Final Exam Study Guide Spanish 2 Vocabulario Be sure to review all vocabulary from chapters 46. Be ready to display competency in any of the grammatical areas below, from chapters 48. Ch. 4 Gramática
The Imperfect Tense Regular Verbs
We use the imperfect tense to 1) talk about actions that happened repeatedly in the past, to 2) describe people, places, and situations in the past, to 3) talk about a past action or situation when no beginning or end is specified, and to 4) describe the situation or background information when something else happened or interrupted an ongoing action. Give an example of each of these uses in the blanks provided (use your notes, perhaps?): ________________________________________________________________________ __ ________________________________________________________________________ __ ________________________________________________________________________ __ ________________________________________________________________________ __ Recall that words such as generalmente, por lo general, a menudo, muchas veces, de vez en cuando, todos los dias , and nunca are a good clue that the imperfect is required (if speaking of the past), as each of these tells us that something happened more than once in the past. Regular ar verbs end with __________, __________, __________, __________, and __________ (make sure to include accents, where necessary) Regular ir/er verbs end with __________, __________, __________, __________, and __________ (make sure to include accents)
The Imperfect Tense Irregular Verbs
(ir)
(ser)
(ver)
Indirect Object Pronouns Recall that an indirect object tells to whom or for whom an action is performed. Indirect object pronouns are used to replace or accompany an indirect object noun. To clarify who “le” refers to in a sentence, we oftentimes use “a” and then the person’s name or title. Indirect objects are placed right before the verb or attached to an infinitive. Reciprocal Actions We can express what two people do to each other by putting “se” or “nos” in front of any verb. Ch. 5
Preterite and imperfect: Other uses In addition to the uses we’ve already seen for the imperfect tense… (from ch. 4 study guide): 1) talk about actions that happened repeatedly in the past 2) describe people, places, and situations in the past 3) talk about a past action or situation when no beginning or end is specified 4) describe the situation or background information when something else happened (the preterite) or interrupted an ongoing action… We also use the imperfect to: 1) to tell what day or time of day it was 2) tell what the weather was like 3) describe the physical, mental, and emotional states of a person or thing.
We use the preterite to: 1) describe when something happened 2) talk about actions completed in the past 3) talk about an event The following verbs we discussed as verbs used to describe states of being: estar (triste, contento, cansado), parecer (cansado, mal), sentirse (bien, enfermo), tener (calor, frío, hambre, sed, sueño).
The preterite of the verbs oír, leer, creer, and destruir Remember the spelling changes necessary for the verbs oír , creer , and destruir in the preterite form.
Irregular preterites: venir, poner, decir, and traer Conjugate each of the verbs below in the preterite tense
(venir)
(poner)
(decir)
(traer)
Imperfect progressive and preterite To describe something that was taking place over a period of time in the past, use the imperfect progressive, which uses the imperfect tense of estar and the present participle. To form the present participle (the second part of the verb phrase), use the endings ando, iendo, and sometimes yendo . There are stemchanges as well ( decir diciendo, pedir pidiendo, repetir repitiendo, seguir siguiendo, servir sirviendo, vestir vistiendo, dormir durmiendo, creer creyendo, leer leyendo, traer trayendo ). Practice writing out sentences that contain the imperfect progressive and preterite (ejemplo: Estaba esquiando cuando me caí y me torcí la rodilla I was skiing when I fell and twisted my knee ). ________________________________________________________________________ __ ________________________________________________________________________ __ ________________________________________________________________________ __ Ch. 6
The Preterite of ir Stemchanging Verbs Recall that with stemchanging verbs in the preterite tense, only ir verbs undergo this operation. We have “sandle verbs” rather than “boot” verbs. Verbs in this category are those such as: preferir (e > i), pedir (e > i), and dormir (o > u). Conjugate below:
(preferir)
(pedir)
(dormir)
Other Reflexive Verbs Recall that with some verbs expressing mental, emotional, or physical states of being, we use the reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, se). These verbs infers that someone “gets” or “becomes” something. They are the following: aburrirse, casarse, divertirse, dormirse, enojarse, ponerse, volverse .
Verbs that Use Indirect Object Pronouns The following verbs use indirect object pronouns: aburrir, doler, encantar, fascinar, gustar, importar, interesar, molestar, parecer, quedar. Remember that to clarify or emphasize to whom these actions are attributed, we use “a” + noun or pronoun. Example: A mi me parece tonto este programa To me this show seems dumb).
The Present Perfect The present perfect tense is used to express that someone or something “has” done something. It uses the present tense of haber and includes a secondary verb (known as a participle) with the endings “ado” or “ido,” depending on which kind of verb it is (ar, er, or ir). Conjugate comer in the present perfect tense below.
(comer) Remember that there are irregular participles. They are: decir (dicho), devolver (devuelto), escribir (escrito), hacer (hecho), morir (muerto), poner (puesto), romper (roto), ver (visto), volver (vuelto). Ch. 7
Negative tu Commands Negative tu commands are formed by conjugating a verb into the yo form, removing the “o” and adding “es” for ar verbs and “as” for er, ir verbs. Remember that spelling changes exist for verbs that end in “gar,” “zar,” and “car.”
The Impersonal se The impersonal se is used to indicate something that people generally do. “Se” is followed by either the el/ella/Ud. form or the ellos/ellas/Uds. form of the verb. Example: Se añade sal a la sopa si no tiene un sabor muy rico Salt is added to soup that doesn’t have a good flavor).
Usted and Ustedes Commands Ud. and Uds. commands are formed by conjugating the verb into the yo form, then adding “e” or “en” to ar verbs and “a” or “an” for er, ir verbs. Ud. and Uds. commands have the same spelling changes and irregular forms that applied to negative tu commands. Ch. 8
The Subjunctive Mood The subjunctive mood is used to say that one person influences the actions of another. It has two parts, each with a different subject, separated by “que.” Certain verbs are oftentimes associated with the subjunctive mood. For example: decir, insisten, necesitar, permitir, preferir, prohibir, querer, recomendar, sugerir. In sentences requiring the subjunctive mood, the indicated is used in the first part and the subjunctive is used in the second. The subjunctive is formed by conjugating the verb into the yo form, then adding the proper subjunctive endings (e, es, e, emos, and en for ar verbs and a, as, a, amos, and an for er/ir verbs). There are five irregular subjunctive verbs. They are: dar, estar, ir, saber, and ver . Conjugate a few of the verbs below for practice.
(__________________)
(__________________)
(__________________)
