation. For instance a large hotel would require a Fire Certificate under the Fire Precautions Act 1971, a liquor licence under the Licensing Act 1961, A public entertainment licence under the Miscellaneous Provisions Act and would also be required to undertake a fire risk assessment under the Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations. Although prescription makes it easier to design code compliant new buildings, it does not easily fit innovative designs, those incorporating atria, covered shopping malls and the use of historic buildings. There is a movement towards reforming all these pieces of fire safety legislation, so the more prescriptive solutions will soon be superseded by risk assessment or goal based approaches. This is to be welcomed, but it leaves us in a bit of a quandary. The obligation to ensure the safety of the occupants and the moral duty to protect the building from fire, whilst not to altering or damaging the historic fabric often gives rise to conflict. Faced with these conflicts, choosing the appropriate levels of fire protection can be confusing, so the starting point should be to ascertain the fire performance of the building by undertaking a fire risk assessment. 1.6 Regulatory reform Order (Fire Safety) 2005 This piece of legislation which is due in April 2006 will replace all existing fire safety legislation mentioned above and also those fire safety provisions enshrined in other legislation. It will apply to all premises except domestic premises and other places that are not buildings, such as ships, mines, trains etc. The legislation imposes a duty on the responsible person to take; • measures to reduce the risk of fire and its spread, • measures to ensure that the means of escape can be safely and effectively used • measures for fighting fires • measures for detecting and giving warning of fire

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measures in relation to the action to be taken in case of fire, i.e. instruction and training of employees and measures to mitigate the effects of fire. This may be construed as training for first aid fire fighting.

The responsible person will be the employer in places of work and either the occupier or owner in other cases. 2. Fire Risk Assessments Fire risk assessments are the key to striking a balance between the requirements for life safety, property protection and the necessity to retain the character of the historic building. Any assessment made should be thorough, so that the results are realistic, with no overkill or complacency. The following factors, which will give an indication of the fire performance of the building, should be looked at as part of the overall fire risk assessment. •

Access for fire appliances. This is particularly important in historic town centres, where the buildings may only have a narrow frontage and no side or rear access. Pedestrianisation and narrow streets may also restrict or slow down fire service activities. Access for fire appliances is often provided to pedestrianised areas, but may become more difficult with the later provision of street furniture, siting of street traders and the growth of trees. Remote rural locations with no road access will also make access difficult or impossible.

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The response time for the fire brigade. There are many factors, which will dictate how long it will take between the alarm being raised and the fire brigade arriving. These include The location of the nearest fire station, Traffic conditions, which may depend on the time of day. The route between the fire station and the property Whether the fire fighters are full time or retained The weather conditions

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Water supplies for fire fighting. Fire hydrants connected to the towns mains are the quickest method for the fire brigade to obtain water. However the mains should have sufficient pressure and flow at all times to supply enough water to tackle the largest fire that could occur in the building. Some water companies sometimes lower the water pressure at night to reduce leakage. The size of fire that could be expected will rely on all the factors looked at in the fire risk assessment. Open water supplies such as swimming pools, lakes, rivers or tanks could also be used instead of, or to supplement mains supplies, but will take longer to access.

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Potential for fire spread from adjoining premises The possibility of fire spread from adjacent properties is often found where there are concentrations of timber framed buildings, flying freeholds, reciprocal arrangements for means of escape, common roof voids or narrow streets.

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The height of the building. This has an effect on the means of escape and the way the fire can be tackled, so there may be a requirement for better protection to the stairs, particularly in single staircase buildings. High reach fire appliances, such as turntable

ladders and hydraulic platforms may be necessary for fire fighting in high buildings. These require more space and are heavier than other fire engines. The hard standing should be sufficiently load bearing and should be wide enough for the stabilising jacks to be used. The appliance needs to be to be far enough away from the building to operate. Overhead cables may prohibit the use of these appliances in some cases. •

The size of the building. The bigger the building the bigger the fire! Subdivision of the building into smaller fire compartments, particularly roof spaces should limit the potential loss in case of fire.

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The use of the building. Working processes may introduce ignition sources which could ignite adjacent combustibles if not carefully controlled. The use of highly flammables or large quantities of packaging will increase the fire load. If the building is being used for sleeping in there will be a longer response time before people react to a fire alarm. Where members of the public resort, they will be unfamiliar with their surroundings and may not heed the fire alarm if they are under the influence of alcohol or have paid for a meal. If there are rescues to be performed, this will be the priority for the fire brigade and may delay fire fighting, which may in turn jeopardise the fabric of the building.

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The fire loading in the building. The level of combustibles, their position in relation to other combustibles and the height of storage will all have a bearing on how fast a fire will spread. A jeweller's shop or china store will have far fewer combustibles than a newsagent or clothes shop, so the spread of fire will not be so rapid.

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The combustibility of the building. Timber framed, or thatched buildings are more at risk than ones built of stone or brick with roofs of tile or slate. Large section oak beams will be extremely difficult to ignite, but lightweight panelling and pugging in the form of shavings or sawdust found between joists will ignite readily.

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The existing fire resistance of the internal partitions and doors. This will give an indication of the likelihood of fire spreading from one part of the building to adjacent compartments and perhaps the whole building. The state of repair will have almost as much bearing on the fire resistance of the elements of construction as the type of construction.

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The existing fire resistance of the ceilings. The condition of the ceilings will play a major part in preventing fire spread from one floor to the next. The fire resistance of lath and plaster has often been stated as being less than 8 minutes. However this is not always the case as the fire test carried out in Chatham Row in Bath in the late 1960s showed that it could give up to 45 minutes.. It is the unpredictability of the performance that is of concern. Factors that can affect the fire resistance of lath and plaster ceilings are; The length of the fixings of the laths. The degree of corrosion the fixings have suffered. The size and spacing of the laths. The quality and thickness of the plaster. The skill of the plasterer. The current state of repair.

The Georgians seemed to be very concerned about this aspect of fire spread and conducted some of the earliest recorded fire tests in buildings. Their concern about the ceilings, whilst ignoring the fire spread from rooms to the staircase, may have been the result of their experiences of the effect of high ceilings on limiting the spread of fire. •

The ceiling height. The height of the ceiling has a dramatic effect on the spread of smoke and flames and if sufficiently high will considerably delay the moment when hot smoke starts to attack the doors. If the windows are higher than the tops of the doors, the heat from the fire could break the glass and allow the hot smoke and gases to vent, thus reducing the pressure and the severity of the fire's attack on the door.

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The existence of hidden voids. The existence of hidden voids is sometimes very difficult to ascertain, but original plans of the building may reveal where they can be found. The problem with these voids is that they form hidden paths for fire to spread unnoticed to parts of the building quite remote from the place of origin. The fact that the fire is hidden also makes it almost impossible to tackle without major dismantling of the building fabric.

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The surface spread of flame rating of walls and ceilings. This has an impact on the speed of growth of fire within compartments. Full height timber panels can give flames a path from low level to ceiling height, so encouraging rapid fire spread.

3. Improving the Fire Performance of the Building The property fire risk assessment assumes that a fire is inevitable and should give an indication of the potential damage this could cause. This will determine the degree of work required (if any) to bring the fire precautions up to a standard, which will ensure the survival of the building in case of fire. A list of solutions is shown in appendix B There may be a large choice of solutions available to improve the fire performance of a building, and when narrowing the choice, the following factors will need to be taken into account. •

What factors pose the biggest threats to the building when it is involved in fire?

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Can these threats be reduced to an acceptable level that does not involve any upgrading, such as reducing the fire load, or changing the use of the building.

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If improvements are necessary, are they reversible, sympathetic to the appearance of the building and avoid damage to the historic fabric?

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Will the improvements be effective? For instance, the provision of a fire alarm system, which is not monitored, will not provide any protection when the building is unoccupied.

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Will the improvements be affordable and if not is there a more cost effective alternative?

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Is the level of proposed improvements commensurate with the risk? The fire performance, for instance of a town centre brick built railway arch being used by a stonemason will be far better than a seven storey wooden working windmill three miles from the nearest road.

The railway arch may require no more work than the provision of a fire extinguisher, whilst the windmill would benefit from the installation of an automatic fire suppression system. 4. Building Works Where building works are taking place the additional hazards presented should be addressed. These include;•

Loss of fire separation caused by the removal of doors or repair of partitions or ceilings.

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Temporary isolation of fire detectors to avoid false alarms caused by dust.

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Additional fire loading caused by the temporary storage of building materials and packaging.

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Additional sources of ignition caused by temporary lighting, plumbing works, sparks from cutting gear, burning paint and lead burning. These ignition sources should be controlled by a system of Hot Work Permits, or better still banning hot work altogether.

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Poor water supplies because hydrants have been covered or have not yet been fitted.

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Poor access because of temporary hoarding or site huts.

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Fire precautions not yet in place.

It is often small works, such as decorating or plumbing, which cause the problems. These are sometimes sub-contracted to firms or individuals without proper safeguards in place.

6. FIRE SCIENCE 6.1 Triangle of Fire Fire is a chemical process, which needs three constituents to exist. These are; • • •

Fuel Oxygen (this may be contained in the fuel of oxidising agents) Heat or an ignition source.

These constituents must be present to sustain a fire and are known as the Fire Triangle. Diagram 1. Triangle of Fire

Removal of any one of these constituents will cause the fire to be extinguished, or prevent it from starting. 6.2 Fire Spread Fire can spread in three ways; • Conduction This occurs when heat travels through a solid material. Metals can transfer heat efficiently because they are good conductors, but wood and plastic are insulators, so heat transfer is restricted. • Radiation This is the transfer of heat by electro magnetic waves and does not require any medium between the heat source and the receiver. The further away from the heat source, the more the heat diminishes •

Convection Otherwise known as convective heat transfer, which is the exchange of heat between a gas or liquid and a solid. When a gas or liquid is heated it will expand, thus making it lighter because it is less dense. This in turn makes it rise. Convection is the main cause of fire and smoke spread in buildings.

6.3 Fire Growth • • • •

The rate of growth of a fire is dependent on a number of factors, which include; The amount of fuel and its relationship with adjacent sources of fuel. The position of the fuel within the room The amount of oxygen available The geometry of the room. When a fire occurs 80% of the heat generated rises in a plume of hot smoke and gases. The remaining 20% is radiated sideways, so unless the adjacent fuel is very close to the fire it is unlikely to spread by radiation. A very good method of fire prevention is to separate the fuel packages to prevent lateral fire spread. Diagram 2 Heat transfer from a Fire

80% Of Heat Rises 20% radiates sideways

The plume of hot smoke and gases entrains air as it rises to the ceiling, which has some cooling effect and also increases its bulk. When the plume of smoke reaches the ceiling it starts to spread out until it reaches the walls, where if it has cooled enough will sink towards the floor, obscuring signs, doors and other features.

Diagram 3. Cold Air Being Entrained in Hot Smoke Plume

Cool air

Cool air

As the smoke and hot fumes continue to rise to the ceiling, the smoke layer gets thicker and therefore closer to the fire. This reduces the amount of cooling air which can get entrained, so the smoke layer will get hotter. If the fire is located against a wall, the cooling air can only reach 50% of the plume, so the cooling effect is diminished. It is further diminished if the fire is in a corner of the room. If the cooling effect is diminished, the plume is hotter, causing the fire to be much more severe. There are now two heat sources in the room – the fire and the hot smoke and gases above the fire. As the hot smoke layer gets lower, heat is radiated down onto all the other combustibles in the room. This causes them to give off flammable gases, which rise and join the hot smoke. The smoke therefore becomes more and more flammable as these gases mix in. Eventually, if there is enough oxygen in the room, the smoke itself will catch fire together with all the remaining combustibles in the room. This is known as flashover. Diagram 4 Hot Smoke and Gases Radiating Heat Down

Hot Smoke and Gases

The fire will continue to burn until all the flammables have been consumed and if it has not spread to adjoining spaces will decay and burn out.

6.4 The Dangers of smoke • • •

Smoke is extremely dangerous because it burns (heat and acidity) is toxic reduces visibility

Smoke can also travel rapidly, particularly when hot, to places quite remote from the seat of the fire. Fire fighters always wear breathing apparatus in smoky conditions so people should not expose themselves to smoky atmospheres. Remember, there is invariable fresh air at floor level, so if it is necessary to ecape from a smoke filled area, get on your hands and knees!

SMOKE GOES UP

SO WE SHOULD GO DOWN. Diagram 5. What to do if caught in Smoke

7. Basic Fire Precautions 7.1 Causes of Fire • • • • • • • •

An act or, omission on the part of somebody causes most fires, the most frequent being: Careless use or disposal of smoking material. Hot work (careless use of soldering, welding equipment, or blowlamps igniting adjacent combustibles). Faulty or damaged electrical equipment. Overloading of electrical circuits and use of extension leads and adapters. The use of naked flames, such as candles and open fires. Misuse of equipment, such as drying clothes on portable heaters. Deliberate ignition (arson) Cooking (overheating of cooking oil or fat, dirty grill pans).

Where death and injuries are suffered in the home, there is often a contributory factor, that of incapacity through the use of alcohol or drugs. 7.2 Housekeeping Poor housekeeping can not only lead to fires being caused, but can help their rapid spread. Some examples of poor housekeeping are: • • • • • • •

Storage of goods in circulation areas, rather than in designated stores. The excess storage of flammable liquids or storage in unsuitable containers. The accumulation of rubbish in unsuitable areas. Smoking in unauthorised areas. Inadequate maintenance of plant and equipment, such as boilers, heaters etc. Accumulation of fluff on extractor fans, or grease on extract ductwork. Excessive paperwork piled high on desktops and the floor.

7.3 Compartmentation Compartmentation is the division of a building, by fire resisting walls, partitions and ceilings into separate fire compartments. This is to limit the size of fire and to stop it spreading from one part of the building to another, or into staircases and other exit routes. Doors in compartment walls should be fire resisting and self-closing and should not be propped or wedged open. They should self-close effectively to sit squarely within the frames. Any excessive gaps caused by warping or dropping of the hinges should be reported for remedial action. Holes in compartment walls or ceilings, formed for the passage of cables or pipes should be fire stopped, i.e. the hole should be sealed with mineral wool, or other fire resisting material. 7.4 Means of Escape There should be sufficient escape routes or doors from every area for the number of persons who resort to that area to escape, before they are trapped or injured by fire or smoke. It is essential that escape routes are kept clear of obstructions such as storage, or furniture, which could hinder persons escaping. Exit doors should either be unlocked, or should be fastened only with a locking device, which can be easily undone from the inside in case of emergency. 8. Fire alarm and detection systems Fire alarm systems can be installed to provide property protection or for life safety, both of which should be installed to comply with BS5939 Part 1 2002. When the premises are unoccupied it is important that a system exists to transmit the fire alarm signal to the fire brigade. The normal method of providing this facility is to route any fire alarm actuation to a central monitoring station, who can call out the fire brigade, or if required verify that it is a genuine call.

8.1 Siting and choice of detectors Point Detectors The siting of point smoke detectors, particularly where there are ornate ceilings, often leads to conflict. The ideal position for detectors is as detailed in the British Standard, as central as possible. To satisfy aesthetics they are often placed close to the wall above the door, so that they cannot be seen when entering the room. Recent smoke testing in a variety of premises has shown that natural air currents influence the movement of smoke, in the early stages of a fire, as much as the convection currents set up by the fire. Doorways and windows often provide these air currents which very effectively keep the smoke away from the detectors, rendering them useless. Detectors that are recessed, or placed above holes in the ceilings, or hidden behind beams and lights are also ineffective. Beam Detectors In large rooms with ornate ceilings the use of beam detectors could be considered. These detectors have a transmitter and receiver and work when the beam is interrupted by smoke. The beam is not very wide, so the chances of smoke interrupting it on the way up are not good. It should therefore be located as near to the ceiling as possible, so when the smoke spreads out it will actuate. The lower the beam is located the longer it will take for the smoke layer to fill down to it. Aspirating systems These systems are also known as air sampling systems that only require a small sampling tube to be inserted through the ceiling, so in terms of aesthetics they seem ideal. They either have a central sampling point, so that air from all the rooms covered is drawn along tubes to it, or there are a number of local sampling points connected to fewer sampling tubes. There are a few points to bear in mind, • • • •

The size of the tubes may make it difficult to fit without lifting floorboards above. There needs to be a large enough space for the sampling chamber, which should be conveniently located to avoid long pipe runs. The noise of the fan, which is running continuously, may be obtrusive in certain situations. The running costs, which includes replacement filters and power to the fan should be taken into account.

Video Detection Video detection is ideal for very large spaces such as churches or large halls where the smoke would cool and stop rising before it reaches conventional detectors sited at ceiling height. Fixed video cameras are linked to a computer, which is programmed to recognise the movement of smoke and raise the alarm. The expense can be offset by the fact that fewer cameras are needed than with a conventional detection system and the system can incorporate some security features. If the premises are smoke-logged when the fire brigade arrive, they can rewind the tape to find the origin of the fire to make fire-fighting more effective.

Infra Red Video Smoke Detection This is a completely new way of detecting smoke using a video camera which recognises smoke scatter of a laser beam. The camera looks at the length of the beam and can pinpoint where the smoke is scattering the light from the beam and give it an address. The light source does not shine directly at the camera, so it can be located at the either end of the space and does need to be focussed at the camera. The beam can be up to 200 metres in length, so would be suitable for long corridors and large spaces such as churches or cathedrals.

The camera sees more of the beam further away, as just as much light enters the camera lens from the far end as from the nearest point. The camera is screened and filtered and the light source is pulsed in time with the camera to avoid false alarms. If the beam is broken by a passing object it will not go into full alarm as the break does not scatter the light as if was smoke. The system can be programmed to either go into fault mode or if the break is momentary, it can be ignored. The most important development is the detection possibilities across a vertical or horizontal plane. This would enable total coverage across a cathedral or up the sides of an atrium. The detection across a vertical or horizontal plane would be achieved by the movement of the beam to scan the whole space

If there are lines of pillars which would create shadows, additional equipment would be required to cover the spaces between them. The laser beam could be moved vertically rather than horizontally, although the movement of people could be a problem. The space could be intersected by a number of vertical and horizontal planes of detection, each with its own camera. The vertical detection planes could be switched off whenever people are present, leaving the horizontal detection planes.

Advantages • • • • •

Large spaces which are too high for point detectors could be covered by a horizontal plane, which can be positioned low enough to overcome the problem of smoke stratification. The system can be addressable The cameras and light sources can be smaller than a mobile phone, thus making them unobtrusive The cameras and light sources are low energy so that battery power can be used for long periods during mains failure. There is a rapid response when smoke is detected.

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False alarms from interrupted beams are eliminated. The beam does not go out of focus as it does not shine into the camera or into a reflector. The camera and light source can be positioned together so that electricity is only required at one end of the space being covered.

Disadvantages • • • •

There is currently no provision within BS5839 for this type of detection. The product is not yet in production. The cost of the system is not yet known. The movement of the infra red beam where it shines on walls etc could be a distraction in low light levels.

Conclusion This new detection system seems to provide a solution for spaces where smoke stratification makes positioning of point or aspirating systems difficult and beam detectors do not provide adequate coverage. Trials should show just how effective this system will be.

8.2 Voice Alarms The ‘voice alarms’ fitted in some properties have a proven record of cutting down the time from actuation, to people responding (the response time). This can cut the total evacuation time, which may allow some leeway in other fire safety provisions. 9. Emergency Lighting Emergency lighting conforming to BS5266 part 1 1999 should be provided in those buildings where there is no natural light or where they are used in the hours of darkness. These lights are normally powered by battery packs and only illuminate upon mains or local lighting subcircuit failure. They do not operate when the fire alarm sounds. The red neon tell-tale lights show that the batteries are being charged by the mains electricity. Where there are ornate ceilings or fine rooms and ceiling mounted emergency lights would be out of place, consideration should be given to low level emergency lights. These could be mounted at skirting level or under shelves and other fixtures. Where there are likely to be crowds of people the efficiency of the lights could be affected by the shadows cast. In this case a combination of low and medium height lights should be considered. Standard lamps could have battery packs fitted to enable them to be used as emergency lights. However where they are connected to power circuits, they would have to be connected to fused spurs to prevent them being switched off. (They should normally operate on local lighting sub-circuit failure). 10. Fire Fighting Equipment Fire fighting equipment, in the form of extinguishers or hosereels should be provided in all historic properties. The type of equipment provided should reflect the potential fire risk for each area. The fire extinguishers should be provided on the exit routes from each area, so that if it is necessary to use one, the operator is moving towards safety. When picking up the extinguisher, a decision can be made that if there is too great a risk involved in fighting the fire, there is an adjacent exit route.

Training in the use of fire fighting equipment should be given to all staff who are expected to use it. It is thought that an extinguisher in the hands of a trained person can extinguish a fire four times the size of one that can be extinguished by an untrained person.

11. Signs and Notices 11.1 Exit Signs Fire exit signs and directional signs with pictograms should provided, where necessary, to indicate the exits. They should be large enough to be clearly seen from the furthest viewing distances (this also means that they can be small enough not to be obtrusive). The signs should be in the colours detailed in the ‘Health and Safety (Signs and Signals) Regulations’. They are best sited above the exit doors, but could be hung by chains from the ceiling or brackets where they would spoil ornate architraves. Internally illuminated exit signs are only required in licensed premises, or where the normal lighting is dimmed, e.g. Cinemas, theatres, and nightclubs. 11.2 Fire Procedure Notices Notices detailing the actions to be taken in case of fire should be provided adjacent to the fire alarm break-glass call points. An example of a fire procedure notice is shown in appendix A. 11.3 Fire Point Notices Fire point notices are only required where fire-fighting equipment is hidden behind partitions, or in cupboards. If the equipment is visible a notice is not necessary to show that it is there! 11.4 Fire door notices Blue disc signs stating ‘Fire door keep shut’ are affixed to self-closing doors. Where there are particularly ornate doors, these notices may be fitted to the leading edge and in the frame of the door, where they will only be seen when the door is open. Notices stating ‘Fire door keep locked shut’ are affixed to doors such as cupboards or boiler rooms, which are fitted with locks rather than self-closing devices.

Counter Disaster Planning In Historic Buildings The definition of 'disaster' is the subject of continued debate, with one side considering a small leak of water dripping onto a priceless painting a disaster, while others would consider it just an 'incident'. There is no reason why the risk assessment used for counter disaster planning should not embrace these types of incident, it just means that the response does not need be so involved.

Disaster Planning assumes that a disaster is unavoidable, which is a sensible assumption as it gives urgency to putting a workable plan in place 'just in case'. This plan should detail the contingencies to cope with most situations. However the fact that a disaster has occurred should be regarded as a failure of preventative measures. Counter Disaster Planning Prevention is obviously better than cure and in terms of disaster is commonly known as Counter Disaster Planning. A counter disaster plan varies in its scope and detail according to the size and complexity of the premises. In large premises, museums, art galleries and houses containing collections it should be a comprehensive manual covering everything including • • • • • • • •

routine preventative housekeeping action, fire safety measures risk assessments, emergency procedures, contact and facilities lists Prioritised salvage plan Managing a salvage squad. Business continuity planning

Compiling the Plan Site staff and management will be the best people to compile a manual, as they will already have an idea of the hazards and threats to the building and the value of its contents. They will know that the hidden valley on the roof will leak after a snowstorm, or leaves will block the gullies in the autumn. They will also know where the concentrations of combustibles are kept and when too much stationery is delivered and where it is stored temporarily. The advantage of producing an in-house plan is that it can easily be updated. In fact it should be continuously reviewed, perhaps quarterly or when new collections arrive, so that it is never 'signed ' off and filed. The plan should be easy to understand and should be accessible to any authorised person who needs to use it. The sections devoted to emergency actions such as contact lists, salvage priorities etc may need to be read in adverse conditions, so should be in large print and preferably encapsulated so that they are readable when they get wet. Diagrams, plans and pictures are a concise way to convey messages. Threats to Consider Fire and flood are probably the two biggest threats, but security should not be forgotten, both as a preventative measure and during salvage operations.

Security The probability of arson attacks can be reduced with good security measures, but the difficulties of removing secure objects and the movement and storage of valuables during salvage operations need consideration.

The security of the salvage priority list and the information it contains should also be considered because it also needs to be accessible in emergencies.

Fire Risks Museums and art galleries do not seem to be high fire risk premises, with a very low fire loading, few ignition sources, high ceilings and large open spaces with a high level of supervision. Many of these public buildings are Georgian or Victorian and have grand public spaces, but often hidden away in the basements and upper floors are smaller rooms used for a variety of purposes, including offices, workshops, archives, kitchens boiler rooms and storage areas. It is in these areas that the real dangers lie; •

The highest concentrations of combustibles are kept here.

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More ignition sources are found in these areas than the public rooms.

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The ceilings are lower which will hasten the spread of fire.

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Housekeeping is often less vigorous in these areas because they are out of the public eye.

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Valuable collections are often stored here when not on public view.

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These areas are more likely to have had holes made in fire resisting walls, for the passage of services.

•

Roof spaces are often used for the storage of combustibles and together with the roof timbers provide fuel for a serious fire, which would be almost impossible to tackle successfully. Fire fighting water is prevented from being applied from the outside because the roof is designed to keep water out and internal access is usually restricted. Even if access is made, the conditions inside the roof space could be extremely hazardous because of the lack of ventilation. Many of the large fires witnessed in historic buildings have only involved the lower floors after the roofs have collapsed.

•

Hidden voids can lead to unseen fire spread to areas remote from the origin of the fire and a fire in these spaces is extremely difficult to fight.

•

The upper floors are more difficult to access to fight fires and hose may need to be laid up stairs and along corridors. This will lead to delays before a fire can be tackled.

The basement is often very difficult for fire fighters to access because they may need to fight their way through the heat layer to tackle a fire and subsequent ventilation is not always easy.

Flooding Disaster Sources of flooding

All possible sources of flooding should be considered, including burst pipes, tidal surges, riverbanks bursting, and runoff from hillsides during rainstorms or melting snow. After discounting the events that are impossible, the volume of water that could be expected from any of the remaining sources should be estimated. As with the 'Building fire performance evaluation methodology', the time from the start of the flooding to discovery together with the volume and the likely course that the water takes will determine the damage caused. Local flooding The position of stopcocks should of course be noted on the plan. However the route of water pipes, position of tanks, cisterns, ball cocks, valves, hosereels and overflow pipes can give an indication of where local flooding could occur. The Rembrant would be better sited if it were not directly below the bathroom! If the Rembrant is in the best place, it might be prudent to move the bathroom. Natural Flooding Where there is the possibility of flooding from natural causes such as water run-off or rivers rising, it would be worthwhile looking at the reasons that it is not occurring regularly. This may be because of efficient road drainage or the edge of the basement area has a raised course of bricks around it. Now we need to look at what would happen if the drain becomes blocked or the river rises an extra 6 inches. If these eventualities result in the flooding of the basement, would it constitute a disaster? It may be that simply moving the picture store to a higher floor may alleviate the problem.

Salvage Plan A salvage plan, which is part of the counter disaster manual, should be drawn up. This plan should identify • • • • • •

The personnel responsible for salvage operations, including the Salvage officer and their deputy. Training of the salvage teams. Salvage priorities. Salvage procedures. Emergency first aid conservation Further treatment procedures.

Salvage Priorities (Snatch Lists) These salvage lists are best in the form of photographs of the items to be rescued, their position in the room and building and any special measures needed to remove them. This may be the manual handling requirements, removal techniques, equipment required and order of priority. Value of the exhibits should not be included for security reasons. If a room is completely filled with items of similar value, it is still worth sorting them into an order of removal. This could perhaps be by order of rarity, importance, ownership, or simply ease of removal rather than simply giving them all a priority 1 rating.

Contact Lists One of the most difficult items in the plan to keep up to date is the contact lists, both for management teams, members of salvage teams and equipment suppliers. A worthwhile exercise is to occasionally try and contact people on the lists at different times of the day, in the evenings, at weekends and other unusual times to see if the existing method of making contact is still efficient. Incident Reporting Learning from experience is a very useful tool. All incidents even if they are relatively minor should be reported to management, so that a record can be made of their nature, size and potential threat. These reports can then be used to take action before the incident is repeated, which could be more serious the second time around. 12. Fire Safety Management The management of fire safety relies on the establishment of a written fire safety policy, which should specify the person who is responsible for fire safety matters, the 'Fire Manager'. The fire manager should be in a senior management position, so that his voice is heard at the highest level in the organisation. Staff should also be nominated to help implement any fire safety measures. There is a requirement for this nomination, contained in the Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations, which states:•

4. (2) An employer shall, where necessary in order to safeguard the safety of his employees in case of fire(a) take measures for fire fighting in the workplace, adapted to the nature of the activities carried on there and the size of his undertaking and of the workplace concerned and taking into account persons other than his employees who may be present. (b) nominate employees to implement those measures and ensure that thenumber of such employees, their training and the equipment available to them are adequate, taking into account the size of, and the specific hazards involved in, the workplace concerned.

The fire safety provisions, in terms of equipment and fixtures within any premises are only as good as the operating procedures and management. The following checks can ensure preparedness, if a fire does occur. 12.1 Daily Checks The following provisions should be checked every day, where there are members of the public this should be done before they are admitted :• • •

Fire exit doors should be checked to ensure that they are unlocked. Fire exit routes should be checked to ensure they are free from obstructions. Fire resisting doors should be checked to ensure that they are not wedged or propped open.

• •

The fire alarm panel should be checked to ensure that it is operating correctly. Extinguishers and fire blankets should be checked that they are in place and not obstructed.

12.2 Weekly checks The following checks should be made weekly in addition to the daily checks. A record should be kept in a logbook of those provisions marked with an asterix. • • •

The fire alarm system should be checked, by operating one call point with a test key and ensuring that the nearest sounders operate correctly.* Extinguishers should be checked to ensure that the tamper tags are in place and the operating pressure, where shown, is in the ‘green zone’ Signs and Notices should be checked to ensure that they are in place, legible and not obstructed.

12.3 Monthly Checks The following checks should be made in addition to the weekly and daily checks. A record should be kept in a logbook of those checks marked with an asterix. • • •

Emergency lighting points should be checked with a test key, to simulate mains failure, long enough to ensure illumination. * Fire resisting doors should be checked to ensure that they self-close fully and squarely within their frames. Fire exit doors should be checked to ensure ease of opening.

12.4 Quarterly Checks The following checks should be made in addition to the monthly, weekly and daily checks. A record should be kept in a logbook of those checks marked with an asterix. • Fire exit routes should be checked to ensure that they are in good condition, without trip or slip hazards. 12.5 Six Monthly checks The following checks should be made in addition to the quarterly, monthly, weekly and daily checks. A record should be kept in a logbook of those checks marked with an asterix. • •

*The emergency lighting points should be tested for one third of their full duration by simulating a power failure with a test key. *The smoke and heat detectors should be tested to ensure correct operation by a competent contractor.

12.6 Annual Checks The following checks should be made in addition to the six monthly, quarterly, monthly, weekly and daily checks. A record should be kept in a logbook of those checks marked with an asterix.

• • • •

An unannounced full evacuation, involving as many staff and visitors as possible should be undertaken.* The fire alarm system should be serviced by a competent contractor.* All fire wardens should receive training in evacuation procedures and in the use of fire extinguishers.* The fire extinguishers should receive a maintenance check by a competent contractor.*

12.7 Fire Drills A fire drill should be carried out at least once a year and more often if there is a high turnover of staff. This drill should be made as realistic as possible, within the limits of the health and safety of staff and visitors. This may be achieved by barring one of the escape routes, preferably the normal way in and out, so that alternative escape routes become familiar. The whole fire procedure should be followed whenever possible, from the raising of the alarm, checking the relevant areas, calling the fire brigade a (check with them first), using a fire extinguisher and carrying out a roll call of wardens. 12.8 Log Book A logbook should be available in every roofed property for the recording of all the tests and maintenance inspections, drills, training and visits by fire officers and advisers. This will ensure that any deficiencies are recorded and can then be rectified, it will highlight any repeated or continuing faults and will confirm, to any enforcing authority that all the fire safety management responsibilities are being carried out correctly. 13 Fire Wardens 13.1Duties in the Event of a Fire Fire wardens are not expected to risk life and limb fighting fires. Their primary function is to have an area for which they are responsible for evacuating and to report to the fire controller that it is clear. There is a predetermined order in which actions should be carried out, in case of fire, and this should be reflected in the fire procedure notices, which are provided in each property (Appendix 2). There are two scenarios, the first being the discovery of a fire and the second being alerted to a fire by the fire alarm system. Upon discovering a fire the first action must always be to raise the alarm. This ensures that • other occupants are warned that there is a fire, • evacuation can take place, • the fire brigade can be called and help is summoned. The fire wardens should clear their area and only when the evacuation has been initiated, and if the fire is small enough not to be a danger, should it be tackled. See Paragraph 6 for first aid fire fighting. Upon Hearing the Fire Alarm, the action is to evacuate the building by the nearest exit route, without using lifts, and to report to the assembly point. The fire wardens should check their designated areas including toilets etc, and report to the fire controller that it is clear.

Duties During Fire Drills Fire drills are carried out to test procedures and to familiarise occupants with them and the exit routes. It follows that the fire wardens may not always be informed that it is a drill. On some occasions the fire wardens may be needed to help in the simulation of a blocked exit and to shepherd the occupants in their area to a particular exit route. When their area has been checked the fire wardens should report to the fire controller that their areas are clear. 13.2 Checking of Fire Safety Provisions The fire wardens are not necessarily responsible for the routine checks and recording of the fire safety provisions as outlined in paragraphs 4.1-4.8. However, by being aware of these issues, any defects that are noticed can be reported to the responsible person to ensure early rectification. These include • • • • • • •

locked or obstructed exit doors fire doors being wedged open or warped, extinguishers missing, obstructed or tampered with, obstructed exit routes, exit or other signs missing, obstructed or illegible, emergency lighting points with red ‘tell tale’ lights out, poor housekeeping, accumulations of rubbish etc.

14 First Aid fire fighting 14.1 Selection and Use of Fire Fighting Equipment. The correct extinguisher should be used for the different types of fire as shown on the following chart. All new extinguishers are coloured red, the existing ones being colour coded as shown on the right. Time should be taken to read the instructions to ensure that the extinguisher is suitable for the type of fire being fought They are rated for the size and type of fire which can be successfully tackled.

Sympathetic Solutions To be Completed

Appendix A

FIRE PRECAUTIONS (WORKPLACE REGULATIONS) 1997 (AS AMENDED) MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK REGULATIONS 2000 FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR :Address of Workplace :

Occupiers :

Name and Title of Employer / Relevant Person Undertaking the Risk Assessment Date of Assessment :

Next Assessment Due : or if changes occur

Fire Risk Assessment It is a requirement of the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 that a Fire Risk Assessment is made. This assessment should identify the measures needed to comply with Part 2 of the Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997 (as amended), which seek to safeguard the safety of employees and other persons who may be affected in case of fire. The assessment should be undertaken by the employer in every workplace, which is to any extent under his control. When the employer does not control the workplace, the person who has this responsibility or obligation in relation to the repair, maintenance or safety should undertake the assessment. The Fire risk assessment need only be recorded where there are 5 or more employees. It may be helpful to involve them when making the assessment and they should be informed of the results. In smaller workplaces, even though it is not a legal requirement to record the assessment, the methodical approach detailed below should ensure that all the hazards are identified. English Heritage has adopted the policy of recording all their risk assessments. The Fire Risk Assessment should be reviewed if there is a reason to suspect that it is no longer valid, or if there has been a significant change in the matters to which it relates. Further guidance is contained in the booklet ‘Fire Safety an Employers Guide’ obtainable from The Stationery Office. It should be noted that this method of Risk Assessment is only one of many methods.

ITEM SOURCES OF IGNITION

ELECTRIC WIRING

ELECTRICAL APPARATUS

COOKING EQUIPMENT HEATERS & BOILERS

MANAGEMENT OF RISK SATISFACTORY CONDITION YES

NO

DON’T KNOW

PROPOSED ACTION AGAINST NO OR DON’T KNOW

CHECK FOR

Approximate date of installation. Last test by electrician. Look for trailing cables, overloaded sockets, damage to cables, scorched cracked or loose sockets / switches. Fuseboard / circuit breakers in good condition and correctly labelled.

Checked annually by competent person. Labelled to show date of last test. Correct fuse ratings. Cables correct length and in good condition. Appliances in good condition.

Cleanliness. Thermostats operating correctly. Employees trained in the safe use of equipment.

(Fixed and portable)

Kept clear of combustibles. Guarded if necessary. Adequate ventilation. Fixed in place if portable. Serviced in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.

BOILER ROOMS

Free from unauthorised storage. Boiler serviced in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Adequate ventilation. Door locked to prevent tampering.

SMOKING MATERIALS

WORKING PROCESSES

ARSON

Dose smoking pose a risk? Consider no smoking policy or designated smoking area. Provision of ashtrays and regular emptying into safe container. Safe working practices adopted. Employees competent and aware of hazards. COSHH regulations observed. Careful use of heat. Precautions taken to minimise Static discharges Security when closed. Proximity of externally stored material to windows, doors and eaves. Stock kept away from letter boxes Awareness of potential for targeting by arsonists

ITEM SOURCES OF IGNITION

MANAGEMENT OF RISK SATISFACTORY CONDITION YES NO DON’T

PROPOSED ACTION AGAINST NO OR DON’T KNOW

CHECK FOR

KNOW Adequate maintenance.

OTHER SOURCES e.g. WELDING

Kept away from combustibles. Carefully controlled by Hot Work Permit if necessary.

SOLDERING LIGHTS NAKED FLAMES CANDLES etc.

Check before closing for complete extinguishment.

COMBUSTIBLES Used safely and stored away from sources of ignition. Kept to the minimum practicable. Not stored in gangways, corridors or stairways. Not obstructing exit doors, extinguishers, safety signs or equipment

STOCK

Collected frequently. Removed from workplace. Kept away from sources of ignition. Check for compliance with the Furniture and Furnishing (fire safety) Regulations. Exits, gangways and safety signs and equipment not obstructed.

RUBBISH

FURNITURE AND FITTINGS HIGHLY FLAMMABLES

Kept to the minimum practicable. Stored away from workplace or in fire resisting store. Used safely in processes. Correctly labelled containers. No smoking signs.

EXPLOSIVES

Kept in approved store. Registered or licensed. Labelled correctly. No smoking signs

PEOPLE AT RISK

HIGH RISK AREAS N/A

Hazards creating a high level of risk should be reduced. Persons in these areas should be aware of hazards and action to take for their safety and safety of others. Adequate means of escape and signage provided. Detection and warning in case of fire provided. Suitable fire fighting equipment provided, with persons trained in its use.

ITEM PEOPLE AT RISK

MANAGEMENT OF RISK SATISFACTORY CONDITION YES NO DON’T

PROPOSED ACTION AGAINST NO OR DON’T KNOW

CHECK FOR

KNOW Adequate means of escape. Lighting & signage provided. Detection & warning systems. Suitable fire fighting equipment. Special consideration for evacuating disabled persons. Regular testing of safety equipment. e.g. fire alarm, emergency lighting, extinguishers etc. Staff training. Maintenance & training recorded in a logbook.

GENERAL AREAS

STRUCTURAL FEATURES DUCTS, FLUES, OPENINGS IN FLOORS & WALLS

Features may affect escape routes, so reduce fire spread potential by reducing the amount of combustibles. Consider compartmentation. Ensure adequate means of escape

COMBUSTIBLE

WALL & CEILING LININGS

EXIT ROUTES

EXIT DOORS

FIRE RESISTING DOORS

Consider reducing combustibility by removal or treatment.

Adequate width for numbers of people expected to use them. Uniform width throughout length of escape route. Kept clear of all combustibles and obstructions.

Easily opened from inside without the use of a key. Open outwards if more than 60 people will use them in an emergency, or if from a high-risk area.

Self close effectively onto the stops and fit squarely in the frames. Not propped or wedged open. Indicated with signs stating ‘Fire Door Keep Shut’ Smoke seals and intumescent strips in good condition.

Fire Safety in Historic Buildings Measures Provided

Protection Afforded

Advantages

Disadvantages

Suitable For Historic buildings with very low fire loading where fire detection is not required for life safety or property protection, but where a means of warning is required because the whole building cannot be seen by occupiers. Historic buildings with low fire loading and low to medium value of contents/ artefacts, where fire detection is required for life safety or property protection. Detectors should be sited sensitively, but in positions where they are most effective. Historic buildings with medium to high fire loading and medium to high value of contents/ artefacts, where fire detection is required for life safety or property protection. Detectors should be sited sensitively, but in positions where they are most effective. Historic buildings with medium to high fire loading and medium to high value of contents/ artefacts, where fire detection is required for life safety or property protection. Detectors should be sited sensitively, but in positions where they are most effective. Historic buildings with medium to high fire loading and medium to very high value of contents/ artefacts, where fire detection is required for life safety and/or property protection, but ceilings are too ornate to spoil with conventional detectors.

Fire alarm system conforming to BS5839 Part 1 Type M (Manual)

Life safety system only with no property protection, particularly when premises are unoccupied

No false alarms Occupiers discovering a fire can warn others

Relies on people being present and capable of discovering a fire in its early stages

Conventional zoned fire alarm & detection system to BS 5839 Part 1 Type L or P 1, 2 or 3

Early warning for life safety or property protection, but relies on occupiers or fire brigade to extinguish the fire.

Early warning of fire to occupants during working hours. Out of hours detection of fire. Calls out fire brigade if linked to monitoring station

Relies on occupants being able to tackle the fire in its early stages. If linked to central monitoring station or autodialler, the time taken for the nearest fire brigade to attend will be crucial

Addressable fire alarm system to BS5839 part 1 Type L or P1, 2, or 3

Early warning for life safety or property protection, but relies on occupiers or fire brigade to extinguish fire.

As Conventional plus:Easier to locate fire because each detector has an ‘address’

Multi-sensors in an addressable fire alarm system to BS 5839 part 1 Type L or P 1, 2, or 3

Early warning for life safety or property protection, but relies on occupiers or fire brigade to extinguish fire.

As Conventional plus:Reduction in false alarms as each detector can be programmed for sensitivity of each element of detector.

As Conventional plus:even more expensive

Air sampling smoke detection system to

Early warning for life safety or property protection, but relies on occupiers or fire brigade to extinguish fire.

As Addressable plus:Detection is carried out remotely, so ornate ceilings only have small holes for sampling tubes. Very sensitive.

As Addressable plus:Pipes are bulkier than the cables found in conventional detection systems. Expensive to buy, run and maintain.

BS 5839 part 1 Type L or P 1, 2, or 3

As Conventional plus:more expensive

Measures Provided

Protection Afforded

Advantages

Radio linked fire alarm and detection system to BS 5839 part 1 Type L or P 1, 2, or 3

Early warning for life safety or property protection, but relies on occupiers or fire brigade to extinguish fire.

As Addressable plus:Easy to install with no intervention as no wiring is required. Detectors can be added after the system has been fitted to spread the cost. Can serve several buildings on one site.

Carbon Dioxide Detectors in Fire alarm System

Early warning for life safety or property protection but relies on occupiers or fire brigade to extinguish fire.

Avoids false alarms due to steam and cigarette smoke. Not able to detect flaming fires where little CO is produced

Beam Detectors in fire alarm system to BS5839 Part 1 1988 Type L or P1,2 or 3

Early warning for life safety or property protection but relies on occupiers or fire brigade to extinguish fire.

Ideal for large spaces, avoids spoiling ornate ceilings with point detectors

Video smoke detection system linked to fire alarm system

Early warning for life safety or property protection but relies on occupiers or fire brigade to extinguish fire.

Fire alarm system with Voice Sounders to BS 5839 Part 1 1988 Type L or P 1,2 or 3

Helps achieve a quicker response, cutting the evacuation time

Ideal for large spaces where the ceiling is too high for smoke to reach conventionally sited detectors. Can also be used for some aspects of security Messages can be programmed in to suit the building and its use, so can be used as part of a fire engineering strategy.

Disadvantages As Addressable plus:Careful radio signal survey required. Batteries require changing (battery life is getting longer with new generations) The devices are larger than conventional because of radio bases The indicator panel is expensive Sensors have limited life, so detectors need changing regularly. Sensitivity is not yet proven as CO can diffuse away from the origin of the fire. Prone to false alarms from aerosols. Can be sensitive to false alarms caused by dust, birds or other interruptions to the beam. More than one set of beams may be required to give full coverage.

Initial costs are high, but running costs are reasonable, if the system is connected to a conventional fire alarm system rather than being actively monitored. More speakers are required than in a conventional sounder system to achieve clarity. Speakers tend to be larger than conventional sounders.

Suitable For Historic buildings with medium to high fire loading and medium to very high value of contents/ artefacts, where fire detection is required for life safety and/or property protection. Useful where there are few cable runs and surface mounted cables cannot be used for aesthetic reasons.

Not yet proven as a reliable detector for use in the historic enviroment.

Historic buildings with medium to high fire loading and medium to very high value of contents/ artefacts, where fire detection is required for life safety and/or property protection. Useful where there are large spaces, which would otherwise require numerous point detectors, to give full coverage. Cathedrals, churches, museums and other historic buildings with medium to very high value of contents/ artefacts, where fire detection is required for life safety and/or property protection. All historic buildings, but ideal for those open to the public, those where there is a sleeping risk and where a quick response time is needed.

Measures Provided

Protection Afforded

Advantages

Disadvantages

Suitable For Ideal for use in historic building to reduce the fire risks in specific areas or as part of a fire engineering solution to provide protection where there would otherwise be undue interference to the fabric. Ideal for use in historic buildings to reduce the fire risks where there is a high fire loading, or where the fire brigade cannot make a rapid attendance. Can be used as part of a fire engineering solution. Ideal in historic buildings with residential use to reduce the fire risks. Can be used as part of a fire engineering solution to provide protection without undue interference to the fabric. Ideal for historic buildings containing high value artefacts as the possibility of water damage is considerably less than with a conventional sprinkler system. Ideal for use in historic building to reduce the fire risks in specific high risk areas or as part of a fire engineering solution to provide protection without undue interference to the fabric. Historic buildings with medium to very high value of contents/ artefacts, also where there is a life or sleeping risk.

Localised sprinkler protection to BS5306 part 2

Will control or extinguish fire in area covered to save life or property, elsewhere.

Will control fire in the early stages so preventing loss and damage. Does not rely on the occupier or brigade to react. Can be used as part of a fire engineering solution

Does not provide protection from a fully developed fire from an adjoining area, which does not have the benefit of sprinklers, so good compartmentation is required

Full sprinkler protection to BS5306 part 2 and LPC rules

Will control or extinguish fire wherever it occurs to save life or property.

Heavy-duty pipework required, installation of which may damage historic fabric. Additional water supply may be needed.

Domestic sprinkler system to DD251 2000 and BS5306 part 2

Will control or extinguish fire wherever it occurs to save life or property.

Water mist system

Will extinguish all types of fire quickly with minimal water damage.

Will control fire in the early stages so preventing loss and damage. Does not rely on the occupier or brigade to react. Can be used as a compensating feature to allow relaxation in other areas As full sprinkler plus: Pipework can be lighter duty making it easier to install, with less intervention into the fabric. Part installation for engineered solutions allowable within DD251 As full sprinkler plus: Small-bore pipes can be used. Works by diffusion so sheltered fires can be extinguished

Gaseous extinguishing system

Will control or extinguish fire in areas covered

No damage caused to fabric when discharged. Installation fairly unobtrusive.

Plenty of storage required for fairly large cylinders. Very expensive to install & recharge. High maintenance costs. Limited coverage.

Upgrading of partitions, ceilings or doors to achieve higher levels of fire resistance

Contains fire to one compartment until it is either tackled or burns out. Allows extended escape time and protection to artefacts.

Simple, robust and improves the performance of the building when involved in fire.

Changes to the historic fabric could be needed, which may be unacceptable.

Only suitable for residential properties.

Some systems developed for offshore use, so not currently tested to any British Standard. Space to store 'extinguishers' or tank & pump will be needed.

Measures Provided

Protection Afforded

Advantages

Lobby protection to stairs

Protects staircase from the effects of heat and smoke to allow escape and prevent fire spread. Protects staircase from the immediate effects of heat and smoke, while giving early warning to occupants.

Simple and durable with easy maintenance.

Spoils the appearance of rooms. Hindrance to free movement of occupiers. Does not give protection to room of origin.

Historic buildings where the appearance of lobbies does not detract from or interfere with the historic fabric.

Simple and durable with easy maintenance. Retains the original appearance of the rooms. Not so many self-closing doors to negotiate as in lobby protection. Can be achieved simply with intumescent paints and varnishes

Staircase not so well protected as in lobby protection, which could lead to fire spread if fire fighting delayed. No protection to room of origin.

Historic buildings with single staircases which need protection to ensure the safety of occupants.

May not be acceptable on some historic finishes. Intumescent paints and varnishes are expensive and sometimes difficult to apply.

Historic buildings which wall finishes, such as wooden panelling, which do not give a satisfactory surface spread of flame rating

Can be hidden at ceiling height in positions where doors would be inappropriate.

Cannot be used on escape routes where persons may need to pass after they have operated. More expensive to buy, install and maintain than doorsets.

Historic buildings where fire separation is needed for life safety reasons and fire resisting doors would be unacceptable.

Can be hidden at ceiling height in positions where doors would be inappropriate. Lighting levels maintained in spite of smoke at high level. Avoids ornate ceilings being spoilt by traditional fittings. Resources can be more effectively used to reduce specific risks

Not suitable for life safety or protection against smoke damage, as heat is needed to operate shutter

Historic buildings where compartmentation is required to provide property protection only.

Objects or crowds of people could shade the lights. Careful positioning needed to avoid mechanical damage.

Historic buildings in use in the hours of darkness, where there are high or ornate ceilings where conventional emergency lighting points would spoil the appearance.

The assessment must be realistic to avoid complacency or overkill

A requirement of The Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations in all historic buildings used a place of work. Recommended for all other historic

Single fire resisting doors and smoke detection

Improvements to the surface Spread of flame rating to walls and ceilings Automatic fireresisting shutters, linked to a fire alarm system in lieu of fire resisting doors Automatic shutters held open by fusible links. Low level Emergency lighting

Fire Risk Assessment

Allows greater escape times before fire spreads. Makes it more difficult for the fire to reach full room involvement Provides the same degree of fire protection as a door of the same rating Provides the same degree of fire protection as a door of the same rating Provides emergency lighting on escape routes in case of power failure.

Pinpoints problem areas where some action is necessary and allows relaxation

Disadvantages

Suitable For

where there are no problems

Measures Provided Salvage Plan

Battery operated door releases, which respond to sound of fire alarm Battery operated door releases, which respond to radio signals from transmitter triggered by the sound of fire alarm

Protection Afforded

buildings.

Advantages

Disadvantages

Suitable For

Focuses attention on what is valuable about building or contents to enable action to be taken according to prearranged priorities. Can help to decide if fire precautions are adequate Allows fire doors to be held open, and release when fire alarm sounds.

Pre-planning for salvage after or during a fire or other emergencies can help minimise damage caused by fire and water to particular items or fabric of important historical or monetary value.

Must be kept up-to-date and practiced with local fire brigade

All historic buildings.

Avoids doors being wedged. Automatic release. No wiring required into electrical mains or fire alarm system.

Devices are quite large and ‘plastic’ so do not look attractive. Could lead to warping of the door.

Doors in historic buildings that need to be kept open, but also provide protection from fire.

Allows fire doors to be held open, and release when fire alarm sounds.

Avoids doors being wedged. Automatic release. No wiring required into electrical mains or fire alarm system. Magnetic devices are floor mounted, so the only equipment on the door is a metal disc.

Could lead to warping of the door. Expensive for single doors, because of radio transmitter, but becomes more cost effective with numerous doors.

Doors in historic buildings that need to be kept open, but also provide protection from fire.