Environmentally benign and catalytic processes Typical unit operations and equipment Béla Simándi, Edit Székely BME, Department of Chemical and Enviro...
Environmentally benign and catalytic processes Typical unit operations and equipment Béla Simándi, Edit Székely BME, Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering
Requirements • weekly 3 hours of lectures. Attending on minimum 66% is the requirement of signature. Attendance will be checked. • 3 test will be scheduled during the semester. Exact dates and topics covered will be announced later. Those who write all three tests successfully (at least satisfactory) a final grade will be offered. • Students having valid signature may take a written exam during the examination period. Application for the exams is only possible via the Neptun system. • Website of the course: http://kkft.bme.hu/oktatas/ebcp/ Please check it frequently!
Unit operations • • • • • •
Mechanical separations Heat transfer operations Equilibrium mass transfer separations Non-equilibrium stage separations Chemical modifications Biochemical modification
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Mechanical separations • • • • • • • • • •
Precipitation Sedimentation Filtration Flotation Centrifugation Electrostatic separation Emulsion separation Magnetic separation Mechanical expression Etc. 4
Distillation, rectification Absorption Extraction Adsorption Evaporation Crystallization Drying Etc. 28
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Distillation, rectification • Major separation process for homogeneous liquids of two or more components. • Separation is based on the difference in boiling points (volatility).
• No additional chemicals are needed, but energy requirement is relatively high. • In a large number of separation task it is the most economical option.
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Bubble point – dew point curves and the equilibrium curve
mixture of benzene and toluene at atmospheric pressure
Batch distillation
Distillation column
Absorption • Based on distribution ratio between gas and liquid streams • Typical applications: gas washers, columns.
Stirred tank reactors (Pfaudler, Germany) • 300-15 000 gallon volume
• Clamp top • 5-500 gallon volume
Tubular reactors (UHDE, Germany) • •
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Used in petrol industry First reactor (1955): – 24 mm diameter – 1600 bar – 10.000 tons/year Current reactors: – 70-90 mm diameter – 3600 bar – 300.000 tons/year
