Family Farming and the Worlds to Come

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Jean-Michel Sourisseau Editor

Family Farming and the Worlds to Come

Editor Jean-Michel Sourisseau CIRAD Paris, France

ISBN 978-94-017-9357-5 ISBN 978-94-017-9358-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9358-2 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014954240 E´ditions Quæ, R10, 78026 Versailles cedex, France www.quae.com © E´ditions Quæ, 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Foreword

This book is most welcome in a year dedicated to family farming by the United Nations. It revisits the most common approaches for analyzing and understanding family farming – and emphasizes, rightly so, the multiplicity of forms of family farming that do exist. It is essential to properly define this type of agriculture to better identify its issues and to place it in a larger context and thus assess its contribution to sustainable and equitable development. I thus welcome the initiative taken to make family farming once again central to debates on agricultural development. Family farming is indeed at the heart of world agriculture. The role it plays in the dynamics of land and agrarian reform is of paramount importance to the transformational projects that many countries of the South intend to undertake in the next 10–20 years. At a time when our territories and lands are being reshaped, rapid and often unpredictable changes require populations to exhibit a high level of resilience to hazards of all kinds. Faced with these challenges, family farming is a rational choice to help maintain the delicate balance of ever dwindling natural resources in order to meet the needs of a growing population. Calibrating our responses to changing daily needs so that we can preserve the legacy that we leave to future generations remains a global challenge. Every continent has to meet this challenge, Africa especially so, given its demographic perspectives and vast agricultural potential. This publication encapsulates three decades of intellectual investment on a very complex subject. The relative lack of knowledge about the topic can explain – but not excuse – the perpetuation of notoriously inappropriate actions. In the African context, and thus for NEPAD,1 the reconstruction of the concept of family farming is a particular challenge given that competing and often pejorative concepts are used to describe it: small-scale agriculture, subsistence farming, and peasant agriculture among others. By allowing us to clearly identify the contours – as well as the 1

The New Partnership for Africa’s Development. v

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Foreword

variability – of family farming models, this book provides us the means to unmask the ideological underpinnings or the limitations of each of these concepts. Clearly identifying the specificity of these issues will be an important first step to be able to answer questions on the ability of family farming to cope with global challenges, as compared to other types of agriculture. This work will need to be put to the test in real-world situations, especially in Africa, where the notion of family itself takes multiple forms. This book’s recognition of family farming as one of the main drivers of rural transformations currently underway and its conviction that this form of farming is worth promoting in many regions of the world is encouraging, especially to us in Africa. It reinforces our vision of agriculture which accords more responsibility to those who produce themselves, of an Africa proud of its agriculture and its farmers. This book presents an overview that reinforces our commitment towards constructing a plural Africa which assumes and hopes for a better future. This collaborative work is decidedly an important milestone in CIRAD’s longstanding commitment to address fundamental issues for the sustainable development of a changing world. Dr. Ibrahim Assane Mayaki Executive Secretary NEPAD Planning and Coordination Agency

Acknowledgments

This book is a real collective achievement. In addition to the authors of chapters and boxes acknowledged at the end of the book, many people were involved in it. All their contributions, whatever their shape and size, are part of the richness and the diversity of this work. We express our sincere thanks to: Jacques Avelino, Vincent Baron, Hubert de Bon, Muriel Bonin, Julien Capelle, Alexandre Caron, Ve´ronique Chevalier, Marc Corbeels, Jean-Philippe Deguine, Ste´phanie Desvaux, Sophie Devienne, Jean-Marie Douzet, Noe¨l Durand, Sandrine Dury, Guillaume Duteurtre, Ce´line Dutilly, Bernard Faye, Getachew Gari, Michel de Garine-Wichatitsky, Re´gis Goebel, Flavie Goutard, Vladimir Grosbois, Hubert Gue´rin, Jean-Luc Hofs, Ferran Jori, Re´mi Kahane, Rabah Lahmar, Renaud Lancelot, Luc de Lapeyre de Bellaire, Fabrice Le Bellec, Matthieu Lesnoff, Genevie`ve Libeau, Jacques Loyat, Lucia Manso-Silvan, Thibaud Martin, Pierre Montagne, Didier Montet, Paule Moustier, Krishna Naudin, Mathilde Paul, Fabrice Pinard, Michel Rivier, E´ric Scopel, Samira Sarter, Renata Servan de Almeida, Franc¸ois Thiaucourt, Bernard Triomphe, Jean-Michel Vassal, Jean-Franc¸ois Vayssie`res. We also want to thank Patrick Caron, Pierre Fabre, E´tienne Hainzelin, Bernard Hubert, Denis Pesche and Emmanuel Torquebiau who commented and proposed improvements on an early version of the text. Last but not least, we are most grateful to Re´gine Chatagnier; this book would not be what it is without her precious assistance.

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Contents

1

General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jean-Michel Sourisseau

Part I

1

Defining and Understanding Family Farming

2

Family Farming: At the Core of the World’s Agricultural History . . . Bruno Losch

3

Defining, Characterizing and Measuring Family Farming Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pierre-Marie Bosc, Jacques Marzin, Jean-Franc¸ois Be´lie`res, Jean-Michel Sourisseau, Philippe Bonnal, Bruno Losch, Philippe Pe´delahore, and Laurent Parrot

13

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4

Families, Labor and Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ve´ronique Ancey and Sandrine Fre´guin-Gresh

57

5

Family Farming and Other Forms of Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jacques Marzin, Benoıˆt Daviron, and Sylvain Rafflegeau

71

Part II

Helping to Feed the World and Territories to Live

6

Contributing to Social and Ecological Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laure`ne Feintrenie and Franc¸ois Affholder

95

7

Contributing to Territorial Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Ste´phanie Barral, Marc Piraux, Jean-Michel Sourisseau, and E´lodie Valette

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Contents

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Contributing to Production and to International Markets . . . . . . . 129 Sylvain Rafflegeau, Bruno Losch, Benoıˆt Daviron, Philippe Bastide, Pierre Charmetant, Thierry Lescot, Alexia Prades, and Je´roˆme Sainte-Beuve

9

Contributing to Innovation, Policies and Local Democracy Through Collective Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Pierre-Marie Bosc, Marc Piraux, and Michel Dulcire

Part III

Meeting the Challenges of the Future

10

Challenges of Poverty, Employment and Food Security . . . . . . . . . 163 Philippe Bonnal, Bruno Losch, Jacques Marzin, and Laurent Parrot

11

Energy Challenges: Threats or Opportunities? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Marie-He´le`ne Dabat, Denis Gautier, Laurent Gazull, and Franc¸ois Pinta

12

Health Challenges: Increasing Global Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Sophie Molia, Pascal Bonnet, and Alain Ratnadass

13

Challenges of Managing and Using Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . 217 Danie`le Clavel, Laure`ne Feintrenie, Jean-Yves Jamin, Emmanuel Torquebiau, and Didier Bazile

Part IV

Research and the Challenges Facing Family Farming

14

Co-constructing Innovation: Action Research in Partnership . . . . . 237 Eric Vall and Eduardo Chia

15

Innovations in Extension and Advisory Services for Family Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Guy Faure, Michel Havard, Aure´lie Toillier, Patrice Djamen Nana, and Ismail Moumouni

16

Support for the Prevention of Health Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Sophie Molia, Pascal Bonnet, and Alain Ratnadass

17

Agricultural Biodiversity and Rural Systems of Seed Production . . . 285 Danie`le Clavel, Didier Bazile, Benoıˆt Bertrand, Olivier Sounigo, Kirsten vom Brocke, and Gilles Trouche

18

Lessons and Perspectives of Ecological Intensification . . . . . . . . . . 301 Franc¸ois Affholder, Laurent Parrot, and Patrick Jagoret

General Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Liste des auteurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331