ÖNORM

EN 1999-1-1 Edition: 2010-08-15

Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures Part 1-1: General structural rules (consolidated version) Eurocode 9: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Aluminiumtragwerken ― Teil 1-1: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln (konsolidierte Fassung)

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Eurocode 9: Calcul des structures en aluminium ― Partie 1-1: Règles générales (version consolidée)

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ICS Identical (IDT) with

91.010.30; 91.080.10 EN 1999-1-1:2007-05 + A1:2009-07

Supersedes

ÖNORM ENV 1999-1-1:1998-11 (PRESTANDARD) and ÖNORM ENV 1999-1-1:2000-06 (PRESTANDARD)

responsible

Committee 013 Steel-, composite- and aluminium-structures

ÖNORM EN 1999-1-1:2010

National Foreword The present EN 1999-1-1 has been prepared by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 “Structural Eurocodes”, Sub-committee SC9 “Aluminium structures”. Parameters (NDPs) for which, according to CEN Internal Regulation, a national decision is taken should be published as National Annex. NOTE: This is also recommended by Guidance Paper L1) of the European Commission. In Austria, the National Annex is being prepared by the competent Technical Committee 013 „ Steel-, composite- and aluminium-structures“ and published as ÖNORM B 1999-1-1. ÖNORM EN 1999-1-1 and ÖNORM B 1999-1-1 are to be applied jointly. This ÖNORM EN 1999-1-1 shall be applied jointly with the other standards of the ÖNORM EN 199x series. For further Information concerning this document see www.eurocode.at. Possible printing errors in this ÖNORM are announced by an “Errata Sheet”. This document is available at the internet platform www.eurocode.at

National Foreword to EN 1999-1-1:2007/A1:2009-07 The present ÖNORM EN has been reissued without prior public enquiry and represents a consolidated national new edition of EN 1999-1-1:2007-05, including Amendment EN 1999-1-1:2007/A1:2009-07.

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The preceding European amendment EN 1999-1-1:2007/A1:2009-07 as well as amendment EN 1999-1-1:2007/A1:2009-07 have been considered and incorporated in this version of ÖNORM EN 1999-1-1. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !".

1

) Guidance Paper L, concerning the Construction Product Directive – 89/106/EEC, “Application and Use of Eurocodes”, European Commission, Enterprise Directorate – General

2

EN 1999-1-1

EUROPEAN STANDARD

May 2007

NORME EUROPÉENNE

+ A1

EUROPÄISCHE NORM

July 2009

ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.10

Supersedes for ENV 1999-1-1:1998

English version

Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures Part 1-1:General structural rules Eurocode 9: Calcul des structures en aluminium Partie 1-1: Règles générales

Eurocode 9: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Aluminiumtragwerken - Teil 1-1: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18. September 2006. This amendment A1 modifies the European Standard EN 1999-1-1:2007; it was approved by CEN on 12 March 2009. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

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CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2009 CEN

All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members..

Ref. Nr. EN 1999-1-1:2007 + A1:2009 E

EN 1999-1-1: 2007 (E) + A1:2009 (E)

Content

Page

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Foreword ……………. ................................................................................................................................ 7  !Foreword of the Amendment 1 ............................................................................................................. 7 1 General ……………. .............................................................................................................. 11  1.1  Scope ........................................................................................................................................ 11  1.1.1  Scope of EN 1999 .................................................................................................................... 11  1.1.2  Scope of EN 1999-1-1 ............................................................................................................. 11  1.2  Normative references................................................................................................................ 12  1.2.1  General references ................................................................................................................... 12  1.2.2  References on structural design ............................................................................................... 12  1.2.3  References on aluminium alloys .............................................................................................. 12  1.2.4  References on welding ............................................................................................................. 14  1.2.5  Other references ....................................................................................................................... 14  1.3  Assumptions ............................................................................................................................. 15  1.4  Distinction between principles and application rules ............................................................... 15  1.5  Terms and definitions ............................................................................................................... 15  1.6  Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 15  1.7  Conventions for member axes .................................................................................................. 25  1.8  Specification for execution of the work ................................................................................... 26 2 Basis of design……………. .................................................................................................... 28  2.1  Requirements ............................................................................................................................ 28  2.1.1  Basic requirements................................................................................................................... 28  Reliability management ........................................................................................................... 28  2.1.2  2.1.3  Design working life, durability and robustness ....................................................................... 28  2.2  Principles of limit state design.................................................................................................. 28  2.3  Basic variables .......................................................................................................................... 28  2.3.1  Actions and environmental influences ..................................................................................... 28  2.3.2  Material and product properties ............................................................................................... 29  2.4  Verification by the partial factor method ................................................................................. 29  2.4.1  Design value of material properties ......................................................................................... 29  2.4.2  Design value of geometrical data............................................................................................. 29  2.4.3  Design resistances .................................................................................................................... 29  2.4.4  Verification of static equilibrium (EQU) ................................................................................. 29  2.5  Design assisted by testing ......................................................................................................... 29 3 Material……………. .............................................................................................................. 30  3.1  General ..................................................................................................................................... 30  3.2  Structural aluminium ................................................................................................................ 30  3.2.1  Range of materials ................................................................................................................... 30  3.2.2  Material properties for wrought aluminium alloys .................................................................. 31  3.2.3  Material properties for cast aluminium alloys ......................................................................... 35  3.2.4  Dimensions, mass and tolerances ............................................................................................ 36  3.2.5  Design values of material constants......................................................................................... 36  3.3  Connecting devices ................................................................................................................... 36  3.3.1  General..................................................................................................................................... 36  3.3.2  Bolts, nuts and washers............................................................................................................ 37  3.3.3  Rivets ....................................................................................................................................... 38  3.3.4  Welding consumables .............................................................................................................. 38  3.3.5  Adhesives................................................................................................................................. 38 4 Durability……………. ........................................................................................................... 40  5 Structural analysis ……………. ............................................................................................ 40  5.1  Structural modelling for analysis.............................................................................................. 40  5.1.1  Structural modelling and basic assumptions ............................................................................ 40  5.1.2  Joint modelling ........................................................................................................................ 40  5.1.3  Ground-structure interaction .................................................................................................... 40  5.2  Global analysis ......................................................................................................................... 40  5.2.1  Effects of deformed geometry of the structure ........................................................................ 40  5.2.2  Structural stability of frames ................................................................................................... 41 2

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EN 1999-1-1: 2007 (E) + A1:2009 (E)

  5.3  5.3.1  5.3.2  5.3.3  5.3.4  5.4  5.4.1  5.4.2  5.4.3  6 6.1  6.1.1  6.1.2  6.1.3  6.1.4  6.1.5  6.1.6  6.2  6.2.1  6.2.2  6.2.3  6.2.4  6.2.5  6.2.6  6.2.7  6.2.8  6.2.9  6.2.10  6.2.11  6.3  6.3.1  6.3.2  6.3.3  6.4  6.4.1  6.4.2  6.4.3  6.4.4  6.5  6.5.1  6.5.2  6.5.3  6.5.4  6.5.5  6.5.6  6.6  6.6.1  6.6.2  6.6.3  6.6.4  6.6.5  6.6.6  6.7  6.7.1  6.7.2  6.7.3  6.7.4  6.7.5 

Imperfections............................................................................................................................. 42  Basis ......................................................................................................................................... 42  Imperfections for global analysis of frames ............................................................................. 42  Imperfection for analysis of bracing systems ........................................................................... 46  Member imperfections ............................................................................................................. 48 Methods of analysis................................................................................................................... 49  General ..................................................................................................................................... 49  Elastic global analysis .............................................................................................................. 49  Plastic global analysis .............................................................................................................. 49 Ultimate limit states for members ……………. .................................................................... 49 Basis .......................................................................................................................................... 49 General ..................................................................................................................................... 49  Characteristic value of strength ................................................................................................ 49  Partial safety factors ................................................................................................................. 50  Classification of cross-sections ................................................................................................ 50  Local buckling resistance ......................................................................................................... 55  HAZ softening adjacent to welds ............................................................................................. 56  Resistance of cross-sections ...................................................................................................... 58  General ..................................................................................................................................... 58  Section properties ..................................................................................................................... 59  Tension ..................................................................................................................................... 60  Compression ............................................................................................................................. 61  Bending moment ...................................................................................................................... 61  Shear ......................................................................................................................................... 63  Torsion...................................................................................................................................... 64  Bending and shear .................................................................................................................... 65  Bending and axial force ............................................................................................................ 66  Bending, shear and axial force ................................................................................................. 67  Web bearing ............................................................................................................................. 67  Buckling resistance of members ............................................................................................... 68  Members in compression.......................................................................................................... 68  Members in bending ................................................................................................................. 72  Members in bending and axial compression ............................................................................ 74  Uniformed built-up members ....................................................................................................77  General ..................................................................................................................................... 77 Laced compression members .................................................................................................... 77  Battened compression members ............................................................................................... 80  Closely spaced built-up members ............................................................................................. 82  Un-stiffened plates under in-plane loading ............................................................................... 83  General ..................................................................................................................................... 83  Resistance under uniform compression .................................................................................... 83  Resistance under in-plane moment ........................................................................................... 84  Resistance under transverse or longitudinal stress gradient ..................................................... 85  Resistance under shear ............................................................................................................. 85  Resistance under combined action ........................................................................................... 86  Stiffened plates under in-plane loading ..................................................................................... 86  General ..................................................................................................................................... 86  Stiffened plates under uniform compression ............................................................................ 87  Stiffened plates under in-plane moment ................................................................................... 89  Longitudinal stress gradient on multi-stiffened plates ............................................................. 89  Multi-stiffened plating in shear ................................................................................................ 89  Buckling load for orthotropic plates ......................................................................................... 90  Plate girders ............................................................................................................................... 92  General ..................................................................................................................................... 92  Resistance of girders under in-plane bending........................................................................... 93  Resistance of girders with longitudinal web stiffeners ............................................................. 94  Resistance to shear ................................................................................................................... 95 Resistance to transverse loads .................................................................................................. 99  3

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EN 1999-1-1: 2007 (E) + A1:2009 (E)

6.7.6  6.7.7  6.7.8  6.8  6.8.1  6.8.2  7 7.1 7.2  7.2.1  7.2.2  7.2.3  7.2.4  8 8.1  8.1.1  8.1.2  8.1.3  8.1.4  8.1.5  8.2  8.3  8.4  8.5  8.5.1  8.5.2  8.5.3  8.5.4  8.5.5  8.5.6  8.5.7  8.5.8  8.5.9  8.5.10  8.5.11  8.5.12  8.5.13  8.5.14  8.6  8.6.1  8.6.2  8.6.3  8.7  8.8  8.9 

Interaction .............................................................................................................................. 102  Flange induced buckling ........................................................................................................ 103  Web stiffeners ........................................................................................................................ 104  Members with corrugated webs .............................................................................................. 105  Bending moment resistance ................................................................................................... 105  Shear force resistance ............................................................................................................ 106 Serviceability Limit States ……………. ............................................................................. 107 General ................................................................................................................................... 107 Serviceability limit states for buildings .................................................................................. 107 Vertical deflections ................................................................................................................ 107  Horizontal deflections ............................................................................................................ 107  Dynamic effects ..................................................................................................................... 107  Calculation of elastic deflection ............................................................................................ 107  Design of joints ……………. ................................................................................................ 108 Basis of design ........................................................................................................................ 108 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 108  Applied forces and moments ................................................................................................. 108  Resistance of joints ................................................................................................................ 109  Design assumptions ............................................................................................................... 109  Fabrication and execution ...................................................................................................... 109  Intersections for bolted, riveted and welded joints ................................................................. 109  Joints loaded in shear subject to impact, vibration and/or load reversal ................................ 109  Classification of joints ............................................................................................................ 110  Connections made with bolts, rivets and pins ........................................................................ 110  Positioning of holes for bolts and rivets ................................................................................ 110  Deductions for fastener holes ................................................................................................ 113  Categories of bolted connections ........................................................................................... 114  Distribution of forces between fasteners ............................................................................... 116  Design resistances of bolts..................................................................................................... 117  Design resistance of rivets ..................................................................................................... 119  Countersunk bolts and rivets ................................................................................................. 119  Hollow rivets and rivets with mandrel ................................................................................... 120  High strength bolts in slip-resistant connections ................................................................... 120  Prying forces .......................................................................................................................... 121  Long joints ............................................................................................................................. 122  Single lap joints with fasteners in one row ............................................................................ 122  Fasteners through packings.................................................................................................... 123  Pin connections ...................................................................................................................... 123  Welded connections................................................................................................................ 125  General................................................................................................................................... 125  Heat-affected zone (HAZ) ..................................................................................................... 126  Design of welded connections ............................................................................................... 126  Hybrid connections ................................................................................................................. 133  Adhesive bonded connections ................................................................................................ 133  Other joining methods ............................................................................................................ 133 

!Annex A (informative) Reliability differentiation .............................................................................. 134  A.1  A.2  A.3  A.4  A.5  A.6 

Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 134  Design provisions for reliability differentiation - Design supervision levels ......................... 134  Execution provisions for reliability differentiation – Execution classes ................................ 134  Governing factors for choice of execution class..................................................................... 134  Determination of execution class ........................................................................................... 135  Utilization grades.................................................................................................................... 135 

Annex B (normative) Equivalent T-stub in tension .................................................................................. 136  B.1 

4

General rules for evaluation of resistance .............................................................................. 136

EN 1999-1-1: 2007 (E) + A1:2009 (E)

  B.2 

Individual bolt-row, bolt-groups and groups of bolt-rows ...................................................... 140

Annex C (informative) Materials selection ................................................................................................. 142  C.1  C.2  C.2.1  C.2.2  C.3  C.3.1  C.3.2  C.3.3  C.3.4  C.4  C.4.1  C.4.2 

General .................................................................................................................................... 142  Wrought products .................................................................................................................... 142  Wrought heat treatable alloys ................................................................................................. 142  Wrought non-heat treatable alloys.......................................................................................... 144  Cast products ........................................................................................................................... 145  General ................................................................................................................................... 145 Heat treatable casting alloys EN AC-42100, EN AC-42200, EN AC-43000 and EN AC-43300 ......................................................................................................................... 145  Non-heat treatable casting alloys EN AC-44200 and EN AC-51300..................................... 145  Special design rules for castings............................................................................................. 146  Connecting devices ................................................................................................................. 147  Aluminium bolts ..................................................................................................................... 147  Aluminium rivets .................................................................................................................... 147 

Annex D (informative) Corrosion and surface protection ........................................................................ 148  D.1  D.2  D.3  D.3.1  D.3.2  D.3.3  D.3.4 

Corrosion of aluminium under various exposure conditions .................................................. 148  Durability ratings of aluminium alloys ................................................................................... 148  Corrosion protection................................................................................................................ 149  General ................................................................................................................................... 149  Overall corrosion protection of structural aluminium ............................................................ 149  Aluminium in contact with aluminium and other metals ....................................................... 150  Aluminium surfaces in contact with non-metallic materials .................................................. 150 

Annex E (informative) Analytical models for stress strain relationship ................................................. 154 

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E.1  E.2  E.2.1  E.2.2  E.3 

Scope ....................................................................................................................................... 154  Analytical models.................................................................................................................... 154  Piecewise linear models ......................................................................................................... 154  Continuous models ................................................................................................................. 156  Approximate evaluation of εu .................................................................................................. 159 

Annex F (informative) Behaviour of cross-sections beyond the elastic limit........................................... 160  F.1  F.2  F.3  F.4  F.5 

General .................................................................................................................................... 160  Definition of cross-section limit states .................................................................................... 160  Classification of cross-sections according to limit states ........................................................ 160  Evaluation of ultimate axial load ............................................................................................ 161  Evaluation of ultimate bending moment ................................................................................. 162 

Annex G (informative) Rotation capacity .................................................................................................. 164  Annex H (informative) Plastic hinge method for continuous beams ....................................................... 166  Annex I (informative) Lateral torsional buckling of beams and torsional or torsional-flexural buckling of compressed members ........................................................................................ 168  I.1  Elastic critical moment and slenderness.................................................................................. 168  I.1.1  Basis ........................................................................................................................................... 168  I.1.2  General formula for beams with uniform cross-sections symmetrical about the minor or major axis ................................................................................................................................... 168  I.1.3  Beams with uniform cross-sections symmetrical about major axis, centrally symmetric and doubly symmetric cross-sections ................................................................................................ 173  I.1.4  Cantilevers with uniform cross-sections symmetrical about the minor axis .............................. 173  I.2  Slenderness for lateral torsional buckling ............................................................................... 176  I.3  Elastic critical axial force for torsional and torsional-flexural buckling ................................. 178  I.4  Slenderness for torsional and torsional-flexural buckling ....................................................... 179  Annex J (informative) Properties of cross sections.................................................................................... 184  5

EN 1999-1-1: 2007 (E) + A1:2009 (E)

J.1  J.2  J.3  J.4  J.5  J.6 

Torsion constant It .................................................................................................................. 184  Position of shear centre S ....................................................................................................... 184  Warping constant Iw................................................................................................................ 184  Cross section constants for open thin-walled cross sections .................................................. 188  Cross section constants for open cross section with branches ................................................ 190  Torsion constant and shear !centre" of cross section with closed part .......................... 190

Annex K (informative) Shear lag effects in member design .................................................................... 191  K.1  K.2  K.2.1 K.2.2  K.2.3  K.3 

General ................................................................................................................................... 191 Effective width for elastic shear lag ....................................................................................... 191 Effective width factor for shear lag ........................................................................................ 191  Stress distribution for shear lag ............................................................................................. 192  In-plane load effects .............................................................................................................. 193  Shear lag at ultimate limit states ............................................................................................. 194 

Annex L (informative) Classification of joints .......................................................................................... 195  L.1  L.2  L.3  L.4  L.5  L.6  L.7  L.8  L.8.1  L.8.2  L.8.3 

General ................................................................................................................................... 195  Fully restoring connections .................................................................................................... 196  Partially restoring connections ............................................................................................... 196  Classification according to rigidity......................................................................................... 197  Classification according to strength ....................................................................................... 197  Classification according to ductility ....................................................................................... 197  General design requirements for connections ........................................................................ 197  Requirements for framing connections................................................................................... 197  General................................................................................................................................... 197  Nominally pinned connections .............................................................................................. 198  Built-in connections ............................................................................................................... 199 

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Annex M (informative) Adhesive bonded connections ............................................................................. 200  M.1  M.2  M.3  M.3.1  M.3.2  M.3.3  M.4 

General ................................................................................................................................... 200  Adhesives ............................................................................................................................... 200  Design of adhesive bonded joints ........................................................................................... 201  General................................................................................................................................... 201  Characteristic strength of adhesives ...................................................................................... 202  Design shear stress ................................................................................................................. 202  Tests........................................................................................................................................ 202 

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 203

6

EN 1999-1-1: 2007 (E) + A1:2009 (E)

Foreword This European Standard (EN 1999-1-1:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 «Structural Eurocodes», the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2010. This European Standard supersedes ENV 1999-1-1:1998. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

!Foreword of the Amendment A1 This document (EN 1991-1-1:2005/A1:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 “Structural Eurocodes”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2010.

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Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom."

7

EN 1999-1-1: 2007 (E) + A1:2009 (E)

Background of the Eurocode programme In 1975, the Commission of the European Community decided on an action programme in the field of construction, based on article 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the programme was the elimination of technical obstacles to trade and the harmonisation of technical specifications. Within this action programme, the Commission took the initiative to establish a set of harmonised technical rules for the design of construction works, which in a first stage would serve as an alternative to the national rules in force in the Member States and, ultimately, would replace them. For fifteen years, the Commission, with the help of a Steering Committee with Representatives of Member States, conducted the development of the Eurocodes programme, which led to the first generation of European codes in the 1980s. In 1989, the Commission and the Member States of the EU and EFTA decided, on the basis of an agreement1) between the Commission and CEN, to transfer the preparation and the publication of the Eurocodes to the CEN through a series of Mandates, in order to provide them with a future status of European Standard (EN). This links de facto the Eurocodes with the provisions of all the Council’s Directives and/or Commission’s Decisions dealing with European standards (e.g. the Council Directive 89/106/EEC on construction products – CPD – and Council Directives 93/37/EEC, 92/50/EEC and 89/440/EEC on public works and services and equivalent EFTA Directives initiated in pursuit of setting up the internal market).

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The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standards generally consisting of a number of Parts: EN 1990

Eurocode 0:

Basis of structural design

EN 1991

Eurocode 1:

Actions on structures

EN 1992

Eurocode 2:

Design of concrete structures

EN 1993

Eurocode 3:

Design of steel structures

EN 1994

Eurocode 4:

Design of composite steel and concrete structures

EN 1995

Eurocode 5:

Design of timber structures

EN 1996

Eurocode 6:

Design of masonry structures

EN 1997

Eurocode 7:

Geotechnical design

EN 1998

Eurocode 8:

Design of structures for earthquake resistance

EN 1999

Eurocode 9:

Design of aluminium structures

Eurocode standards recognise the responsibility of regulatory authorities in each Member State and have safeguarded their right to determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level where these continue to vary from State to State.

Status and field of application of Eurocodes The Member States of the EU and EFTA recognise that Eurocodes serve as reference documents for the following purposes: –

as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essential requirements of Council Directive 89/106/EEC, particularly Essential Requirement N°1 - Mechanical resistance and stability - and Essential Requirement N°2 - Safety in case of fire;

–

as a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services;

–

as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for construction products (ENs and ETAs)

1

) Agreement between the Commission of the European Communities and the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) concerning the work on EUROCODES for the design of building and civil engineering works (BC/CEN/03/89).

8