Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo (FY 2013)
March 2016 Bureau of Environment Tokyo Metropolitan Government
Contents 1
Tokyo in the World .................................................................................................. 1
2
Final Energy Consumption ....................................................................................... 2 2.1 Concepts for Calculation................................................................................................................ 2 2.2 Final Energy Consumption............................................................................................................. 3 2.2.1 Entire Tokyo ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.2.2 Industrial Sector ...................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.3 Commercial Sector .................................................................................................................. 9 2.2.4 Residential Sector ................................................................................................................. 12 2.2.5 Transport Sector .................................................................................................................... 17
3
Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions ............................................................................. 20 3.1 Concepts for Calculation.............................................................................................................. 20 3.1.1 Basic Matters ........................................................................................................................ 20 3.1.2 Categorization of GHGs ........................................................................................................ 20 3.1.3 CO2 Emission Factor for Electricity ........................................................................................ 21 3.1.4 Scope of Calculation.............................................................................................................. 21 3.2 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions .................................................................................................. 22 3.2.1 Entire Tokyo ......................................................................................................................... 22 3.3 CO2 Emissions (Variable Cases) ................................................................................................... 24 3.3.1 Entire Tokyo ......................................................................................................................... 24 3.4 CO2 Emissions (Fixed Cases) ....................................................................................................... 28 3.4.1 Entire Tokyo ......................................................................................................................... 28 3.4.2 [Reference] Trends in Each Sector .......................................................................................... 31 3.5 Other GHG Emissions ................................................................................................................. 33 3.5.1 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 33 3.5.2 CH4 ...................................................................................................................................... 35 3.5.3 N2O ..................................................................................................................................... 35 3.5.4 HFCs and Three Other Types ................................................................................................. 36
4
Reference Materials ............................................................................................... 37 [Material 1] Calculation Methods for Final Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions (Overview) ......... 37 [Material 2] Trends in Final Energy Consumption in Tokyo and Gross Domestic Product(GDP) in Tokyo ...... 40 [Material 3] Greenhouse Gas Reduction Target and Energy Reduction Target in Tokyo .......................... 41
5
Figures and Tables ................................................................................................. 42
Note: Values in this report have been rounded, and the sum of indicated values may not agree with the indicated total.
1 Tokyo in the World
1
Tokyo in the World
Figure 1-1 indicates energy-derived CO2 emissions in major countries. Japan emits the fifth largest quantity after China, USA, India and Russia, accounting for 3.8% of the global emissions. Energy-derived CO2 emissions in Tokyo account for 5.2% of domestic emissions. This is considered to be approximately equivalent to the amount of one country, such as Greece, Austria, Finland, etc. (GHG emissions in Tokyo account 国別エネルギー起源CO2排出量（2013年） for 5.0% of domestic emissions.) Unit: M tons
9,023
China
5,120
USA India
Russia Japan
Germany South Korea Canada
Iran Saudi Arabia Brazil
Mexico UK Indonesia
South Africa Australia Italy
France Poland Turkey
Taiwan Thailand Spain
Malaysia Netherlands Vietnam
Czech Philippines Belgium
Greece Romania
Austria Finland Singapore
Portugal Switzerland Hungary
Denmark Sweden Norway
1,869
1 2 1,235 3 760 4 572 5 536 6 526 7 472 8 452 9 452 10 449 11 425 12 420 13 389 14 338 15 16 316 17 292 18 284 19 249 ※東京の排出量矢印、円グラフは従来のとおり挿入 20 247 21 236 22 207 23 156 24 130 25 101 26 90 27 89 28 69 29 69 30 65 31 Tokyo: 63.8 M tons 49 32 at * The 15 EU states represent the EU membership 47 33 the time of UNFCCC-COP3 (Kyoto Conference). 45 34 42 35 39 36 39 37 37 38 39 35 40
1,543
Figure 1-1
Energy-derived CO2 emissions by country (2013)
Note: The figure indicates the 20 largest emitters, from China (1st place) to Turkey (20th place), and other selected major countries. Sources: IEA, "CO2 Emissions From Fuel Combustion Highlights (2015 Edition)", and Ministry of the Environment, "Energy-derived CO2 Emissions in the World"
1
Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo
2
Final Energy Consumption
2.1 Concepts for Calculation This chapter clarifies the state of energy consumption as the main cause of CO2 emissions in Tokyo. Figure 2-1 indicates the flow of energy in Japan. First, the primary energy supply of petroleum, coal, natural gas, etc., is undertaken through domestic production or importation. By way of the power generation/conversion sectors (power plants, petroleum refineries, etc.), final energy consumption is undertaken by final demand sectors. In this survey, energy consumption excluding the losses in power generation, transmission, distribution, etc. on the final demand sectors (industrial/commercial/residential/transport sectors) (i.e. final energy consumption) in Tokyo is calculated. For the calculation methods for final energy consumption, an overview is indicated in Reference Material 1 (pages 37 to 39).
Figure 2-1
Domestic Energy Balance and Flow (Overview) (FY 2013)
Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, "Energy White Paper 2015"
Table 2-1 Heat conversion factors used in this survey (FY 2013) (Unit: GJ/Specific unit) Fuel Electricity City gas
Specific unit MWh 1000 m3
Heat conversion factor
Remarks
3.6 Secondary energy conversion 45.0 See materials of Tokyo Gas
Other fuels See the energy balance table, Agency for Natural Resources (gasoline, kerosene, light oil, LPG, and Energy, "Comprehensive Energy Statistics" etc.) Note: Secondary energy conversion is conducted for electricity, from the perspective of calculating final energy consumption, excluding losses in power generation, transmission, distribution, etc.
2
2．Final Energy Consumption
2.2 Final Energy Consumption 2.2.1 Entire Tokyo ▼ The final energy consumption in Tokyo in FY 2013 stood at 656 PJ, which was 18% reduction from 801 PJ in FY 2000, and 2.1% reduction from 670 PJ in FY 2012. ▼ Respective increase rates vs. FY 2000 for the industrial, commercial, and transport sectors stood at -42%, -3.5%, and -40%, while consumption in the residential sector increased by +3.5%. ▼ Since FY 2000, a decrease in gasoline and other fuel oils has substantially contributed to overall reduction in final energy consumption. Although electric consumption had been on an increasing trend, the behavior of power conservation took root in FY 2011 and after, and power consumption has remained at the same level as FY 2000 since then.
Table 2-2 Final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo, and increases up to FY 2013 FY 2000 97 245 202 257
Final energy consumption (PJ) FY FY FY FY 2005 2010 2011 2012 79 70 61 60 274 260 233 237 217 221 212 212 218 171 168 161
FY 2013 56 237 209 154
Vs. 2000 - 42% - 3.5% 3.5% - 40%
Increase rate (%) Vs. 2010 - 20% - 8.9% - 5.5% - 10%
Vs. 2012 - 6.6% 0.0% - 1.5% - 4.3%
Industrial sector Commercial sector Residential sector Transport sector Final consumption 801 788 723 674 670 656 - 18% - 9.3% - 2.1% sectors total Note 1: The residential sector does not include fuel consumption by family cars, which is included in the transport sector. Note 2: In the transport sector, the scope of calculation for automobiles includes traffic in Tokyo, while that for railway, vessels, and airlines includes service in Tokyo.
Table 2-3 Final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo, and increases up to FY 2013 Final energy consumption (PJ) Increase rate (%) FY FY FY FY FY FY Vs. Vs. 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2000 2010 Electricity 296 316 323 290 293 293 - 0.9% - 9.3% City gas 187 211 197 188 188 184 - 1.4% - 6.3% LPG 32 26 19 21 17 17 - 48% - 11% Fuel oil 284 235 183 174 171 161 - 43% - 12% Other 2 0 0 1 0 0 - 83% 110% Total 801 788 723 674 670 656 - 18% - 9.3% Note: Fuel oils: gasoline, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil A/B/C, and jet fuel; Other: oil coke, coal coke, natural gas, etc.
Vs. 2012 0.0% - 2.0% - 0.5% - 5.8% - 32.0% - 2.1%
（PJ） 250
237
Fuel oil 4 LPG 0.7
209 Fuel oil 8
City gas 78
200
LPG 8 City gas 88
150
100 56 50
Electricity 154
Fuel oil 18 City gas 18
0
Other 0.1
Electricity 19
Industrial sector
Figure 2-2
154
Other 0.2
Fuel oil 131 Electricity 105
LPG 0.4
LPG 8 Electricity 15
Commercial sector
Residential sector
Transport sector
Final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo (FY 2013)
3
Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo
2.2.1-1 Final Energy Consumption by Sector in Entire Tokyo In the composition in FY 2013, the commercial sector took up the largest share (36%), followed by the residential sector (32%), transport sector (23%), and industrial sector (9%). As for sectoral trends in the composition since FY 2000, the commercial sector and the residential sector indicate an increasing trend, while the industrial sector and the transport sector have been showing a decreasing trend. （PJ） 1,000 Three-year moving average 900 766 774 788
800 700
696
731 740
786 785 801
803
773
777 788 762 761
736
739 753 761
721 723
674 670 656
Industrial sector （8.5%）
600
500
Commercial sector （36.1%）
400 300
Residential sector （31.9%）
200 100 0
Transport sector （23.5%） 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Figure 2-3 Trends in final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo
100% 90% 80% 70%
Industrial sector 12.0%
Industrial sector 10.1%
Industrial sector 9.7%
Industrial sector 8.9%
Industrial sector 8.5%
Commercial sector 30.6%
Commercial sector 34.7%
Commercial sector 35.9%
Commercial sector 35.3%
Commercial sector 36.1%
Residential sector 30.6%
Residential sector 31.7%
Residential sector 31.9%
Transport sector 23.7%
Transport sector 24.0%
Transport sector 23.5%
FY 2010 （723PJ）
FY 2012 （670PJ）
FY2013 （656PJ）
60% 50% 40%
Residential sector 25.2%
Residential sector 27.5%
30%
20% 10%
Transport sector 32.1%
Transport sector 27.7%
0% FY 2000 （801PJ）
Figure 2-4
4
FY 2005 （788PJ）
Composition ratios in final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo
(FY）
2．Final Energy Consumption
2.2.1-2 Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type in Entire Tokyo In the fuel type composition in FY 2013, electricity took up the largest share (45%), followed by city gas (28%) and fuel oil (25%). While the share of electricity temporarily decreased after the Great East Japan Earthquake due to the effect of power conservation, its share in FY 2013 recovered to the level of the FY 2010. In the meantime, the share of city gas has been slowly increasing.
（PJ） 1,000 900 803 761 766 774 788 785 801 786
800 696
753 731 740 739
773 777 788 762 761
736
721
723
700
674 670 656
600
Other（
