Environmental Justice: What does it mean for Local Air Quality Management?

Environmental Justice: What does it mean for Local Air Quality Management? I. Gegisian1, M. Grey1, J. Irwin2 & J. W. S. Longhurst1 1AQMRC,Faculty of...
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Environmental Justice: What does it mean for Local Air Quality Management?

I. Gegisian1, M. Grey1, J. Irwin2 & J. W. S. Longhurst1 1AQMRC,Faculty

of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK 2Environment Agency, Reading, UK

Photograph provided by: www.highways.gov.uk

Overview ™ ™Background Backgroundof ofLAQM LAQMprocess process ™ ™Environmental EnvironmentalJustice Justice ™ ™Environmental EnvironmentalAgency Agencyproject project ™ ™Methodology Methodology ™ ™Questionnaire Questionnaireresults results ™ ™Case Casestudies studies ™ ™Future Futurework work

LAQM process Local LocalAir AirQuality QualityManagement Management(LAQM) (LAQM) Local LocalAuthorities Authorities(LAs) (LAs)are areresponsible responsiblefor: for: ™ ™Assessing Assessingand andimproving improvingair airquality qualityin intheir theirlocality locality ™ ™Declaring DeclaringAir AirQuality QualityManagement ManagementAreas Areas(AQMAs) (AQMAs) ™ ™Producing ProducingAir AirQuality QualityAction ActionPlans Plans(AQAPs) (AQAPs)

Examples of AQMAs; the shape, size and pollutant causing the designation of AQMAs differ according to the specified problem

Environmental justice EnvironmentalJustice Justice Environmental EnvironmentalJustice Justiceisisdefined definedas asthe theequitable equitabletreatment treatmentof of Environmental allpeople peopleregardless regardlessof oftheir theirrace, race,culture, culture,income incomeand andsocial social all classin inthe thedevelopment, development,implementation implementationand andenforcement enforcementof of class environmentalregulations regulationsand andpolicies policies environmental Social SocialDeprivation Deprivation ¾ ¾ Social Socialdeprivation/poverty deprivation/povertyisisstill stillan anissue issuein inthe theUK UK ¾ ¾ Several Severalmeasures measuresand anddefinitions definitions ¾ ¾ English EnglishIndex Indexof ofMultiple Multipledeprivation deprivation(IMD) (IMD)2004 2004 ¾ ¾ Welsh WelshIMD IMD2005 2005

Environment Agency project Aims Aimsof ofthe theProject Project ƒƒCompute Computedeprivation deprivationwithin withinAQMAs AQMAsidentifying identifyingsocial social attributes attributesin inorder orderto toassess assesspossible possibleinequalities inequalitiesin in exposure exposureto toair airpollution pollution ƒƒReview Reviewmitigation mitigationstrategies strategiessuggested suggestedin inAQAPs AQAPsto to access accessmanagement managementpractices practicesand andwhether whetherpresent present strategies strategiesexacerbate exacerbatedeprivation deprivation

Methodology Deprivation DeprivationScores Scoresin inAQMAs AQMAs AQMAs AQMAsdigitised digitisedto toallow allowspatial spatialvisualisation visualisationof ofdeprivation deprivation

¾Index ¾Indexof ofMultiple Multipledeprivation deprivation 2004 2004and andWelsh WelshIndex Indexof of Multiple Multipledeprivation deprivation2005 2005 employed employed ¾Smallest ¾Smallestscale scaleof ofindex indexused used

Methodology Questionnaire QuestionnaireSurvey Survey ƒƒAAsurvey surveyhas hasbeen beenconducted conductedon onthe theprocess processof ofcompiling compiling AQAPs AQAPsto tocompliment complimentthe theappraisal appraisalof ofthe thereports reports ƒƒ151 151authorities authoritiessurveyed surveyedthrough throughaapostal/electronic/onpostal/electronic/online linequestionnaire questionnaire

Case Casestudies studies ƒƒSemi-structured Semi-structuredinterviews interviewswith withEnvironmental EnvironmentalHealth Health officers officers

Methodology AQAPs AQAPs ƒƒThe Thereports reportsare areappraised appraisedusing usingaachecklist checklist ƒƒCompilation Compilationof ofAQAP AQAP ƒƒMitigation Mitigationstrategies strategies ƒƒEnvironmental EnvironmentalJustice Justice(social (socialimpact) impact)considerations considerations Region

AQAPs Final

Draft

England

59

20

London

27

4

Wales

3

Total

89

24

Questionnaire Results Response rates in questionnaire survey Regions

LAs

Response

%

E

108

59

55

L

31

17

55

W

4

2

50

143

78

55

Total

English regions

Total LAs

Response

%

East Midlands

13

5

38

East of England

14

6

43

North east

2

0

0

North West

17

12

71

South East

27

16

59

South West

13

11

85

West Midlands

14

4

29

Yorkshire and The Humber

8

5

63

108

59

55

Total

Questionnaire Results Questionnaire Questionnairesurvey survey-- Complying Complyingthe theaction actionplan plan Consideration of strategies Internal-External Strategies

Internal Strategies Unitary Development Plan Sustainability Strategy

2.30

Travel Plan

2.20

Road Safety Plan

2.10

Average Rank

Local Area Agreement

Noise Plan Community Strategy Local Implmentation Plan

2.00 1.90 1.80 1.70

Local Transport Plan 0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Averaged Rank

3

3.5

1.60 External

Internal

Questionnaire Results Mitigation Mitigationmeasures measuresin inAQAPs AQAPs Type of measures

••Effectiveness Effectivenessand andcost costwere were the thetwo twomost mosthighly highly considered consideredobjectives objectivesininthe the selection selectionprocess. process. ••Social Socialand andwider widereconomic economic impacts impactswere werethe thetwo twoleast least considered consideredobjectives objectivesininthe the selection selectionprocess process

Other Other

Transport Transport

Domestic Domestic

Educational Educational

Traffic Traffic

Industrial Industrial

Questionnaire Results Involvement Involvementin inthe theproduction productionof ofAQAPs AQAPs 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Both Implementation

Transport

Highways/network management

Local Agenda 21

Economic development

Town planning

EH

Production

Questionnaire Results summary points

¾ ¾ Communication Communicationissues issuesbetween betweenrelevant relevantdepartments departmentswithin within aaLocal LocalAuthority Authorityand andexternal externalbodies bodies ¾ ¾ Integration Integrationof ofLocal LocalTransport TransportPlans Plans(LTPs) (LTPs)––submission submission dates datesdiffer differand andhence henceintegration integrationwas wasnot notas assuccessful successful ¾ ¾ Lack Lackof ofcorporate corporateinitiative initiativeand andAQAP AQAPplanning planningprocess processnot not taken takenseriously seriously ¾ ¾ Consultation Consultationprocess processpoor poorin insome somecases cases

Case studies Selection Selectionprocess: process: 1. 1. Status Statusof ofthe thein inthe theAQAP AQAPprocess process 2. 2. Questionnaire Questionnairesurvey surveyresponses responses 3. 3. Deprivation Deprivationin inAQMAs/LAs AQMAs/LAs 4. 4. Type Typeof ofLAs LAs 5. 5. Region/geographical Region/geographicallocation locationof ofLAs LAs

Case studies Emerging Emergingthemes themes ¾ ¾ Implementation Implementationof ofAQAPs AQAPs--reporting reporting ¾ ¾ Guidance Guidance ¾ ¾ Integration Integrationwith withLTPs LTPs––has hasititworked? worked? ¾ ¾ Funding Fundingof ofthe theAQAP AQAPprocess process ¾ ¾ Workload Workloadand anddeadlines deadlines ¾ ¾ Better Betterinput inputof oftransport transportofficers officersin inthe theprocess process ¾ ¾ AQAPs AQAPs--who whoshould shouldbe beresponsible responsiblein incompiling compilingthem? them?

Case studies Emerging Emergingthemes themes ¾ ¾ Involvement Involvementof ofPCT PCTin inthe theprocess processhindered hinderedwith withthe the restructuring restructuring ¾ ¾ Consultation Consultationsuccess successvaries variesconsiderably considerablybetween betweenLAs LAs ¾ ¾ LAQM LAQMprocess processisisnow nowestablished establishedand andchanges changesshould shouldbe be considered consideredcarefully carefully ¾ ¾ Changes Changesin inthe theAQAP AQAPprocess processisisrequired required ¾ ¾ Improvements Improvementsseen seenon onthe theprocess processof ofproducing producingplans plansrather rather than thanon ontheir theirimplementation implementation ¾ ¾ Social Socialimpact impact––what whatare arethey theyanyway? anyway?

Social impacts ™ ™Furthering Furtheringproblems problemsin inaccessibility accessibilityto toamenities amenities ™ ™Relocating Relocatingproblems problemsto tomore moredeprived deprivedareas areas ™ ™Considering Consideringoptions optionsfor forimprovement improvementaccording accordingto tothe the amount amountof oflocal localcomplaints complaints on the other hand how can one deal with them when…. ™ ™they theyare arebound boundto toeconomic economicdevelopment development ™ ™they theyare areno noreal realalternatives alternativesfor forimprovement improvement ™ ™implementing implementingstrategies strategiesthat thatmay mayreduce reducepollution pollutionbut butwill will prove proveunpopular unpopular

Conclusion ™ ™Environmental EnvironmentalJustice Justiceconsequences consequencesare areprobable probablewithin within the theLAQM LAQMprocess process ™ ™These Theseare arebound boundto tolocal localdevelopment, development,political political influences influencesand andoverall overallplanning planningwithin withinaaLA LA ™ ™Direct Directinclusion inclusionof ofsocial socialimpacts impactsin inthe theLAQM LAQMprocess process problematic problematic ™ ™Involvement Involvementof ofdepartments departmentsthat thathave haveaadetailed detailed knowledge knowledgeof ofsocial socialmake makeup upof ofLA LA

In other words more integration is needed

Future Work AQAPs AQAPsAppraisal Appraisal ™ ™On Ongoing goingappraisal appraisalof ofreports reports ™ ™Bring Bringtogether togetherquestionnaire questionnaireresults resultswith withfindings findingsfrom from the theappraisal appraisalprocess process Case CaseStudies Studies ™ ™ Complete Completeand andanalyse analyseinterviews interviews

Future Work Outcomes Outcomes 1. 1. Produce Produceguidelines guidelinesand andrecommendations recommendationsfor forthe the Environment EnvironmentAgency Agency 2. 2. Contribute Contributeto tothe thedebate debateon onthe therelationship relationshipbetween between social socialdeprivation deprivationand andenvironmental environmentalpollution pollution Acknowledgments Acknowledgments ™ ™Environment EnvironmentAgency Agencyfor forfunding fundingthe theproject project ™ ™LAs LAsfor fortaking takingpart partin inthe thequestionnaire questionnairesurvey survey ™ ™Office Officeof ofthe theDeputy DeputyPrime PrimeMinister Ministerand andthe theWelsh Welsh Assembly Assemblyfor forproviding providingdeprivation deprivationdata data ™ ™Ordinance OrdinanceSurvey Surveyfor forproviding providingmaps maps