Lecture 6 - Component-based software engineering

EPL603 – Topics in Software Engineering Efi Papatheocharous Visiting Lecturer [email protected] Office FST-B107, Tel. ext. 2740

Topics covered  Components and component models  CBSE processes  CBSE for reuse  CBSE with reuse

 Component composition  Object Constraint Language (OCL)

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Components: the LEGO analogy  LEGO blocks are generic and easily composable.  Comprise of a set of building blocks in different shapes and colors.  Can be combined in different ways.  Composition through small stubs in one and corresponding holes in another building block.

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LEGO ® Source: H. van Vliet, Software Engineering: Principles and Practice, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Component-based development (1/4)  Component-based software engineering (CBSE) is an approach to software development that relies on the reuse of entities called ‘software components’.  It emerged from the failure of object-oriented development (in the late 90s) to support effective reuse.  Well-known in other disciplines.

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Component-based development (2/4)  Are objects components?  Object properties:    

An object is a unit of instantiation. An object has a unique identity. An object may have a state, and this can be (externally) observed. An object encapsulates its state and behavior.

 Objects are too detailed and specific.  Objects are not components but can be viewed as predecessors of components.  Objects are commonly used for forming components. Source: Szyperski, C., Component Software: Beyond Object-Oriented Programming, 2nd ed., Addison Wesley, 2002. 09/10/2012 Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Component-based development (3/4)  Components are rather prototypes / blueprints / plans from which (stateful) objects can be instantiated.  Components are more abstract than objects and can be considered to be stand-alone service providers. They can exist as stand-alone entities.  Components must be units of independent deployment, support reuse and encapsulation.

 No (externally observable) state.  Unit of third-party composition.

Source: Szyperski, C., Component Software: Beyond Object-Oriented Programming, 2nd ed., Addison Wesley, 2002. 09/10/2012 Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Component-based development (4/4)  The goal of CBSE is to support the rapid development of new systems, by reducing development to component integration, and to ease the maintenance of such systems by reducing maintenance to component replacement.

 Components can be developed, bought and sold as distinct entities.  At this point, CBSE is still more of a goal than a reality with considerable on-going research trying to figure out how to:

 Specify components so that buyers can determine whether a particular component fits their needs.  Certify that a component performs as claimed.  Reason about the non-functional properties of the system from the properties of components (e.g., reliability). 09/10/2012

Source: Pfleeger, S. L. and Atlee, J. M., Software Engineering, Fourth Edition, Pearson, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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CBSE essentials (1/2)  Independent components specified by their interfaces (an interface enables the interaction between a system and its users).  A clear separation between the components interface and its implementation should exist.  Allows the replacement of an implementation by another implementation without changing other parts of the system.

 Component standards to facilitate component integration.  Facilitate, at the very minimum, how component interfaces should be specified and how components communicate.  If components conform to standards then their operation is program language independent. 09/10/2012

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CBSE essentials (2/2)  Middleware that provides support for component interoperability.  Handles low-level issues efficiently and allows you to focus on application-related problems.

 Development process that is geared to reuse.  Takes into account the possibilities of reuse and the different processes involved in developing and using reusable components.

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CBSE and design principles  Apart from the benefits of reuse, CBSE is based on sound software engineering design principles:  Components are independent so do not interfere with each other’s operation. The component implementations are hidden thus they can be changed without affecting the rest of the system.  Communication is carried out through well-defined interfaces. In addition, one component can be replaced by another that provides additional or enhanced functionality.  Component platforms are shared and reduce development costs. They offer a range of standard services that can be used in application systems and thus reduce the amount of new code that has to be developed.

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Component standards  Standards needed to be established so that components can communicate with each other and interoperate.  Several competing component standards were established:  Sun’s Enterprise Java Beans (EJB)  Microsoft’s COM and .NET  OMG’s CORBA’s CCM

 In practice, these multiple standards have hindered the uptake of CBSE. It is impossible for components developed using different approaches to work together.

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Commercial standards for component software (1/2)

Sun / Java Beans • Portable. • Platform independent. • EJB is a server-side model that encapsulates the business logic of an application. • A Java EE Application server which includes an EJB container can be used or a standalone container such as OpenEJB can be used. • Latest release (2009) EJB 3.1.

• Types of Enterprise Beans: Session Beans than can be either “Stateful”, “Stateless” or “Singleton” and can be accessed through either a local or a remote interface or directly without an interface, all of which support asynchronous execution. Message-driven Beans (or Message Beans) that support asynchronous execution but via a messaging paradigm.

Source: Enterprise Java Beans Technologies, http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javaee/ejb/index.html 09/10/2012 Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Commercial standards for component software (2/2)

OMG / CORBA

Microsoft / COM

• Published by the Object Management Group. • The Common Object Request Broker Architecture provides a variety of services that enable reusable components to communicate with other components regardless of their location within a system. • Communication is assured if an Interface Definition Language (IDL) is created for each component.

• The Component Object Model provides a specification for using components produced by a variety of vendors within a single application running under Windows OS.

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• Encompasses: COM Interfaces (implemented as COM objects). Set of mechanisms for registering and passing messages between COM Interfaces.

Sources: CORBA, http://www.corba.org/ Microsoft’s COM: Component Object Model Technologies, http://www.microsoft.com/com Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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CBSE problems  Component trustworthiness - how can a component with no available source code be trusted?  Component certification - who will certify the quality of components? the component itself or the execution platform?  Emergent property prediction - how can the emergent properties of component compositions be predicted?  Requirements trade-offs - how do we do trade-off analysis between the features of one component and another? 09/10/2012

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CBSE benefits  Increases the quality of software, especially its evolvability and maintainability.  CBSE requires making the dependencies of components explicit, which reduces programming errors occurring from unknown or undocumented dependencies.  The more a component is (re)used the more likely it is that errors are found and removed.  Components are usually tested thoroughly before are offered to third-parties.  Components must be well-documented so that their (re)use is not hindered.  The strict modularization reduces the domino effect of changes in the system and increases the ability of the system to evolve.

 Increases productivity through the reuse of building blocks.

 Shortens the development time and time to market of software. 09/10/2012

Source: H. van Vliet, Software Engineering: Principles and Practice, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Components notions  Components provide a service without regard to where the component is executing or its programming language  

A component is an independent executable entity that can be made up of one or more executable objects; The component interface is published and all interactions are through the published interface;

 The following component definitions are based on the notion of a component as an element included in a system rather than a service referenced by a system. However, both are compatible with the idea of a service as a component.

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Component definitions  Councill and Heinmann:  A software component is a software element that conforms to a component model and can be independently deployed and composed without modification according to a composition standard.

 Szyperski:  A software component is a unit of composition with contractually specified interfaces and explicit context dependencies only. A software component can be deployed independently and is subject to composition by third-parties.

Sources: Heineman G.T., Council W.T., Component-Based Software Engineering: Putting the Pieces Together, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co, 2001. Szyperski, C., Component Software: Beyond Object-Oriented Programming, 2nd ed., Addison Wesley, 2002. 09/10/2012

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Component characteristics (1/2)

Component characteristic

Description

Standardized

Component standardization means that a component used in a CBSE process has to conform to a standard component model. This model may define component interfaces, component metadata, documentation, composition, and deployment.

Independent

A component should be independent—it should be possible to compose and deploy it without having to use other specific components. In situations where the component needs externally provided services, these should be explicitly set out in a ‘requires’ interface specification.

Composable

For a component to be composable, all external interactions must take place through publicly defined interfaces. In addition, it must provide external access to information about itself, such as its methods and attributes.

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Component characteristics (2/2)

Component characteristic

Description

Deployable

To be deployable, a component has to be self-contained. It must be able to operate as a stand-alone entity on a component platform that provides an implementation of the component model. This usually means that the component is binary and does not have to be compiled before it is deployed. If a component is implemented as a service, it does not have to be deployed by a user of a component. Rather, it is deployed by the service provider.

Documented

Components have to be fully documented so that potential users can decide whether or not the components meet their needs. The syntax and, ideally, the semantics of all component interfaces should be specified.

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Weather station description

A weather station is a package of software-controlled instruments which collects data, performs some data processing and transmits this data for further processing. The instruments include air and ground thermometers, an anemometer, a wind vane, a barometer and a rain gauge. Data is collected periodically. When a command is issued to transmit the weather data, the weather station processes and summarises the collected data. The summarised data is transmitted to the mapping computer when a request is received.

Application domain basic interface (reflects the interactions identified in the use-case model)

Application domain data Application domain objects

(summarized data)

(‘hardware’ objects related to the instruments of the system)

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Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010.

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Weather station object classes & interfaces

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Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Component as a service provider  The component is an independent, executable entity. It does not have to be compiled before it is used with other components.  The services offered by a component are made available through an interface and all component interactions take place through that interface.  The component interface is expressed in terms of parameterized operations and its internal state is never exposed.

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Component interfaces (1/3)  Provides interface  Defines the services that are provided by the component to other components.  This interface, essentially, is the component API. It defines the methods that can be called by a user of the component.

 Requires interface  Defines the services that specifies what services must be made available for the component to execute as specified.  This does not compromise the independence or deployability of a component because the ‘requires’ interface does not define how these services should be provided.

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Component interfaces (2/3)

Requires interface

Provides interface

Ball and sockets can fit together.

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Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Component interfaces (3/3)  An example interface model of a data collector component

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Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Component forms and its stages  Component goes through different stages: development, packaging, distribution, deployment, execution.  Across these stages, components are represented in different forms:  During development: design or specification language, e.g., UML, source code, configuration files, class files, .h, .c, .java files  When packaging: in a compressed file, e.g., .zip file  In the execution stage: blocks of code and data Source: H. van Vliet, Software Engineering: Principles and Practice, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

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Component forms characterization  Specification describes properties to be realized: realization contract.

 Interface describes how components interact: usage contract.  Scope is also different: specification is about the component as a whole, while an interface might be about part of a component only. 09/10/2012

Source: H. van Vliet, Software Engineering: Principles and Practice, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Component models  A component model is a definition of standards for component implementation, documentation and deployment.  Examples of component models  EJB model (Enterprise Java Beans)  COM+ model (.NET model)  CORBA Component Model

 The component model specifies how interfaces should be defined and the elements that should be included in an interface definition.

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Basic elements of a component model

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Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Elements of a component model  Interfaces  Components are defined by specifying their interfaces. The component model specifies how the interfaces should be defined and the elements, such as operation names, parameters and exceptions, which should be included in the interface definition.

 Usage information  In order for components to be distributed and accessed remotely, they need to have a unique name or handle associated with them. This has to be globally unique.

 Deployment and use  The component model includes a specification of how components should be packaged for deployment as independent, executable entities. 09/10/2012

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Component systems  Each entity is an object that provides services to other components and receives services from other components.  Component communication is through a middleware system.  CORBA / COM / .NET / EJB although different are rather similar in this view. Callee (Server) Mediator Caller Object (Client)

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Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Middleware (1/2)

 Middleware coordinates the interaction between the components.  The middleware provides location transparency in that it isn’t necessary for components to know the physical locations of other components.  Middleware may also support parameter conversion if different programming languages are used to implement components, event detection and communication.

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Middleware (2/2)  There can be several steps involved in the provision of common services: 1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

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The provision of a stub procedure with the same interface as the ‘called’ component. Calling this stub procedure initiates a call to the system middleware. The middleware running on Comp 1 accepts the call and discovers the location of the called component. It translates the parameters into a standard format and sends these to Comp 2 along with a request to call the required component. The middleware on Comp 2 converts the parameters into the appropriate format for the language of the called component and then calls that component. After execution, the called component returns the result to the middleware on Comp 2 which then translates this into the middleware standard format. The result is transmitted to the middleware on Comp 1, which then translates that into the appropriate language format and returns it to the original calling component. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Middleware support  Component models are the basis for middleware that provides support for executing components.  Component model implementations provide:  Platform services that allow components written according to the model to communicate and interoperate in a distributed environment;  Support services that are application-independent services used by different components (Horizontal services).

 To use services provided by a model, components are deployed in a container. This is a set of interfaces used to access the service implementations.

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Middleware services defined in a component model

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Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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CORBA vs COM vs .NET vs EJB (1/2)  CORBA  Language independent  Location/distribution transparent  Interface Definition Language (IDL)  Source code or binary

 (D)COM, Active X  Proprietary  Binary 09/10/2012

Source: Component-Based Software Lectures by Brunus P., Linköping University, Sweden, 2008 Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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CORBA vs COM vs .NET vs EJB (2/2)  .NET     

Language independent Distribution transparent No IDL (at least for C#) Common Language Runtime (CLR) Source code or bytecode MSIL

 Java Beans  Event-based

 Transparent distribution by Remote Method Invocation (RMI) incl. Java Object Serialization  Source code / bytecode 09/10/2012

Source: Component-Based Software Lectures by Brunus P., Linköping University, Sweden, 2008 Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Side-by-side assessment of COM+, EJB, CORBA  Even though the rating of tools or platforms will always be somewhat subjective the rating for component technologies is provided.

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Rating factor

COM+

EJB

CORBA

Scalability

****

****

****

Ease of Development

*****

****

***

Security

****

****

****

State Management

***

****

****

Deployment

***

**

****

Robustness

***

**

**

Platform Support

**

****

-

Implementation

****

***

-

Source: Longshaw, A., Component-based Software Engineering, Eds. Heineman & Councill, 621–640. Boston, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., 2001. Lecture 6: Component-based . software engineering

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CBSE processes (1/4)

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Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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CBSE processes (2/4)  CBSE processes are software processes that support component-based software engineering.  They take into account the possibilities of reuse and the different process activities involved in developing and using reusable components.

 Development for reuse  This process is concerned with developing components or services that will be reused in other applications. It usually involves generalizing existing components.

 Development with reuse  This process is the process of developing new applications using existing components and services. 09/10/2012

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CBSE processes (3/4)

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Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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CBSE processes (3/4)

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Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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CBSE processes (4/4)  Supporting processes  Component acquisition is the process of acquiring components for reuse or development into a reusable component.

• It may involve accessing locally-developed components or services or finding these components from an external source.  Component management is concerned with managing a company’s reusable components, ensuring that they are properly catalogued, stored and made available for reuse.  Component certification is the process of checking a component and certifying that it meets its specification.

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CBSE for reuse  CBSE for reuse focuses on component development.  A thriving marketplace of software components has not been materialized yet.  It is more likely to take place in organizations committed to reusedriven software engineering. Marketplace

 A component is most likely to be reusable if it associated with a stable domain abstraction (business object); fundamental element of an application domain that changes slowly.  For example, in a hospital stable domain abstractions are associated with the fundamental purpose - nurses, patients, treatments, etc. 09/10/2012

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CBSE for reuse  Components developed for a specific application usually have to be generalized to make them reusable. The associated cost needs to be evaluated.

 Components for reuse may be specially constructed by generalising existing components.  Component reusability  Should reflect stable domain abstractions;  Should hide state representation;  Should be as independent as possible;  Should publish exceptions through the component interface.  There is a trade-off between reusability and usability  The more general the interface, the greater the reusability but it is then more complex and hence less usable. 09/10/2012

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Changes for reusability  Remove application-specific methods.  Change names to make them general.  Add methods to broaden functional coverage.

 Make exception handling consistent for all methods.  Add a configuration interface for component adaptation.  Integrate required components to reduce dependencies. …

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Exception handling  Components should not handle exceptions themselves, because each application will have its own requirements for exception handling.  Rather, the component should define what exceptions can arise and should publish these as part of the interface.  In practice, however, there are two problems with this:  Publishing all exceptions leads to bloated interfaces that are harder to understand. This may put off potential users of the component.  The operation of the component may depend on local exception handling, and changing this may have serious implications for the functionality of the component. 09/10/2012

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Legacy system components  Existing legacy systems that fulfill a useful business function can be repackaged as components for reuse.  This involves writing a wrapper component that implements provides and requires interfaces then accesses the legacy system.  Although costly, this can be much less expensive than rewriting the legacy system.  Legacy systems often use obsolete technologies.

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Reusable components  The development cost of reusable components may be higher than the cost of specific equivalents.

 This extra reusability enhancement cost should be an organization rather than a project cost.  Generic components may be less space-efficient and may have longer execution times than their specific equivalents.

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Component management and certification  Component management  Involves deciding how to classify the component so that it can be discovered, making the component available either in a repository or as a service, maintaining information about the use of the component and keeping track of different component versions.  Component certification  A company with a reuse program may carry out some form of component certification before the component is made available for reuse. • Certification means that someone apart from the developer checks the quality of the component. • Often organizations leave testing and quality checking to the component developers. 09/10/2012

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CBSE with reuse  CBSE with reuse process has to find and integrate reusable components.  When reusing components, it is essential to make trade-offs between ideal requirements and the services actually provided by available components.  This involves:  Developing outline requirements;  Searching for components then modifying requirements according to available functionality.  Searching again to find if there are better components that meet the revised requirements.  Composing components to create the system.

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CBSE with reuse

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Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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The component identification process and issues

 Trust. You need to be able to trust the supplier of a component. At best, an untrusted component may not operate as advertised; at worst, it can breach your security.  Requirements. Different groups of components will satisfy different requirements.  Validation.  The component specification may not be detailed enough to allow comprehensive tests to be developed.  Components may have unwanted functionality. How can you test this will not interfere with your application? 09/10/2012

Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Component validation  Component validation involves developing a set of test cases for a component (or, possibly, extending test cases supplied with that component) and developing a test harness to run component tests.  The major problem with component validation is that the component specification may not be sufficiently detailed to allow you to develop a complete set of component tests.  As well as testing that a component for reuse does what you require, you may also have to check that the component does not include any malicious code or functionality that you don’t need.  Remember the Ariane 5 launcher failure (1996) – Was it a component validation failure? 09/10/2012

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Component composition  “Having divided to conquer, we must reunite to rule” Michael Jackson (1990)

 Component composition is the process of assembling components to create a system.  Composition involves integrating components with each other and with the component infrastructure.  Normally you have to write ‘glue code’ to integrate components. Source: Jackson, M., Some complexities in computer-based systems and their implications for system development, Proc. Intern. Conference on Computer Systems and Software Engineering (CompEuro), IEEE Computer Society Press, 2010. 09/10/2012 Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering 55

Forms of component composition  Black box: only the specification is known. It requires the introduction of pre- and post- processing at the component’s interface.  Glass box: internals of components may be inspected, but not changed.  Grey box: part of the internals may be inspected, limited modification is allowed. Used when the library provides a component extension language or an API.  White box: component is open to inspection and modification. Code-level modifications.

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Source: H. van Vliet, Software Engineering: Principles and Practice, 3rd rd., John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Types of composition  Sequential composition where the composed components are executed in sequence. This involves composing the provides interfaces of each component.  Hierarchical composition where one component calls on the services of another. The provides interface of one component is composed with the requires interface of another.  Additive composition where the interfaces of two components are put together to create a new component (combination of their interfaces). Provides and requires interfaces of integrated component is a combination of interfaces of constituent components. 09/10/2012

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Types of component composition

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Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Interface incompatibilities  Parameter incompatibility where operations have the same name but are of different types or the number of parameters is different.  Operation incompatibility where the names of operations in the composed ‘provides’ and ‘requires’ interfaces are different.  Operation incompleteness where the ‘provides’ interface of one component is a subset of the ‘requires’ interface of another or vice versa.

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Components with incompatible interfaces

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Adaptor components  Adaptors address the problem of component incompatibility by reconciling the interfaces of the components that are composed.  Different types of adaptors are required depending on the type of composition.  An addressFinder and a mapper component may be composed through an adaptor that strips the postal code from an address and passes this to the mapper component.

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Composition through an adaptor  The component postCodeStripper is the adaptor that facilitates the sequential composition of addressFinder and mapper components.

address = addressFinder.location (phonenumber) ; postCode = postCodeStripper.getPostCode (address) ; mapper.displayMap(postCode, 10000)

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Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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An adaptor linking a data collector and a sensor  The component Adapter is the adaptor that facilitates the hierarchical composition of Sensor and Data Collector components.

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Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Photo library composition

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Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Interface semantics  You have to rely on component documentation to decide if interfaces that are syntactically compatible are actually compatible.  Consider an interface for a PhotoLibrary component:

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Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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Photo Library documentation “This method (addItem) adds a photograph to the library and associates the photograph identifier and catalogue descriptor with the photograph.” But, “what happens if the photograph identifier is already associated with a photograph in the library?” “is the photograph descriptor associated with the catalogue entry as well as the photograph i.e. if I delete the photograph, do I also delete the catalogue information?”

Catalog Entry 09/10/2012

Associated With

Photo graph

Source: Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010. Lecture 6: Component-based software engineering

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The Object Constraint Language  The Object Constraint Language (OCL) has been designed to define constraints that are associated with UML models.  It is based around the notion of pre- and post- condition specification – common to many formal methods.

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The OCL description of the Photo Library interface

-- The context keyword names the component to which the conditions apply context addItem -- The preconditions specify what must be true before execution of addItem pre: PhotoLibrary.libSize() > 0 PhotoLibrary.retrieve(pid) = null -- The postconditions specify what is true after execution post:libSize () = libSize()@pre + 1 PhotoLibrary.retrieve(pid) = p PhotoLibrary.catEntry(pid) = photodesc context delete pre: PhotoLibrary.retrieve(pid) null ; post: PhotoLibrary.retrieve(pid) = null PhotoLibrary.catEntry(pid) = PhotoLibrary.catEntry(pid)@pre PhotoLibrary.libSize() = libSize()@pre—1 09/10/2012

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Photo library conditions  As specified, the OCL associated with the Photo Library component states that:  There must not be a photograph in the library with the same identifier as the photograph to be entered;  The library must exist - assume that creating a library adds a single item to it;  Each new entry increases the size of the library by 1;  If you retrieve using the same identifier then you get back the photo that you added;  If you look up the catalogue using that identifier, then you get back the catalogue entry that you made.

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Composition trade-offs  When composing components, you may find conflicts between functional and non-functional requirements, and conflicts between the need for rapid delivery and system evolution.

 You need to make decisions such as:  What composition of components is effective for delivering the functional requirements?  What composition of components allows for future change?  What will be the emergent properties of the composed system?

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Data collection and report generation components

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Key points (1/2)  CBSE is a reuse-based approach to defining and implementing loosely coupled components into systems.  A component is a software unit whose functionality and dependencies are completely defined by its interfaces.  A component model defines a set of standards that component providers and composers should follow.

 The key CBSE processes are CBSE for reuse and CBSE with reuse.

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Key points (2/2)  During the CBSE process, the processes of requirements engineering and system design are interleaved.  Component composition is the process of ‘wiring’ components together to create a system.  When composing reusable components, you normally have to write adaptors to reconcile different component interfaces.  When choosing compositions, you have to consider required functionality, non-functional requirements and system evolution. 09/10/2012

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Readings  Chapter 17, Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 9th ed., Addison Wesley, 2010.  Chapters 1, 3, 4, Szyperski, C., Component Software: Beyond Object-Oriented Programming, 2nd ed., Addison Wesley, 2002.  Chapter 27, Pressman, R.S., Software Engineering: a Practitioner’s Approach, 5th Rev. Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2000.  Chapter 18, H. van Vliet, Software Engineering: Principles and Practice, 3rd rd., John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

Credits  Slides adapted from Ian Sommerville Software Engineering, 9/E (http://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~ifs/Books/SE9/). 09/10/2012

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