M

LIVING AR Chang*

(Fi1Fi'1TS OF ' CANADAS IIil)iiI':

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Gordon E Priest Director Housing, Family and Social Division Statistics Canada

Occasional Papers Series 85-1

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Gerontology Research Simon Fraser University

Canadian Association on Gerontology/ Association canadienne de gérontologie

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF CANADA'S ELDERLY: CHANGING DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC FACTORS

Gordon E. Priest Director Housing, Family and Social Division Statistics Canada

OCCASIONAL PAPER NO. 85-i June, 1985

Originally presented at the symposium "Innovations in Housing and Living Arrangements for Seniors", sponsored by the Gerontology Research Centre, Simon Fraser University and the Canadian Association on Gerontology! Association canadienne; de grontologie, Vancouver, British Columbia, November 2, 1984.

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International Standard Book Number: 0-86491-047-9

1985 by The Gerontology Research Centre, Simon Fraser University. All rights reserved. Printed in Canada.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

FOREWORD



V

Gloria M. Gutman and Norman K. Blackie

INTRODUCTION



1

DEMOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS AND LIVING ARRANGEMENTS LIVING ARRANGEMENTS AND INCOME



FUTURE LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

APPENDIX









3 9

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS AND SHELTER EXPENDITURES HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ELDERLY







19 28

32 42

45

46

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1.1

Elderly Population (65+) by Sex, Canada, 1984-2006.



4

Figure 1.2 Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 55 Years and Over, by Living Arrangements, Canada, 1981. Figure 1.3

Percentage Distribution of the Population Aged 65 Years and Over, by Living Arrangements, Canada, 1971, 1976 and 1981.

Figure 2.1

Population Aged 55 Years and Over Who are Maintaining Their Own Dwelling, Showing Average Individual Income, Canada, 1971 and 1981 (In 1980 Dollars).

Figure 2.2

Population Aged 55 Years and Over Who are Living Alone, Showing Average Individual Income, Canada, 1971 and 1981 (In 1980 Dollars).

Figure 2.3

8



13



14

Population Aged 55 Years and Over Living with Spouse (Only) in Own Dwelling by 1980 Average Household Income, Canada, 1981.

15

Figure 3.1

Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 55 Years and Over, Living Alone and Paying 30% or More of Their Income on Shelter for Rented Dwellings, Canada, 1971 and 1981.

Figure 3.2

Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 55 Years and Over, Living Alone and Paying 50% or More of Their Income on Shelter for Rented Dwellings, Canada, 1971 and 1981.



22

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 55 Years and Over Living Alone in a Dwelling They Own and Paying Over 30% or Over 50% of Their Income on Shelter, Canada, 1981. Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 55 Years and Over Living With a Spouse Only in a Dwelling They Own and Paying Over 30% or Over 50% of Their Income on Shelter, Canada, 1981.

23

26

27

Figure 4.1

Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 55 Years and Over Occupying Single-detached Dwellings by Age and Sex, Canada, 1981. 11

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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

Page

Figure 4.2

Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 55 Years and Over Occupying Single-detached Dwellings, Canada, 1971 and 1981.

30

Figure 4.3

Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 55 Years and Over by Condition of Dwelling, Canada, 1981.

31

Figure 4.4

Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 55 Years and Over Living in Owned Dwellings, Canada, 1981.

33

Figure 5.1

Males Aged 75 Years and Over, by Living Arrangements, Canada, 1971-1996.

38

Figure 5.2

Females Aged 75 Years and Over, by Living Arrangements, Canada, 1971-1996.

39

Figure 5.3

Males Aged 75 Years and Over, by Living Arrangements, Canada, 1971-1996.

40

Figure 5.4

Females Aged 75 Years and Over, by Living Arrangements, Canada, 1971-1996.

41

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LIST OF TABLES Page

Table 2.1

Population Aged 55 Years and Over, Showing Living Arrangements by Average 1970 Income, Canada, 1971 (In 1980 dollars).

10

Table 2.2

Population Aged 55 Years and Over, Showing Living Arrangements by Average 1980 Income, Canada, 1981.

11

Table 2.3

Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 75 Years and Over by Specified Living Arrangements, Showing Major Source of Income, for Canada 1970(1971) and 1980(1981).

17

Table 3.1

Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 55 Years and Over by Specified Living Arrangements, Showing Those Paying 30% or More and 50% or More of Their Household Income on Shelter (For Those Living in Their Own Rented Non-farm Dwelling Only), Canada, 1970(1971) and 1980(1981).

21

Table 3.2

Percentage Distribution of Population by Specified Living Arrangements, Showing Those Paying 30% or More and 50% or More of Their Household Income on Shelter (For Those Living in Their Own Owned Non-farm Dwelling Only, Canada, 1980(1981).

24

Table 5.1

Projected Population Aged 65 Years and Over and 75 Years and Over, Canada, 1986, 1991 and 1996.

34

Table 5.2

Projection I and Projection II of Population Aged 75 Years and Over, by Living Arrangements, Canada, 1981-1996.

35

Table A.1

Population 55 Years and Over by Living Arrangements, Canada, 1971.

47

Table A.2

Population 55 Years and Over by Living Arrangements, Canada, 1976.

49

Table A.3

Population 55 Years and Over by Living Arrangements, Canada, 1981.

51

Table A.4

Projection II of Living Arrangements of Population Aged 75 Years and Over, Canada, 1971-1996.

53

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FOREWORD

This paper was prepared for the symposium "Innovations in Housing and Living Arrangements for Seniors" held in conjunction with the 1984 Annual Scientific and Educational Meeting of the Canadian Association on Gerontology/Association canadienne de grontologie. Sponsored by the Simon Fraser University Gerontology Research Centre and CAG/Acg and supported in part by a grant from the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, the symposium brought together sponsors and developers, architects, municipal, provincial and federal government officials, and researchers concerned with housing for seniors. Speakers included representatives of the public, private and non-profit sectors. The objectives in organizing the symposium were to examine existing housing forms and policies in the light of current demographic and economic trends, sensitize participants to current problems with the development process as it relates to seniors housing and to examine innovative financial and physical solutions that would better meet the needs of Canada's aging population. Other papers from the Symposium have been compiled into an edited volume bearing the title "Innovations in Housing and Living Arrangements for Seniors" (Gutman and Blackie, 1985). Given its depth and wealth of detail, however, we felt that this paper merited separate publication. We are indebted to the author, Gordon Priest, for agreeing to this arrangement and for the superb job he hasdone in describing demographic and economic factors as they impact on living arrangements for the elderly. We would also like to express our appreciation to the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation for its financial support of the Symposium, to Simon

v

Fraser University for the space and services it provided and to Donna Popovic, Secretary, Simon Fraser University Gerontology Research Centre,

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for manuscript typing.

Gloria M. Gutman, Ph.D. and Norman .K. Blackie, Arch.D. Symposium Organizers June, 1985

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INTRODUCTION* One of the most important issues facing Canadians in the near future is the impact of the aging of the population and the concomitant adjustments that it will necessitate in our society. The number of people 65 years of age or older rose from 1.1 million in 1951 to 2.4 million at the time of the 1981 Census, and is expected to reach over 4 million within the next thirty years. The growth of this population, with its special requirements for health care, and social services, and its unique consumption patterns will necessitate adaptation and development by all levels of government in order to cope with the economic and social repercussions. The purpose of this paper is to examine the housing characteristics and living arrangements of elderly Canadians, with a view to identifying the scenarios which are likely to unfold for the future in these areas. After discussion of some data considerations, we examine the living arrangements of the elderly, that is, whether they live alone, with a spouse, with relatives or in other living arrangements, as well as the role that income may play in enabling various types of living arrangements to be adopted. This is followed by an analysis of the type, tenure and condition of the

* The author wishes to express his appreciation to Brian Harrison for contributing to the introduction, to the description of changes in living arrangements between 1971 and 1981, as well as the description of the,type, tenure and condition of dwellings occupied by the elderly. The author also wishes to thank Brian Hamm for his innovative data retrieval, to Michael Crew for verification of the tables and charts, to Lucie Lamadeleine and Beryl Gorman for word processing, to Georgette Gaulin and Sylvie Riverin for' editing, proofreading and translation and to the Geocartographics Unit for the graphics.

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The authors also wish to thank Dr. Satya Brink, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ms. Susan Fletcher, Health and Welfare Canada, Dr. E.T. Pryor, Dr. L.O. Stone and Mrs. S. Wargon, all of Statistics Canada, for their review of an earlier draft and their helpful suggestions for improvement. The author is solely responsible for any errors or omissions.

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dwellings occupied by the elderly. Finally, we speculate on changes in living arrangements and housing which are likely to occur in the future. The data in this paper are taken from the 1971, 1976 and 1981 Censuses of Canada. Several definitions employed by Statistics Canada require explanation in order to understand the tables that follow. The term "maintainer" refers to a situation where individuals maintain their own dwelling, in the sense that they pay the rent or mortgage, taxes and utilities. In the case of married couples where one of the spouses is reported as the maintainer, the other is also considered to be a maintainer. While this concept was not introduced until the 1981 Census, we have used the concept of household head as a proxy in prior censuses in order to draw historical comparisons. Variations will also be noticed in the population analysed in the tables and charts appearing in this paper. At times, we have used the population 55 years of age or older to show more clearly the differences which occur between age groups. In other places, we refer to the aged population as those 65 or 75 years of age or older, a distinction which facilitates the depiction of the unique characteristics of the older population. We recognize that the elderly are a very heterogeneous group, that achieving age 65 does not always imply deteriorating health and economic resources, and that in fact many of those in younger age groups have characteristics which are also indicative of an "aged" population. Consequently, we have varied the age groups examined depending upon the relevance of variables involved. Most variables used in the discussion are directly comparable between the 1971 and 1981 Censuses. Readers interested in the effect of subtle

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changes in concepts or processing procedures should refer to Summary Guide: I Sample Population, Catalogue No. 99-903, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, 1984.

i. DEMOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS AND LIVING ARRANGEMENTS I

While many population projections are subject to the vagaries of changing fertility patterns, those for the elderly are unaffected by this

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factor in the short run since people who will reach age 65 between now and the middle of the twenty-first century have already been born. Projections of the aged population need only consider alternative levels of immigration

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and mortality, variables with much less influence on population structure than variations in fertility. Figure 1.1 shows the projections of the elderly population by sex from 1984 to 2006. It is apparent from this chart that there will be a substantial increase in the elderly population in Canada over the next

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thirty years. Projections indicate that the number of Canadians aged 65 and over will rise from an estimated 2.6 million in 1984 to 4.1 million in

I 2006. The elderly will comprise 14.7% of the population in 2006, as compared to 10.2% in 1984. Comparison of the growth in the number of men and women aged 65 and I

over shows that the gap between the sexes will widen considerably between 1984 and 2006, reflecting the continuing difference in life expectancy and

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mortality of these two groups. In 1984, estimates show 391 thousand more elderly women than men, while by 2006 this number will increase to 568 thousand. The living arrangements of the elderly are determined by a number of demographic, social and economic factors. The fact that women generally

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live longer than men and that they often marry men older than themselves I

(demographic factors), means that many women are without a spouse during their old age and live either alone, with relatives or with non-relatives.

I The decision as to which of these three options will be adopted depends on whether the elderly person has the financial resources to live alone and whether there is available housing (economic factors) as well as whether I

they wish to live alone and whether their children or friends wish to co-reside (social factors). The health of the elderly person is also a

I consideration in many instances. Figure 1.2 shows the living arrangements for age groups starting with 55 to 59. I

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The differences between the groups reflect differing marital

status, health, economic and other characteristics of their members.

The

divergence in living arrangements of men and women is due largely to differences in their marital status - while three out of four men 65 years of age or older were married, every second woman in this age category was widowed.'

The increased proportion of widows and widowers among the oldest

age groups also contributes to variation in living arrangements according to age group. I

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It is apparent that the proportion of maintainers is much higher among the younger groups.

In 1981, among men, the proportion of maintainers was

92.4% at age 55-59 compared to only 74.8% at age 75 and over; corresponding figures for women were 91.8% and 61.0%.

These figures are indicative of

differences in the dependency of Canadians in the various age groups which

I are reflected in the greater tendency, in the oldest age groups, to live in

1 Fact Book on Aging in Canada, Minister of Supply and Services, 1983, p. 66.

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2. LIVING ARRANGEMENTS AND INCOME

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Comparison of data from the 1971 and 1981 Censuses indicate that there

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been improvements in the income of the elderly over the last 10 years. 2 shown in Tables 2.1 and 2.2 , however, while incomes of women increased

proportionately more than those of men, the absolute increase was less for women in every age group, with the exception of those 75 years and over.

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Considerable differences between the income patterns of men and women are also noted for both reporting periods.

In the case of men, income is

significantly lower in the oldest age categories; in 1971 the income of men aged 75 years and over was only about one-half of the income of men aged 60-64.

For women on the other hand, income increases significantly between

60-64 and 65-69 and then increases marginally for the older groups. The decline in the income of men reflects increasing separation from the labour force and less income from wages and salaries.

The increase in

female incomes for the group aged 65-69 is partially due to the commencement of government pensions, which in many cases add significantly to their income.

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The difference between incomes of men and women can be

attributed in part, to the lower labour force participation experienced by women earlier in their lives as well as lower salaries among those who did have jobs.

Both of these factors translate into lower income from pensions

Ifor women during the retirement years.

2 The income reported in the census is for the preceding year. The 1971 Census reports 1970 income while the 1981 Census reports 1980 income. Comparisons in this report use constant 1980 dollars.

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TABLE 2.1

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Population Aged 55 Year and Over, Showing Living Arrangements by Average 1970* Income, Canada, 1971

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS MALE TOTAL MAINTAINER NO SPOUSE ALONE WITH RELATIVE WITH NON-RELATIVE WITH SPOUSE NO OTHER PERSON WITH RELATIVE WITH NON-RELATIVE NOT MAINTAINER SPECIAL CARE INSTITUTION OTHER NO SPOUSE RELATIVE NO SPOUSE NON-RELATIVE WITH SPOUSE FEMALE TOTAL MAINTAINER NO SPOUSE ALONE WITH RELATIVE WITH NON-RELATIVE WITH SPOUSE NO OTHER PERSON WITH RELATIVE WITH NON-RELATIVE NOT MAINTAINER SPECIAL CARE INSTITUTION OTHER NO SPOUSE RELATIVE NO SPOUSE NON-RELATIVE WITH SPOUSE *In 1980 dollars. HOUSEHOLD INCOME MALE + SPOUSE ONLY FEMALE + SPOUSE ONLY MAINTAINERS

SOURCE:

I

AGE GROUPS 60-64 55-59 65-69 70-74 75+ 472,360 382,165 296,430 204,995 281,145 $ $ $ $ $ 6,632 8,382 16,126 14,095 10,937 16,903 14,851 11,588 7,322 8,937 7,042 7,568 8,761 12,300 10,837 11,744 10,403 7,421 6,686 8,308 7,167 7,520 9,431 13,408 11,516 11,901 11,455 10,003 8,785 9,492 70436 9,270 170478 15,443 12,116 17,181 15,846 12,400 9 0 428 7,523 60772 8,569 17,700 15,066 11,559 14,574 14,401 12,138 11,548 10,576 7,752 7,913 4,730 6,559 5,394 4,991 5,827 8,550 6,851 9,603 9,688 8 0 738 40218 6 0 532 5,113 481,650 396,575 323,510 251,170 386,685 $ $ $ $ $ 40586 4,756 3,966 4,691 40296 4,747 3,882 4,987 4,159 4,921 5,628 6,847 6,142 7,559 8,599 9,473 8,144 7,119 6,271 5,615 5,188 5,643 6,478 6,033 7,698 8,557 7,520 6,728 7,928 7,926 3,603 3,637 2,374 3 0 419 2,924 3,257 2,555 3,584 3,473 3,689 3,476 3,310 3,076 1 0 976 20595 3,713 2,963 4,738 4,472 5,496 4,466 4,058 3,791 50522 4,296 4,385 5,015 5,521 5,789 6,372 1,852 1,078 2,535 2,780 3,083

20,745 19,121

18,925 16,716

15,415 14,616

1981 Census of Canada, Unpublished Tabulation.

12,839 12,740

11,123 11,123

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TABLE 2.2 Population Aged 55 Years and Over, Showing Living Arrangements by Average 1980 Income, Canada, 1981 LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

TOTAL MAINTAINER NO SPOUSE ALONE WITH RELATIVE WITH NON-RELATIVE WITH SPOUSE NO OTHER PERSON WITH RELATIVE WITH NON-RELATIVE NOT MAINTAINER SPECIAL CARE INSTITUTION OTHER NO SPOUSE RELATIVE NO SPOUSE NON-RELATIVE WITH SPOUSE FEMALE TOTAL MAINTAINER NO SPOUSE ALONE WITH RELATIVE WITH NON-RELATIVE WITH SPOUSE NO OTHER PERSON WITH RELATIVE WITH NON-RELATIVE NOT MAINTAINER SPECIAL CARE INSTITUTION OTHER NO SPOUSE RELATIVE NO SPOUSE NON-RELATIVE WITH SPOUSE

AGE 75+ 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 67,270 459,695 389,375 279,120 336,905 $ $ $ $ $ 5,93 9,292 19,401 16,462 12,203 9,237 21,228 18,288 13,898 11,275 9,088 9,896 16,267 14,028 11,646 8,976 9,725 15,583 13,529 11,685 8,650 9,932 17,876 14,954 11,556 15,366 15,829 11,492 12,433 12,865 21,694 22,091 19,792 9,543 10,160 10,655

19,215 18,563 16,034 8 9 476 8,382 8,193

14,695 13,248 13,620 7,880 8,002 6,694

11,795 10,530 13,490 6,865 7,102 6,391

9,398 8,314 14,067 6,400 6,676 5,177

610,880 515,675 451,355 350,640 540,415 $ $ $ $ $ 3,281 5,839 6,311 5,742 6,204 7,170 7,084 6,920 6,226 5,861 7,839 8,438 9,025 10,746 9,406 8,578 7,884 9,246 11,437 9,816 7,357 7,747 8,551 8,160 9,796 9,687 9,468 8,739 11,570 9,047 5,493 4,392 4,500 6,564 8,064 20813

4,691 3,798 4,754 5,393 6,968 2,441

5,768 4,734 5,866 5,903 7,254 3,670

5,771 4,941 9,030 5,910 6,911 4,022

5,648 4,783 7,261 5,857 6,370 4,248

HOUSEHOLD 27.710 24.374 20.003 17.471 15.143 MALE + SPOUSE ONLY INCOME MAINTAINERS FEMALE + SPOUSE ONLY 25,351 21,376 19,322 16,965 15,320 SOURCE: 1981 Census of Canada, Unpublished Tabulation.

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While the information presented in Figure 2.1 is for all individuals who are maintainers, there are noteworthy differences in income related to living arrangements. For example, Figure 2.2 shows income for persons who are living alone. In this case the patterns of income for men and women are much more similar. Like their male counterparts, women in the younger age groups (55-59 and 60-64) have significantly higher incomes than women in general. This is attributable, at least in part, to a higher labour force participation rate on the part of women who are living alone. Incomes for retirement age women are also higher for women living alone which suggests higher pension income from previous employment. Also of interest is the difference in income improvements for women compared to men in the 1971 to 1981 period which follow a similar pattern to those of the maintainers. The absolute increase in incomes was greater for men in all but the two oldest age categories (70-74 and 75 and over). Although women living alone generally have higher incomes than women in other living arrangements, men living alone have lower incomes than their counterparts in other living situations. Nevertheless, the income of men is higher than that of women for those living alone and for all other living arrangements. Where men and women are living as a couple, in their own dwelling, and with no other persons present, we have the opportunity to examine the relative income contributions of each to the total household income. Figure 2.3 shows these contributions for 1981. For men aged 55-59, total family income averaged $27,710 with $21,694 being the husband's contribution and the balance ($6,016) being provided by the wife. In this case, the husband contributed 78.3% of the family income, a proportion that was

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relatively consistent for all working age couples (see both men and women aged 55-59 and 60-64). For retirement age couples, the husband's share decreases as fewer receive income from wages and salaries, to only 62.1% for men aged 75 years and over. If we consider per capita incomes for persons in these families, we find that they are slightly lower than for persons who are living alone but since couples can share their accommodation costs (a large part of their budget), they are likely to be in a better financial situation than those who live alone. The major source of income for the elderly clearly shifts away from wages and salaries for the "younger" aged, particularly for men, as pensions assume a greater proportion of their total income. Table 2.3 looks at major sources of income for the oldest group, those aged 75 years and over for 1971 and 1981. In both reference periods pensions, superannuation and annuities provided the major source of income to about three-quarters of both men and women. A greater proportion of men than women, however, had wages and salaries as their major source of income 11.4% of the men living alone received income from wages and salaries compared to only 5.1% of the women. On the other hand, 17.5% of the women living alone had dividends, interest and investment income as the major source compared to only 11.9% of the men. By 1981, there were some significant changes. Wages and salaries as the major source had fallen (e.g., from 11.4% for men living alone to 3.6%), while pensions and dividends and interest rose. Increases in the proportion having dividends and interest as their major source were most marked for men living alone and empty-nest couples.

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TABLE 2.3 Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 75 Years and Over by Specified Living Arrangements, Showing Major Source of Income, for Canada 1970 (1971) and 1980 (1981)

NO INCOME OR LOSS

WAGES AND SALARIES

PENSIONS, SUPERANNUATION AND ANNUITIES

MEN MAINTAINERS LIVING ALONE WITH SPOUSE ONLY

0.1 0.1

11.4 11.7

74.5 75.3

2.2 1.8

11.9 11.1

WOMEN MAINTAINERS LIVING ALONE WITH SPOUSE ONLY

0.1 0.1

5.1 9.6

74.2 78.8

3.2 1.0

17.5 10.5

MEN MAINTAINERS LIVING ALONE WITH SPOUSE ONLY

0.1 0.1

3.6 4.4

78.5 77.4

1.3 0.7

16.6 17.4

WOMEN MAINTAINERS LIVING ALONE WITH SPOUSE ONLY

0.1 ...

1.2 3.4

76.9 78.6

2.2 0.7

19.6 17.3

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

OTHER

DIVIDENDS, INTEREST AND OTHER INVESTMENTS

1971

1981

SOURCE: 1971 and 1981 Censuses of Canada, Unpublished Tabulations. NOTE:

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Sources of income for "Wages and Salaries" and "Dividends, Interest and Investment" are directly comparable between 1971 and 1981. Changes in the questionnaire between 1971 and 1981 may have had a slight influence upon the reporting of "pension" and "other" income.

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It is difficult to say, at this point, whether the shifts towards investment income as the major source, noted between 1971 and 1981, are likely to continue. Such shifts are affected by numerous economic factors, including fluctuations in the interest rates (which were relatively high when these data were collected). On the same point, it should be noted that the data base used for this study contained no information on assets. Such information would have given a better indication of the stability of the investment income. Tables 2.1 and 2.2 provide detailed income data for 1971 and 1981. In both these years it is interesting to note that the highest incomes for the population aged 70 years or over are found amongst those living with nonrelatives. For men in this age group, highest incomes are found among those living with a spouse in a dwelling they maintain, with non-relatives living with them. For women, highest incomes are found for those living in dwellings they maintain, with non-relatives living with them. This suggests two things. First, some elderly may take in lodgers who supplement their income and allow them to continue to maintain their own homes. Secondly, older persons who have sufficient income, may be able to continue to maintain their own homes through the hiring of live-in help or through the full or partial support of live-in companions. Thus, for some of the elderly, albeit a relatively small number, independence is maintained through the sharing of accommodation with non-family persons. At the other end of the income spectrum, the very lowest incomes are found amongst those who are living with a spouse in a dwelling they do not maintain. Although relatively few in numbers, these couples are living essentially as lodgers in the home of others (either related or unrelated persons).

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In brief, incomesof the elderly have improved between 1971 and 1981 as measured in constant dollars. The incomes of women increased faster than those of men over the same period but they still lag behind men. The incomes of women who live alone more closely follow the patterns of men who

I

live alone than do the incomes of men and women who live together in their own homes. Those with the highest incomes are usually found living in their

I

I

I

own dwellings with non-family persons while those with the lowest incomes are living as lodgersor, perhaps, partially support live-in companions.

3.

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS AND SHELTER EXPENDITURES

•

Income, as described in the previous section, is but one consideration

in the assessment of the economic well-being of the elderly.

The

proportion of income paid for shelter costs is also a major factor.

In

general, a household which pays 30% or more of its income on shelter may I

face some financial difficulty.

Households which pay 50% or more may face

actual hardship with respect to decreased purchasing power for food, $

J I I I I I

clothing and amenities. Table 3.1 shows the proportion of aged persons living alone or as childless or empty-nest couples paying more than 30% and more than 50%

3lncluded in shelter costs are payments such as cash rent (renters), mortgage payments and taxes (owners) and payments for electricity, fuel, water and other municipal services.

4

These presentations are restricted to those living arrangements where there is a direct relationship between income and payments, i.e., there are no other persons present in the household who might have income but not contribute to household maintenance.

- 20 -

of their income on rented accommodation in 1971 and 1981. The data presented here clearly show very significant improvements between 1971 and 1981, particularly for retirement age women. For example, in 1971, the proportion of women living alone paying 30% or more of their income on shelter (Figure 3.1) increased with age to the point where over 77% of the women aged 75 years and over were in this situation. By 1981, however, the proportion paying 30% or more declined to 48.3% of this age group. While this latter figure may still be considered unacceptable, it does represent a truly remarkable improvement in a relatively short period of time. The situation also improved for men, though the improvement was less substantial than for women. Figure 3.2 shows similar improvements for those living alone and paying 50% or more of their income on shelter. For example, in 1971, 45.3% of the women aged 75 years and over and living alone paid half or more of their income for shelter in rented dwellings. By 1981, this had been reduced to 20.3%. Again, the situation also improved for men but to a lesser degre than for women. Other studies have shown that families and individuals who purchased a home earlier in their life are able to retain that home after retirement and face lower shelter costs than those who remain renters.

This is

confirmed in a comparison of the data presented in Tables 3.1 and 3.2. Unfortunately, data on the shelter costs of owners are not available for 1971, but for 1981 there were significantly lower percentages of owners

Priest, G.E., The Family Life Cycle and Housing Consumption, Canadian Statistical Review, Ottawa, September 1984.

I

Li

21

TABLE 3.1 Percentage Distribution of Population Aged 55 years and Over by Specified Living Arrangements, Showing Those Paying 30% or More and 50% or More of Their Household Income on Shelter (for Those Living in Their Own Rented Non-farm Dwelling Only), Canada, 1970 (1971) and 1980 (1981).

I

I I I I

I

I I

I

1971 Percentage Distribution AGE GROUPS 70-74 75+ LIVING ARRANGEMENTS 55-59 60-64 65-69 Paying Paying Paying Paying Paying Paying Paying Paying Paying Paying 30%+ 50%+ 30%+ 50%+ 30%+ 50%+ 30%+ 50%+ 30%+ 50%+ MEN MAINTAINERS LIVING ALONE WITH SPOUSE ONLY

28.1 15.4

13.4 5.7

34.2 20.1

16.9 7.7

44.0 30.6

20.9 10.9

53.2 38.2

22.4 11.4

56.2 44.3

25.6 13.4

WOMEN MAINTAINERS LIVING ALONE WITH SPOUSE ONLY

45.6 19.4

23.7 7.5

51.8 27.0

29.6 10.8

66.1 31.7

36.7 9.5

73.6 38.8

41.7 10.6

77.2 44.6

45.3 12.9

1981 Percentage Distribution AGE GROUPS 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 LIVING ARRANGEMENTS 75+ Paying Paying Paying Paying Paying Paying Paying Paying Paying Paying 50%+ 30%+ 30%+ 50%+ 30%+ 507.+ 30%+ 50%+ 50%+ 30%+ MEN MAINTAINERS LIVING ALONE WITH SPOUSE ONLY

33.2 17.5

15.9 7.2

35.9 22.4

17.1 9.0

39.6 24.7

14.6 6.7

40.0 26.7

12.8 5.0

41.5 29.5

14.9 4.6

WOMEN MAINTAINERS LIVING ALONE WITH SPOUSE ONLY

46.2 21.1

26.3 8.6

49.4 24.8

27.5 8.0

51.2 24.5

21.9 5.0

49.5 25.9

19.4 4.6

48.3 30.0

20.3 4.4

SOURCE: 1971 and 1981 Censuses of Canada, Unpublished Tabulations.

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- 42 -

in special care institutions. This would suggest the possibility that the need for such units could double by 1996. Population projections to the year 2006 indicate that demand for specialized housing for the aged will not likely lessen after 1996. Indeed, as the post-war baby boomers enter their retirement years, and the ranks of those over 75, the demand will probably be maintained well into the twenty-first century. Finally, as evidenced earlier, elderly people living in someone else's dwelling had the very lowest incomes in both 1971 and 1981. While this population is relatively small it bears watching closely since without someone to take them in, as is likely to happen increasingly with the trend to smaller families, they will require help, either through institutionalization or through the provision of government or volunteer support. In brief, even the most modest predictions indicate that by 1996 there will be a significant increase in the demand for housing units to accommodate persons living alone and that the demand for institutional care units will increase substantially from 1981 levels.

6. CONCLUSIONS In 1981, the elderly in Canada were generally in a better situation with regard to their housing than in 1971. The proportion who were paying burdensome amounts of their income on shelter was reduced significantly, especially for women. This is partially attributable to improvements in income during the same period. With increased labour force activity of women, it is likely that their situation, both from the point of view of

I I real income and the proportion of income spent on shelter, will continue to I

I

I

improve as greater numbers retire with their own contributed pensions. Both in 1971 and in 1981 the lowest incomes of persons aged 65 years and over, were found amongst those living in someone else's dwelling. The highest incomes were found amongst those living in their own dwellings with non-relatives. This suggests that where economic need is great, the

I

elderly may be forced to live with someone else, perhaps offspring or other relatives. Where income is sufficient it appears that the elderly are able to "purchase" a certain degree of continued independence either by living alone or by providing for live-in companions or hiring live-in help. In other cases, taking in lodgers, and supplementing income may enable them to continue living in their own dwellings. Generally, the elderly are living in dwellings in good condition. Many live in single-detached dwellings but to a lesser degree in 1981 than in 1971. As age increases, there is a growing shift to apartment dwellings and for those aged 75 years and over, to institutions. Women, however, have a lower occupancy rate of single-detached dwellings than men, regardless of age. In the 15-year period, from 1981 to 1996, Canada's population aged 65 years and over is expected to grow to about 3.6 million (just over 1.6 million men and just over 2.0 million women). The number of people 75 years and over will increase to one and a half million, approximately 940,000 women and 570,000 men. According to projections, between 420,000 and 532,000 of these persons may be living alone, and potentially in isolation from their families.

- 44 -

Over the same period, the number of persons aged 75 years and over living in institutions could double from 1981 levels (as many as 243,900 to 296,400 with over 70% of them being women). There maybe relatively few alternatives to increasing institutionalization especially if offspring will not be available to provide support. While there may be some advantages to encouraging the elderly to stay on in their family homes, they can only do so if sufficient support networks exist to help them. On the other hand, the availability of apartment units, built with the needs of the elderly in mind, could encourage the elderly to vacate their family homes (where in effect they are over-consuming housing) and make the units available for younger families. In short, recent and continuing changes in the living arrangements of the elderly, driven by changing demographic and economic factors, present some very real challenges to Canadian society to ensure that tomorrow's elderly will be provided for.

I 1 I I

I I I I

I I

-45-

REFERENCES

Statistics Canada, Population Projections for Canada, Provinces and Territories, 1984-2006, Catalogue No. 91-520, May, 1985.

Harrison, Brian R., Living Alone in Canada: Demographic and Economic Perspectives, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, 1981.

Priest, Gordon E., The Family Life Cycle and Housing Consumption in Canada, Canadian Statistical Review, Ottawa, September, 1984.

Fact Book on Aging in Canada. Minister of Supply and Services, Ottawa, 1983.

Fletcher, Susan and Stone, Leroy 0., The Living Arrangements of Canada's Older Women, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, 1982.

1

I Li I I I I

Statistics Canada, Summary Guide: Sample Population, Catalogue No. 99-903, 1984.

MOM

APPENDIX

Note 1: All data presented in the report are based upon individuals not households. Since spouses are not necessarily in the same age group it is not possible to derive age-grouped households from the tables presented.

Note 2: The composition of the typology used in the tables, particularly Tables A.1 to A.3 may require some clarification.

- MAINTAINERS are persons or the spouses of the persons who have reported that they are responsible for paying household shelter costs such as rent, mortgage, taxes or utilities.

- NOT MAINTAINERS are persons who have reported that they are not responsible for the above-noted payments (nor are they spouses of such persons).

- The category WITH RELATIVES includes households where there are relatives present. There may or may not also be nonrelatives present.

The category OTHER, under NOT MAINTAINER is a residual category that contains difficult to classify household arrangements such as those temporarily residing outside Canada.

I

-

47 -

TABLE A.1 POPULATION 55 YEARS AND OVER BY LIVING ARRANGEMENTS, CANADA, 1971 TOTAL 55+ I

I

I

I

I

I

I I

II •

I I

I

MEN PERSONS 55 YEARS AND OVER Count % MAINTAINER Count % NO SPOUSE Count LIVING ALONE Count WITH RELATIVES Count WITH NON-RELATIVES Count WITH SPOUSE Count SPOUSE ONLY Count SPOUSE AND RELATIVES Count SPOUSE AND NON-RELATIVES Count NOT MAINTAINER Count % WITH OTHERS Count % OTHERS AND SPOUSE Count

I

RELATIVES Count

I

NON-RELATIVES Count

I I

SPECIAL CARE INST. Count OTHER Count

55-59

60-64

SUBTOTAL 65-69 65+

70-74

75+

1,637,085 472,355 382,160 782,570 296,430 204,990 281,145 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,400,160 428,305 341,185 630,675 258,745 171,840 200,090 71.2 85.5 90.7 89.3 80.6 87.3 83.8 223,415 13.6

47,550 10.1

43,825 132,045 11.5 16.9

40,680 13.7

33,630 16.4

57,735 20.5

139,175 8.5

26,920 5.7

26,480 6.9

85,770 11.0

26,260 8.9

22,470 11.0

37,040 13.2

62,950 3.8

15,390 3.3

12,785 3.3

34,775 4.4

10,525 3.6

8,125 4.0

16,135 5.7

21,290 1.3

5,240 1.1

4,555 1.2

11,495 1.5

3,895 1.3

3,040 1.5

4,560 1.6

1,176,745 380,755 297,365 498,625 218,065 138,205 142,360 67.4 50.6 77.8 63.7 73.6 80.6 71.9 629,595 130,875 148,845 349,870 140,425 100,550 108,895 38.7 27.7 44.7 47.4 49.1 38.5 38.9 523,190 244,595 142,360 136,235 17.4 51.8 37.3 32.0

71,950 24.3

34,155 16.7

30,125 10.7

12,525 1.6

5,690 1.9

3,505 1.7

3,335 1.2

23,960 1.5

5,280 1.1

236,925 14.5

44,050 9.3

40,975 151 9 895 10.7 19.4

37,685 12.7

33,155 16.2

81,055 28.8

164,085 10.0

33,285 7.0

30,875 8.1

99,920 12.8

27,795 9.4

23,325 11.4

48,805 17.4

20,300 1.2

2,610 0.6

4,000 1.0

13,690 1.7

4,235 1.4

3,645 1.8

5,810 2.1

78,105 4.8

14,915 3.2

12,165 3.2

51,025 6.5

12,165 4.1

10,480 5.1

28,380 10.1

65,680 4.0

15,760 3.3

14,710 3.8

35,215 4.5

11,400 3.8

9,200 4.5

14,615 5.2

45,525 2.8

4,075 0.9

4,520 1.2

36,935 4.7

5,105 1.7

6,145 3.0

25,675 9.1

27,315 1.7

6,695 1.4

5,580 1.5

15,040 1.9

4,785 1.6

3,680 1.8

6,155 1.6

SOURCE: 1971 Census of Canada, Unpublished Tabulation.

6,575 2.3

- 48 TABLE A.1 POPULATION 55 YEARS AND OVER BY LIVING ARRANGEMENTS, CANADA, 1971 TOTAL 55+ WOMEN PERSONS 55 YEARS AND OVER Count MAINTAINER Count NO SPOUSE Count LIVING ALONE Count WITH RELATIVES Count WITH NON-RELATIVES Count WITH SPOUSE Count SPOUSE ONLY Count SPOUSE AND RELATIVES Count SPOUSE & NON-RELATIVES Count NOT MAINTAINER Count WITH OTHERS Count OTHERS AND SPOUSE Count RELATIVES Count NON-RELATIVES Count SPECIAL CARE INST. Count OTHER Count

55-59

60-64

SUBTOTAL 65+

65-69

70-74

75+

1,839,595 481,650 396,575 961,370 323,510 251,175 386,685 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,439,340 426 9 735 336,675 675,935 263,185 190,750 222,000 78.2 88.6 84.9 70.3 81.4 75.9 57.4 542,245 29.5

92,920 19.3

97,940 351,385 101,950 24.7 36.6 31,5

97,780 151,655 38.9 39.2

333,510 18.1

43,940 9.1

57,110 232,465 14.4 24.2

65,985 20.4

67,160 26.7

99,320 25.7

172,075 9.4

42,320 8.8

33,415 8.4

96,335 10.0

28,320 8.8

24,560 9.8

43,455 11.2

36,660 2.0

6,665 1.4

7,415 1.9

22,580 2.3

7,645 2.4

6,055 2.4

8,880 2;3

897,095 333,810 238,740 324,545 161,230 48.8 60.2 69.3 33.8 49.8

92,970 37.0

70,345 18.2

558,070 155,125 153,170 249,770 120,360 37.2 26.0 32.2 38.6 30.3

73,595 29.3

55,815 14.4

318,180 172,370 17.3 35.8 20,845 1.1

6,315 1.3

79,100 19.9

66,710 6.9

36,410 11.3

17,230 6.9

13,075 3.4

6,470 1.6

8,065 0.8

4,465 1.4

2,140 0.9

1,460 0.4

400,250 54,915 11.4 21.8

59,900 15.1

285,435 29.7

60,330 60,425 164,680 42.6 24.1 18.6

291,220 44,835 15.8 9.3

49,395 12.5

196,990 20.5

49,580 46,910 100,500 26.0 15.3 18.7

3,515 0.7

4,470 1.1

10,630 1.1

206,895 27,900 5.8 11.2

30,910 7.8

148,085 15.4

65,705 13,420 3.6 2.8

14,015 3.5

18,620 1.0

4,005 1.2

3,155 1.3

3,465 0.9

34,215 34,080 79,795 20.6 10.6 13.6

38,270 11,360 4.0 3.5

9,675 17,240 4.5 3.9

77,790 4.2

4,285 0.9

5,085 1.3

68 9 420 7.1

6,000 1.9

9,180 53,235 13.8 3.7

31,245 1.7

59795 1.2

5,420 1.4

20,030 2.1

4,750 1.5

4,330 10,950 2.8 1.7

SOURCE: 1971 Census of Canada, Unpublished Tabulation.

Ll

I I I I

I I

TABLE A.2

POPULATION 55 YEARS AND OVER BY LIVING ARRANGEMENTS, CANADA, 1976 TOTAL 55+

PERSONS 55 YEARS AND OVER Count MAINTAINER Count NO SPOUSE Count

•

•

LIVING ALONE Count

•

WITH RELATIVES Count

I I

I

I

I

'

WITH NON-RELATIVES Count % WITH SPOUSE Count % SPOUSE ONLY Count SPOUSE AND RELATIVES Count SPOUSE & NON-RELATIVES Count NOT MAINTAINER Count WITH OTHERS Count

I I

OTHERS AND SPOUSE Count

• •

I

I

RELATIVES Count NON-RELATIVES Count % SPECIAL CARE INST. Count

55-59

60-64

SUBTOTAL 65-69 65+

70-74

75+

1,792,780 490,525 432,305 869,955 338,130 239,195 292,625 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,582,495 456,085 396,530 729,880 304,770 208,400 216,710 74.1 87.1 90.1 88.3 93.0 91.7 83.9 243,995 13.6

48,960 10.0

49,415 145,625 11.4 16.7

45,390 13.4

38,630 16.2

61,605 21.1

168,270 9.4

31,775 6.5

33,105 103,395 7.7 11.9

32,035 9.5

28,270 11.8

43,090 14.7

57,170 3.2

12,870 2.6

12,225 2.8

32,080 3.7

9,805 2.9

7,680 3.2

14,590 5.0

18,550 1.0

4,315 0.9

4,085 0.9

10,150 1.2

3,545 1.0

2,680 1.1

3,925 1.3

1,338,500 407,130 347,115 584,255 259,380 169,765 155,110 71.0 53.0 74.7 67.2 76.7 83.0 80.3 778,540 153,125 190,835 434,585 178,560 130,720 125,300 44.1 42.8 43.4 31.2 50.0 52.8 54.6 541,310 249,965 151,410 139,930 35.0 16.1 30.2 51.0 4,870 1.1

76,605 22.7

36,030 15.1

27,300 9.3

9,735 1.1

4,220 1.2

3,010 1.3

2,510 0.9

18,645 1.0

4,035 0.8

210,290 11.7

34,440 7.0

35,775 140,075 16.1 8.3

33,360 9.9

30,795 75,910 12.99 25.9

132,790 7.4

25,240 5.1

25,975 6.0

81,570 9.4

23,430 6.9

19,880 8.3

38,265 13.1

22,700 1.3

2,725 0.6

4,510 1.0

15,470 1.8

5,460 1.6

4,050 1.7

5,955 2.0

69,710 3.9

13,135 2.7

12,215 2.8

44,355 5.1

10,545 3.1

9,580 4.0

24,220 8.3

40,380 2.3

9,375 1.9

9,255 2.1

21,750 2.5

7,420 2.2

6,240 2.6

8,085 2.8

55,875 3.1

3,945 0.8

4,935 1.1

47,000 5.4

6,035 1.8

7,735 3.2

33,235 11.4

21,625 1.2

5,260 1.1

4,865 1.1

11,500 1.3

3,895 1.2

3,185 1.3

OTHER Count

I SOURCE: 1976 Census of Canada, Unpublished Tabulation.

4,415 1.5

- 50 TABLE A.2 POPULATION 55 YEARS AND OVER BY LIVING ARRANGEMENTS, CANADA, 1976 TOTAL 55+ WOMEN PERSONS 55 YEARS AND OVER Count MAINTAINER Count NO SPOUSE Count LIVING ALONE Count WITH RELATIVES Count WITH NON-RELATIVES Count WITH SPOUSE Count SPOUSE ONLY Count SPOUSE AND RELATIVES Count SPOUSE & NON-RELATIVES Count NOT MAINTAINER Count WITH OTHERS Count OTHERS AND SPOUSE Count RELATIVES Count NON-RELATIVES Count SPECIAL CARE INST. Count OTHER Count



55-59

60-64

SUBTOTAL 65+

65-69

70-74

75+

2,111,410 523,015 467,475 1,120,920 380,960 290,925 449,035 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,730,815 479,555 415,430 88.9 82.0 91.7

835,830 324,600 235,160 276,075 74.6 80.8 61.5 85.2

679,300 106,315 123,410 32.2 20.3 26.4

449,575 130,045 122,610 196,925 40.1 34.1 42.1 43.9

459,600 21.8

56,090 10.7

79,060 16.9

324,450 28.9

93,085 24.4

91,280 140,095 31.4 31.2

189,860 9.0

45,125 8.6

37,935 8.1

106,795 9.5

30,955 8.1

26,265 9.0

49,575 11.0

29,835 1.4

5,100 1.0

6,410 1.4

18,325 1.6

6,000 1.6

5,070 1.7

7,255 1.6

386,250 194,550 112,550 38.7 34.5 51.1

79,145 17.6

313,440 154,280 40.5 28.0

93,330 32.1

65,830 14.7

1,051,510 373,245 292,020 71.4 49.8 62.5 696,170 184,195 198,535 33.0 42.5 35.2 339,040 184,090 16.1 35.2

88,590 19.0

66,360 5.9

36,820 9.7

17,425 6.0

12,110 2.7

1,790 0.6

1,205 0.3

16,300 0.8

4,960 0.9

4,890 1.0

6,450 0.6

3,450 0.9

380,595 18.0

43,360 8.3

52,045 11.1

285,090 25.4

56,360 14.8

55,760 172,960 19.2 38.5

246,615 11.7

35,230 6.7

41,705 8.9

169,680 15.1

44,140 11.6

40,140 13.8

85,395 19.0

20,535 1.0

3,875 0.7

5,040 1.1

11,620 1.0

4,770 1.3

3,245 1.1

3,605 0.8

184,610 8.7

22,485 4.3

27,225 5.8

134,900 12.0

31,150 8.2

30,840 10.6

72,910 16.2

41,475 2.0

8,875 1.7

9,445 2.0

23,160 2.1

8 2 225 2.2

6,055 2.1

8,880 2.0

107,245 5.1

3,935 0.8

5,185 1.1

98,125 8.8

7,310 1.9

11,400 3.9

79,415 17.7

26,730 1.3

4,295 0.8

5,150 1.1

17,290 1.5

4,915 1.3

4,220 1.5

8,150 1.8



SOURCE: 1976 Census of Canada, Unpublished Tabulation.

I

I F] I I I I Li I I I I 1 I I I I Li Li

-

51 -

TABLE A.3 POPULATION 55 YEARS AND OVER BY LIVING ARRANGEMENTS, CANADA, 1981 TOTAL 55+ MEN PERSONS 55 YEARS AND OVER Count MAINTAINER Count NO SPOUSE Count LIVING ALONE Count WITH RELATIVES Count WITH NON-RELATIVES Count WITH SPOUSE Count SPOUSE ONLY Count SPOUSE AND RELATIVES Count SPOUSE & NON-RELATIVES Count NOT MAINTAINER Count WTPT-

55-59

60-64

SUBTOTAL 65+

65-69

70-74

2,032,370 567,265 459,700 1,005,400 389,375 279,120 336,905 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,795,015 524,080 422,405 88.3 92.4 91.9

848,530 351,655 244,835 252,040 84.4 90.3 87.7 74.8

290,525 14.3

66,080 11.6

56,115 12.2

168,330 16.7

54,400 14.0

44,590 16.0

69,335 20.6

209,370 10.3

42,770 7.5

39,110 8.5

127,490 12.7

39,865 10.2

34,190 12.2

53,430 15.9

66,180 3.3

19,580 3.5

13,910 3.0

32,690 3.3

11,650 3.0

8,240 3.0

12,800 3.8

14,975 0.7

3,735 0.7

3,100 0.7

8,145 0.8

2,880 0.7

2,160 0.8

3,105 0.9

1,504,490 458,005 366,285 74.0 80.7 79.7

680,200 297,255 200,240 182,705 67.7 76.3 71.7 54.2

930,295 187,610 212,220 45.8 33.1 46.2

530,465 214,880 160,475 155,110 52.8 55.2 57.5 46.0

558,815 266,495 150,110 27.5 47.0 32.7

142,215 14.1

79,190 20.3

37,495 13.4

25,525 7.6

15,380 0.8

3,900 0.7

3,960 0.9

7,525 0.7

3,180 0.8

2,270 0.8

2,065 0.6

237,350 11.7

43,185 7.6

37,295 8.1

156,870 15.6

37,720 9.7

34,290 12.3

84,865 25.2

(YI'T-TPPQ

t..ount OTHERS AND SPOUSE Count RELATIVES Count NON-RELATIVES Count SPECIAL CARE INST. Count OTHER Count

75+

128,330 27,055 22,575 4.8 6.3 4.9

78,695 22,765 19,395 36,540 7.8 5.8 6.9 10.8

25,935 1.3

3,955 0.7

4,900 1.1

17,085 1.7

6,015 1.5

4,900 1.8

6,165 1.8

69,325 3.4

13,980 2.5

10,495 2.3

44,850 4.5

10,835 2.8

10,190 3.7

23,825 7.1

33,065 1.6

9,120 1.6

7,180 1.6

16,760 1.7

5,910 1.5

4,300 1.5

6,550 1.9

65,595 3.2

4,430 0.8

5,110 1.1

56,050 5.6

6,785 1.7

8,790. 40,475 3.1 12.0

43,430 2.1

11,700 2.1

9,605 2.1

22,125 2.2

8,175 2.1

6,105 2.2

SOURCE: 1981 Census of Canada, Unpublished Tabulation.

7,845 2.3

- 52 -

TABLE A.3 POPULATION 55 YEARS AND OVER BY LIVING ARRANGEMENTS, CANADA, 1981 TOTAL 55+ WOMEN PERSONS 55 YEARS AND OVER Count MAINTAINER Count NO SPOUSE Count LIVING ALONE Count WITH RELATIVES Count WITH NON-RELATIVES Count WITH SPOUSE Count SPOUSE ONLY Count SPOUSE AND RELATIVES Count SPOUSE & NON-RELATIVES Count NOT MAINTAINER Count WITH OTHERS Count OTHERS AND SPOUSE Count RELATIVES Count NON-RELATIVES Count SPECIAL CARE INST. Count OTHER Count

55-59

60-64

SUBTOTAL 65+

65-69

70-74

75+

29468,970 610,880 515,675 1,342,415 451,360 350,640 540,415 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,028,620 560,610 461,305 1,006,705 391,115 286,035 329,555 61.0 81.6 86.7 75.0 89.5 91.8 82.2 799,340 125,540 135,645 26.3 20.6 32.4

538,155 155,185 147,450 235,520 43.6 42.1 34.4 40.1 426,720 118,535 118,395 189,790 35.1 33.8 26.3 31.8

586,395 23.8

68,905 11.3

90,765 17.6

187,465 7.6

51,955 8.5

39,715 7.7

95,800 7.1

31,445 7.0

24,770 7.1

39,580 7.3

25,480 1.0

4,680 0.8

5,165 1.0

15,635 1.2

5,205 1.2

4,280 1.2

6,145 1.1

1,229,285 435,070 325,665 63.2 71.2 49.8

468,550 235,930 138,585 39.5 52.3 34.9

94,030 17.4

846,845 224,610 227,340 44.1 36.8 34.3

394,890 192,640 119,980 34.2 42.7 29.4

82,270 15.2

369,170 206 9 060 15.0 33,7

94,760 18.4

68,355 5.1

40,325 8.9

17,255 4.9

10,775 2.0

13,275 0.5

4,405 0.7

3,570 0.7

5,300 0.4

2,965 0.7

1,350 0.4

985 0.2

440,345 17.8

50,275 8.2

54,370 10.5

335,705 25.0

60,240 13.3

64,605 210,860 39.0 18.4

250,970 10.2

35,155 5.8

38,610 7.5

177,210 13.2

41,650 9.2

42,230 12.0

93,330 17.3

23,165 0.9

5,175 0.8

5,340 1.0

12,640 0.9

5,175 1.1

3,780 1.1

3,685 0.7

198,925 8.1

23,245 3.8

27,070 5.2

148,610 11.1

31,115 6.9

34,195 9.8

83,290 15.4

28,885 1.2

6,730 1.1

6,200 1.2

15,955 1.2

5,355 1.2

4,255 1.2

6,345 1.2

130,110 5.3

3,885 0.6

4,980 1.0

121,245 9.0

7,540 1.7

37,255 11,050 2.4 2.8

59,265 11,230 10,780 2.1 2.4 1.8

SOURCE: 1981 Census of Canada, Unpublished Tabulation.

12,630 101,070 18.7 3.6 9,745 16,465 3.0 2.8

I

I I

TABLE A.4

PROJECTION I I OF LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF POPULATION AGED 75 YEARS AND OVER, CANADA, 1971-1996

Percentage Distribution of Men 75 Years and Over 1971 1991 1981 1986 1976 76.2 74.8 75.5 71.2 74.1

MAINTAINER

1996 76.9

I

I . I

LIVING ALONE

13.2

14.7

15.9

17.1

18.3

19.5

WITH SPOUSE

50.6

53.0

54.2

54.4

55.2

55.9

38.7

42.8

46.0

48.4

49.2

50.0

7.4

6.3

4.7

4.0

2.7

1.5

28.8

25.9

25.2

24.5

23.8

23.1

9.1

11.4

12.0

12.7

13.4

14.1

17.4

13.1

10.8

9.8

8.4

7.0

2.3

1.5

2.3

2.0

2.0

2.0

Percentage Distribution of Women 75 Years and Over 1986 1976 1981 1991 1971 62.2 61.0 61.5 57.4 61.5

1996 63.1

SPOUSE ONLY OTHER

NOT MAINTAINER

I

SPECIAL CARE INST. WITH OTHERS OTHER

I MAINTAINER I

I

LIVING ALONE

25.7

31.2

35.1

39.0

41.9

44.8

WITH SPOUSE

18.2

17.6

17.4

16.2

16.0

15.8

14.4

14.7

15.2

15.3

15.4

15.5

13.5

12.7

8.5

6.3

4.3

2.5

42.6

38.5

39.0

38.5

37.8

36.9

SPECIAL CARE INST.

13.8

17.7

18.7

19.7

20.8

23.0

WITH OTHERS

26.0

19.0

17.3

16.3

14.5

11.4

2.8

1.8

3.0

2.5

2.5

2.5

SPOUSE ONLY I

OTHER NOT MAINTAINER

I

OTHER

This projection was calculated using the least squares method with manual adjustments for some very small populations. I

I I I

SOURCE:

Unpublished calculations based upon unpublished tabulations from the 1971, 1976 and 1981 Censuses and projected populations published in Population Projections for Canada, Provinces and Territories, 1984-2006, Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 91-520.

GERONTOLOGY RESEARCH CENTRE SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY .'

p

Mt MM ow*

The Gerontology Research Centre was established in 1982 both to stimulate and to undertake research on topics-related to population aging. The Centre also provides an information and consulting service. The research focus of the Centre relates generally to social gerontology and to the biphysiology of aging. Areas of research concentration identified to date include: victimization and exploitation of the elderly; population aging and changing life-styles; and aging and the built environment. The Centre publishes a bi-monthly bulletin, sponsors a Research Forum and organizes conferences and workshops.

THE CANADIAN ASSOCIATION ON GERONTOLOGY! Association canadienne de gerontologie

The Canadian Association on Gerontology/Association canadienne de gerontologie is a national multi-disciplinary scientific and educational association established to give leadership in matters related to issues of aging. CAG/Acg was founded October 15, 1971, and incorporated on April 13, 1973. The head office address is: 2nd Floor, 238 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C OB1.