Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Institut für Öffentliches Wirtschaftsrecht Lehrstuhl für Öffentliches Recht Univ.-Prof. Dr. Florian Becker, LL.M.
European Economic Law (Part 1) General Reading and Preparation
Barnard, The Substantive Law of the EU (4th ed. 2013)
Ehlers, European Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (2007; newer edition in German)
Official resources (cases, regulations, directives etc.): http://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html?locale=en
I. The European Economic Constitution
Joseph Weiler, 'The Transformation of Europe' (1991) 100 Yale L.J., pp. 2403-2483 (obviously not up to date but still very insightful)
Eleanor Spaventa, 'From Gebhard to Carpenter: Towards a (non-)economic European constitution' (2004) 41 Common Market Law Review, pp. 743-773
Loïc Azoulai, 'The Court of Justice and the social market economy: The emergence of an ideal and the conditions for its realization' (2008) 45 Common Market Law Review, pp. 1335-1355
Judgment of the Court of 13 June 1958. Meroni & Co v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community. Case 10-56. ECR 1957/8 Page 172/3
Judgment of the Court of 17 October 1995. The Queen v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte National Federation of Fishermen's Organisations and others and Federation of Highlands and Islands
Fishermen
I-3115, para. 37
and
Others.
Case
C-44/94.
ECR
1995
Page
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Florian Becker, Kiel
2
Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 3 October 2000. Echirolles Distribution SA v Association du Dauphin and Others. Case C-9/99. ECR 2000 Page I-8207
Remaining Member States’ competences
VI.
II. Fundamental Freedoms as central element of the Economic Constitution (FMOG)
Gjermund Mathisen, Consistency and Coherence as Conditions for Justification of Member State Measures Restricting Free Movement' (2010) 47 Common Market Law Review pp. 1021–1048
1. Fundamental freedoms as instrument for the establishment of the common market
Main decisions expanding Community power in the area of fundamental freedoms.
Judgment of the Court of 11 July 1974. Dassonville. ECR 1974 Page 00837
Judgment of the Court of 20 February 1979. Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopol-verwaltung für Branntwein (Cassis de Dijon). Case 120/78. ECR 1979 Page 00649
Judgment of the Court of 10 November 1982. Walter Rau Lebensmittelwerke v De Smedt PVBA. Case 261/81. ECR 1982 Page 03961
Judgment of the Court of 18 May 1993. Schutzverband gegen Unwesen in der Wirtschaft e.V. v Yves Rocher GmbH. Case C-126/91. ECR 1993 Page I-02361
Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 20 May 1992. Claus Ramrath v Ministre de la Justice, and l'Institut des raiseurs d'entreprises. Case C-106/91. ECR 1992 Page I-03351, para. 1617
2. Functions of fundamental freedoms
1.
Prohibition of discrimination
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Florian Becker, Kiel
3
Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 3 June 1999. Colim NV. Case C-33/97. ECR 1999 Page I-03175, para. 36-38
2.
Transnational element
Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 29 May 1997. Kremzow. Case C-299/95. ECR 1997 Page I-02629, para. 16
3.
Restrictions
Judgment of the Court of 11 July 1974. Gustave Dassonville. Case 8-74. ECR 1974 Page 837, para 5.):
“All trading rules enacted by Member States which are capable of hindering, directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, intra-Community trade are to be considered as measures having effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions”
Judgment of the Court of 3 December 1974. van Binsbergen Case 33-74. ECR 1974 Page 01299, para. 10
Judgment of the Court of 15 December 1995. Bosman. Case C-415/93. ECR 1995 Page I04921, para. 96
Judgment of the Court of 31 March 1993. Kraus. Case C-19/92. ECR 1993 Page I-01663, para. 16-17
Judgment of the Court of 30 November 1995. Reinhard Gebhard. Case C-55/94. ECR 1995 Page I-04165
4.
Positive obligations
Judgment of the Court of 9 December 1997. Case C-265/95. ECR 1997 Page I-06959, para. 30 et seq.
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Florian Becker, Kiel
5.
4
Procedural aspects
Judgment of the Court of 7 May 1991. Vlassopoulou. Case C-340/89. ECR 1991 Page I02357, para. 22
Judgment of the Court of 6 June 1996. Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic. Case C-101/94. ECR 1996 Page I-02691, para. 8
Judgment of the Court of 15 October 1987. Unectef v Georges Heylens and others. Case 222/86. ECR 1987 Page 04097, para. 14.
Judgment of the Court of 19 June 1990. Factortame. Case C-213/89. ECR 1990 Page I-02433, para. 21
3. Structure
Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 12 December 1990. Hennen Olie BV. Case C-302/88. ECR 1990 Page I-04625, para. 15
Judgment of the Court of 5 November 2002. Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany. Case C-325/00. ECR 2002 Page I-09977, para. 14-20
Judgment of the Court of 20 April 1978. Italian wines. Joined cases 80 and 81/77. ECR 1978 Page 00927, para. 35-36
Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 17 May 1984. Denkavit. Case 15/83. ECR 1984 Page 02171, para. 15
Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 29 February 1984. Rewe. Case 37/83. ECR 1984 Page 01229, para. 18
Judgment of the Court of 9 August 1994. Meyhui NV v Schott Zwiesel Glaswerke AG. Case C-51/93. ECR 1994 page I-3879, para. 11
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Florian Becker, Kiel
5
Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 13 September 2001. Hans Schwarzkopf GmbH & Co. KG v Zentrale zur Bekämpfung unlauteren Wettbewerbs eV. Case C-169/99. ECR 2001 Page I-05901, para. 37
Compare Judgment of the Court of 8 June 1971. Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft mbH. Case 7870. ECR 1971 Page 00487, para. 12
Judgment of the Court of 31 October 1974. Centrafarm BV et Adriaan de Peijper v Winthrop BV. Case 16-74. ECR 1974 Page 01183, para. 4 et seq.
Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 22 January 1981. Case 58/80. ECR 1981 Page 00181; para. 17 et. seq.;
Judgment of the Court of 12 December 1974. B.N.O. Walrave. Case 36-74. ECR 1974 Page 01405, para. 12-20
Judgment of the Court of 15 December 1995. Bosman. Case C-415/93. ECR 1995 Page I-04921, para. 83-84.
Judgment of the Court of 6 June 2000. Roman Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA. Case C-281/98. ECR 2000 Page I-04139, para. 30-32
1.
Geographic extension: Art. 345, 355 TFEU, but see also
Judgment of the Court of 30 April 1996. Boukhalfa. Case C-214/94. ECR 1996 Page I-02253, para. 14-15
2.
Interference
3.
Justification
a. Legal basis
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Florian Becker, Kiel
6
Judgment of the Court of 21 September 1989. Hoechst AG. Joined cases 46/87 and 227/88. ECR 1989 Page 02859, para. 19
b. Explicit reservations
c. Implicit reservations: Cassis-rule (Judgment of the Court of 20 February 1979. ReweZentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein. Case 120/78. ECR 1979 Page 00649, para. 8.)
4.
Limitations to restrictions (Proportionality in particular)
III. The mobility of European companies (Right to Establishment)
Judgment of the Court of 27 September 1988. The Queen v H. M. Treasury and Commissioners of Inland Revenue, ex parte Daily Mail and General Trust plc. Case 81/87. ECR 1988 Page 05483
Judgment of the Court of 9 March 1999. Centros Ltd. Case C-212/97. ECR 1999 Page I-01459
Judgment of the Court of 5 November 2002. Ueberseering BV. Case C-208/00. ECR 2002 Page I09919
Judgment of the Court of 30 September 2003. Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd. Case C-167/01. ECR 2003 Page I-10155
Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 13 December 2005. Marks & Spencer plc v David Halsey (Her Majesty's Inspector of Taxes). Case C-446/03. ECR 2005 Page I-10837
Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 13 December 2005. SEVIC Systems AG. Case C-411/03. ECR 2005 Page I-10805
Judgment of the Court of 16 December 2008. CARTESIO Oktató és Szolgáltató bt. Case C-210/06. ECR 2008 Page I-09641
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Florian Becker, Kiel
7
Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 12 July 2012. VALE Építési kft. Case C-378/10, nr
See also
Wulf-Henning Roth, From Centros to Überseering, 'Free Movement of Companies, Private International Law, and Community Law' (2003) 52 ICLQ, p. 177
Christian Kersting / Clemens Philipp Schindler, 'The ECJ's Inspire Art Decision of 30 September 2003 and its Effects on Practice' (2003) 4 German Law Journal1
Christian Kirchner / Richard W. Painter / Wulf A. Kaal, 'Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law After Inspire Art: Unbundling Delaware's Product for Europe' (U Illinois Law & Economics Research Paper No. LE04-001, available through SSRN)
Joseph A. McCahery / Erik P. M. Vermeulen, 'Does the European Company Prevent the “Delaware Effect”?' (2005) 11 European Law Journal, pp. 785–801
Marek Szydło, 'Case C–210/06, CARTESIO Oktató és Szolgáltató bt, Judgment of the Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice of 16 December 2008' (2009) 46 Common Market Law Review, pp. 703– 722
Vittoria Petronella, 'The Cross-Border Transfer of the Seat after Cartesio and the Non-Portable Nationality of the Company' (2010) 21 European Business Law Review, pp. 245–265
Justin Borg-Barthet ‘Free at last? Choice of corporate law in the EU following the judgment in Vale' (2013) 62 International & Comparative Law Quarterly, pp 503-512
IV. “Golden shares” (Free Movement of Capital)
Judgement of the Court of 28 September 2006. Commission v Netherlands. Joined Cases C-282/04 and C-283/04. ECR 2006 Page I-09141
1
http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=344.
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Florian Becker, Kiel
8
Judgment of the Court of 13 May 2003. Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Spain. Case C-463/00. ECR 2003 Page I-04581
Judgment of the Court of 13 May 2003. Commission of the European Communities v United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Case C-98/01. ECR 2003 Page I-04641
Judgment of the Court of 4 June 2002. Commission of the European Communities v Portuguese Republic. Case C-367/98. ECR 2002 Page I-04731
Judgment of the Court of 4 June 2002. Commission of the European Communities v French Republic. Case C-483/99. ECR 2002 Page I-04781
Judgment of the Court of 4 June 2002. Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Belgium. Case C-503/99. ECR 2002 Page I-04809
Judgment of the Court of 23 May 2000. Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic. Case C-58/99. ECR 2000 Page I-03811
Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 23 October 2007. Commission v Germany (“Volkswagen”). C-112/05. ECR 2007 Page I-08995
Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 26 March 2009. Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic. Case C-326/07. ECR 2009 Page I-02291
Judgement of the Court (First Chamber) of 11 November 2010. Commission v Portugal. Case C543/08. ECR 2010 Page I-11241
O'Grady Putek, 'Limited but not lost: a comment on the ECJ's golden share decisions', (2004) 72 Fordh. LR, p. 2219
Jaron van Bekkum / Joost Kloosterman / Jaap Winter, 'Golden Shares and European Company Law: the Implications of Volkswagen' (2008) 5 European Company Law, pp. 6–12
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Florian Becker, Kiel
9
Jaron van Bekkum, 'Golden Shares: A New Approach' (2010) 7 European Company Law, pp. 13–19
V. State aids
1. Introduction: The idea, structure and sources of State aids law
2. State aids: Definition
Judgment of the Court of 27 June 2000. Commission of the European Communities v Portuguese Republic. Case C-404/97. ECR 2000 Page I-04897, para. 44 and the references therein
Judgment of the Court of 25 June 1970. Government of the French Republic v Commission of the European Communities. Case 47-69. ECR 1970 Page 00487, para. 16, 17
Judgment of the Court of 27 March 1980. Amministrazione delle finanze dello Stato v Denkavit italiana Srl. Case 61/79. ECR 1980 Page 01205, para. 29 et seq.
Judgment of the Court of 21 March 1991. Italian Republic v Commission of the European Communities. Case C-303/88. ECR 1991 Page I-01433, para. 21, 22
Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Second Chamber, extended composition) of 12 December 1996. Compagnie nationale Air France v Commission of the European Communities. Case T-358/94. ECR 1996 Page II-02109, para. 70, 71
Judgment of the Court of 11 July 1996. Syndicat francais de l'Express international (SFEI) and others v La Poste and others. Case C-39/94. ECR 1996 Page I-03547, para. 60, 61
Judgment of the Court of 2 February 1988. Kwekerij Gebroeders van der Kooy BV and others v Commission of the European Communities. Joined cases 67/85, 68/85 and 70/85, para. 36, 37. ECR 1988 Page 00219
Judgment of the Court of 19 September 2000. Federal Republic of Germany v Commission of the European Communities. Case C-156/98. ECR 2000 Page I-06857, para. 27, 28
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Florian Becker, Kiel
10
Judgment of the Court of 13 March 2001. PreussenElektra AG. Case C-379/98. ECR 2001 Page I02099, para. 58; Judgment of the Court of 17 March 1993. Firma Sloman Neptun Schiffahrts AG v Seebetriebsrat Bodo Ziesemer der Sloman Neptun Schiffahrts AG. Joined cases C-72/91 and C-73/91. ECR 1993 Page I-00887, para. 19
3. Exemptions and block exemptions
4. Procedure
5. Recovery
Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 5 October 2006. Commission of the European Communities v French Republic. Case C-232/05. ECR 2006 Page I-10071
Judgment of the Court of 14 February 1990. French Republic v Commission of the European Communities (Boussac). Case C-301/87. ECR 1990 Page I-307, para. 22
6. Art. 106(2) TFEU
Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 17 July 1997. GT-Link A/S v De Danske Statsbaner (DSB). Case C-242/95. ECR 1997 Page I-04449, para. 50
Interesting example for all problems connected with the application of state aid law to public companies: Communication from the Commission on the application of State aid rules to public service broadcasting, OJ C 320, 15.11.2001, pp. 5-11
See also
Adinda Sinnaeve, 'State aid procedures: Developments since the entry into force of the procedural regulation' (2007) 44 Common Market Law Review, pp. 965–1033
VI. Fundamental Rights and the Regulation of network industries
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Florian Becker, Kiel
11
Judgment of the Court of 15 July 1960. Präsident Ruhrkolen-Verkaufsgesellschaft mbH, Geitling Ruhrkohlen-Verkaufsgesellschaft mbH, Mausegatt Ruhrkohlen-Verkaufsgesellschaft mbH and I. Nold KG v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community. Joined cases 36-59, 37-59, 38-59 and 40-59. ECR 1960 Page 423
Judgment of the Court of 5 February 1963. Van Gend & Loos, Case 26/62. ECR 1963 Page 3
Judgment of the Court of 12 November 1969. Erich Stauder v City of Ulm – Sozialamt. Case 29/69. ECR 1969 Page 419
Judgment of the Court of 17 December 1970. Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel. Case 11/70. ECR 1970 Page 1125
Judgment of the Court of 5 October 1994. Germany v Council of the European Union. Case C-280/93. ECR 1994 Page I-4973
Judgment of the Court of 26 June 1997. Vereinigte Familiapress Zeitungsverlags- und vertriebs GmbH v Heinrich Bauer Verlag. Case C-368/95. ECR 1997 Page I-3689
Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 11 December 2007. International Transport Workers’ Federation and Finnish Seamen’s Union v Viking Line ABP and OÜ Viking Line Eesti. Case C-438/05. ECR 2007 Page I-10779
Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 18 December 2007. Laval un Partneri Ltd v Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundet, Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundets avdelning 1, Byggettan and Svenska Elektrikerförbundet. Case C-341/05. ECR 2007 Page I-11767
Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 26 February 2013. Åklagaren v Hans Åkerberg Fransson. Case C-617/10.
ECHR, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 30 June 2005. Bosphorus Hava Yolları Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi v Ireland (Appl. 45036/98). RJD 2005-VI Page 107
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Florian Becker, Kiel
12
J.H.H. Weiler / Nicolas J.S. Lockhart, ' "Taking rights seriously" seriously: The European Court and its fundamental rights jurisprudence' Part I + II (1995) 32 CMLR, pp. 51-94 + pp. 579-627
Guy Harpaz, 'The European Court of Justice and its relations with the European Court of Human Rights: The quest for enhanced reliance, coherence and legitimacy' (2009) 46 CMLR, pp. 105–141
Bjorn Kunoy / Anthony Dawes, 'Plate tectonics in Luxembourg: The ménage à trois between EC law, international law and the European Convention on Human Rights following the UN sanctions cases' (2009) 46 CMLR, pp. 73-104
Jonas Malmberg / Tore Sigeman, 'Industrial actions and EU economic freedoms: The autonomous collective bargaining model curtailed by the European Court of Justice' (2008) 45 CMLR, pp. 1115– 1146
1. Network markets and market failure
Paul Stephen Dempsey, 'Market Failure and Regulatory Failure as Catalysts for Political Change' (1989) 46 Wash. & Lee L. Rev., pp. 1-40, 2
2. Competition through regulation
Mark A. Lemley / David McGowan, 'Legal Implications of Network Economic Effects' (1998) 86 California Law Review, pp. 479-611
World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, Competition in Network Industries (1996)2
Randal C Picker, 'Regulating Network Industries: A Look at Intel' (1999) 23 Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, pp. 159-193
Piet Jan Slot / Andrew Skudder, 'Common Features of Community Law Regulation in the NetworkBound Sectors' (2001)38 Common Market Law Review, pp. 87-129
2
Available via SSRN: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=620635.
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Florian Becker, Kiel
13
Damien Geradin, 'Twenty Years of Liberalization of Network Industries in the European Union' (2006)3
Peter D. Cameron, 'The internal market in energy: harnessing the new regulatory regime' (2005) 30 European Law Review, pp. 631-648
Michael Albers, 'Energy Liberalization and EC Competition Law' (2001/2) 25 Fordh Int’l LJ, pp. 909945 (via Hein online)
3. Market Regulation and Fundamental Rights: Unbundling
VII. European Economic Law in a globalised economy
1. The general approach
Judgment of the Court of 12 December 1972. International Fruit Company NV and others v Produktschap voor Groenten en Fruit. Joined cases 21 to 24-72. ECR 1972 Page 01219, para. 19-27
Judgment of the Court of 5 October 1994. Federal Republic of Germany v Council of the European Union. Case C-280/93. ECR 1994 Page I-04973, para. 103-118
Judgment of the Court of 23 November 1999. Portuguese Republic v Council of the European Union. Case C-149/96. ECR 1999 Page I-08395, para. 34-47
2. Exceptions
Judgment of the Court of 22 June 1989. Federation de l'industrie de l'huilerie de la CEE (Fediol) v Commission of the European Communities. Case 70/87. ECR 1989 Page 01781, para. 19-22
Judgment of the Court of 7 May 1991. Nakajima All Precision Co. Ltd v Council of the European Communities. Case C-69/89. ECR 1991 Page I-02069, para. 31 3
Available via SSRN: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=946796.
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Florian Becker, Kiel
14
Judgment of the Court (Full Court) of 30 September 2003. Biret International SA v Council of the European Union. Case C-93/02 P. ECR 2003 Page I-10497
Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 1 March 2005. Léon Van Parys NV v Belgisch Interventie- en Restitutiebureau (BIRB). Case C-377/02. ECR 2005 Page I-01465, para. 50 et seq.
Further reading:
Francis Snyder, 'The Gatekeepers. The European Courts and WTO Law' (2003) 40 CMLR, pp. 313367
Anne Thies, 'Biret and beyond: The status of WTO rulings in EC law' (2004) 41 CMLR, pp. 16611682
Maria O Neill, 'On the Boundary Clash between EC Commercial Law and WTO Law' (2005) 32 Legal Issues of Economic Integration, pp. 65-86
Antonis Antoniadis, 'The European Union and WTO law: a nexus of reactive, coactive, and proactive approaches' (2007) 6 World Trade Review, pp. 45-87
Delphine De Mey / Pablo Ibáñez Colomo, 'Recent Developments on the Invocability of WTO Law in the EC: A Wave of Mutilation' (2006) 11 European Foreign Affairs Review, pp. 63-86
