Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Impact Assessment for the preparation of the tender documents for the “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine p...
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Environmental Impact Assessment for the preparation of the tender documents for the “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant

ordered by April 2011

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Impact Assessment

for the preparation of the tender documents for the “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant

Tobias Kampet Norbert Paetz Ole Johansen Marieange Saidy Azzam Sankari Raia Dayekh Contact: [email protected]

ordered by April 2011

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

Contents List of acronyms and abbreviations used ...................................................................... 7 1 Summary ............................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Background of the project .............................................................................10 1.2 Project description ........................................................................................10 1.3 Changes predicted before the project commences .......................................11 1.4 Overall assessment of environmental impacts ..............................................11 1.5 Alternatives considered* ................................................................................13 1.6 Mitigation measures, environmental management plan and monitoring plan .............................................................................................14 2 Institutional requirements and conditions ............................................................... 15 2.1 Policy and project background ......................................................................15 2.1.1 Power development policy ..................................................................15 2.1.2 Project background.............................................................................18 2.2 Institutional framework .................................................................................21 2.2.1 Institutional Framework for the Protection of the Environment ............21 2.2.2 Main Public Stakeholders concerned with the project .........................23 2.2.3 Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW)................................................23 2.2.4 Ministry of Public Works and Transportation (MoPWT) .......................24 2.2.5 Higher Council for Urban Planning (HCUP) ........................................25 2.2.6 Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) ........................................................25 2.2.7 Ministry of Interior and Municipalities ..................................................26 2.2.8 Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) ..........................27 2.2.9 Municipalities ......................................................................................28 2.3 Legal framework ...........................................................................................29 2.3.1 Lebanese environmental legislation ....................................................29 2.3.2 Synopsis of the Legislative Framework for Environmental Protection...29 2.3.3 International agreements and treaties.................................................34 2.3.4 Relevant Lebanon's international guidelines and standards................36 2.3.5 Objectives of the EIA Report...............................................................38 2.3.6 Legal background of the project..........................................................39 2.4 Administrative Framework.............................................................................39 2.4.1 Project team........................................................................................39 2.4.2 Applied methodology ..........................................................................39 2.4.3 Technical background of the project ...................................................40 2.4.4 Further documents used .....................................................................40 2.5 Environmental requirements .........................................................................41 2.5.1 Emission standards and warranties ....................................................41 2.5.2 Ambient air quality standards..............................................................43 2.5.3 Water quality standards ......................................................................43

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment 2.5.4 Noise standards .................................................................................48 2.5.5 Solid Waste standards ........................................................................49

3 Project description ................................................................................................. 50 3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................50 3.2 Project location and plant layout ...................................................................50 3.2.1 Project location ...................................................................................50 3.2.2 Traffic system .....................................................................................52 3.2.3 Plant layout.........................................................................................53 3.3 Plant concept................................................................................................54 3.3.1 Mechanical plant.................................................................................54 3.3.2 Electrical plant ....................................................................................55 3.3.3 Civil plant ............................................................................................56 3.3.4 Fuel supply .........................................................................................56 3.3.5 Water supply and treatment ................................................................57 3.3.6 Gaseous pollutants and noise emissions ............................................58 3.3.7 Waste water treatment........................................................................58 3.3.8 Solid waste disposal ...........................................................................60 4 Baseline study for the situation before the project .................................................. 61 4.1 Description of the relevant physical conditions..............................................61 4.1.1 Topography ........................................................................................61 4.1.2 Geology ..............................................................................................61 4.1.3 Seismic data .......................................................................................61 4.1.4 Climate ...............................................................................................63 4.1.5 Hydrology ...........................................................................................65 4.1.6 Ambient air quality ..............................................................................67 4.1.7 Noise pollution ....................................................................................67 4.2 Description of the relevant biological conditions............................................68 4.2.1 Flora ...................................................................................................68 4.2.2 Fauna .................................................................................................70 4.3 Description of socio-economic conditions .....................................................71 4.3.1 Overall situation in Lebanon................................................................71 4.3.2 Overall situation in the site area..........................................................77 4.4 The current existing plant in Zouk .................................................................79 4.5 Changes predicted before the project commences .......................................79 4.5.1 Construction phase.............................................................................79 4.5.2 Operation phase .................................................................................79 5 Identification and assessment of environmental impacts........................................ 81 5.1 Introduction...................................................................................................81 5.2 Impacts during the construction phase..........................................................82 5.2.1 Impacts of land clearing on local people .............................................82 5.2.2 Land used...........................................................................................84 5.2.3 Impacts from traffic and transportation ................................................84

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment 5.2.4 Impacts caused by labour concentration .............................................85 5.2.5 Impacts by civil works and construction of the power plant .................86 5.3 Impacts during operation phase....................................................................88 5.3.1 Impact on climate................................................................................88 5.3.2 Impacts on the ambient air..................................................................89 5.3.3 Noise impact.......................................................................................92 5.3.4 Impacts on water ................................................................................93 5.3.5 Impacts on soil....................................................................................95 5.3.6 Impacts on flora and fauna..................................................................96 5.3.7 Visual impact ......................................................................................97 5.3.8 Socio-economic impacts .....................................................................97 5.4 Risks ..........................................................................................................98 5.4.1 Water and soil contamination from oil storage tanks ...........................98 5.4.2 Water and soil contamination from chemicals .....................................99 5.4.3 Fire accident .......................................................................................99 5.5 Overall assessment of environmental impacts ..............................................99 5.5.1 Construction phase...........................................................................100 5.5.2 Operation Phase...............................................................................100 6 Alternatives and their analysis.............................................................................. 101 6.1 Introduction.................................................................................................101 6.2 Situation without the project ........................................................................101 6.3 Considered alternatives ..............................................................................101 6.3.1 Alternative sites ................................................................................101 6.3.2 Alternative fuel ..................................................................................105 6.3.3 Alternative technology.......................................................................105 6.4 Comparison and conclusion........................................................................107 7 Mitigation plan...................................................................................................... 110 7.1 Design phase..............................................................................................110 7.2 Construction phase.....................................................................................111 7.2.1 Protection of ground water and soil quality........................................111 7.2.2 Protection of air quality .....................................................................111 7.2.3 Noise ................................................................................................112 7.2.4 Impact by Traffic ...............................................................................112 7.2.5 Summary ..........................................................................................112 7.3 Operation phase .........................................................................................112 7.3.1 Long term air pollution ......................................................................113 7.3.2 Water................................................................................................113 7.3.3 Soil ...................................................................................................113 7.3.4 Noise ................................................................................................114 7.3.5 Industrial and other solid wastes .......................................................114 7.3.6 Summary ..........................................................................................114 8 Environmental management plan......................................................................... 116 8.1 Organisation ...............................................................................................116

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment 8.2 Training Programme ...................................................................................118

9 Monitoring plan .................................................................................................... 120 9.1 Legal documents ........................................................................................120 9.2 Atmospheric pollution monitoring ................................................................120 9.3 Noise monitoring.........................................................................................121 9.4 Water pollution monitoring ..........................................................................122 9.5 Monitoring agencies....................................................................................122 10 Qualitative conclusions on the dispersion of the exhaust gases ......................... 123 11 References ........................................................................................................ 125 12 Annexes............................................................................................................. 129 12.1 Specifications of the fuel oil delivered to the Zouk power plant between 24 May 2009 and 13 August 2010 ................................................129 12.2 Quality parameter for the fuel oil ................................................................130 12.3 Pollutants classification into groups (inorganic solid pollutants, inorganic gas pollutants) .............................................................................131 12.4 Pollutants classification into groups (organic gas pollutants)......................132 12.5 General environmental limit values of the emissions related to the air pollutants .........................................................................................136

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

List of acronyms and abbreviations used

a a.s.l. ALARP Bara BMLWWE BOD BPEO BTEX C.C. CAW CCPP CDR CEMP CESMP CO, NOx, SO2 COD CZM d D.O. dB(A) DGA DGUP EA EDL EHS EIA EIB EISM ELARD EMG EMP ES & SR ESIA ESM ESMP ESP FGD g GCC GDP GT

year above sea level As low as reasonably practicable Pressure measured from absolute zero Beirut and Mount Lebanon Water and Wastewater Establishment Biochemical Oxygen Demand Best Practicable Environmental Options Benzene Toluene Ethyl Benzene Xylene Combined Cycle Combined Air and Water Backwash Combined Cycle Power Plant Council for Reconstruction and Development Construction Environmental Management Plan Construction Phase Environmental and Social Management Plan Formulas of chemical Compounds Chemical Oxygen Demand Coastal Zone Management Day Distillate Oil fuel Decibel (A) Directorate General of Antiquities Directorate General of Urban Planning Environmental Assessment Electricité du Liban Environmental Health and Safety Environmental Impact Assessment European Investment Bank Environmental Impact Severity Matrix Earth link and Advanced Resources Development Environmental Management Group Environmental Management Plan Environmental Safety and Social Representative Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Environmental and Social Manager Environmental and Social Management Plan Electrostatic Precipitator Flue Gas Desulphurisation Earth acceleration Gas-fired combined cycle plant gross domestic product Gas Turbine 7

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

GW HBR HCUP HEP HFO HP/IP/LP HRSG IEE IFC IGV IL kWh LHV LRA mbar mg eqv/l mg/l MHER mm MIn MoA MoC MoE MoEW MoI MoIM MoPH MoPWT mS/cm MSDS MW n.a. NFPA NGO NSEQ ODS OESMP OP/BP OSHA PAD PAH PM PMU PPE ppmv PTS

Giga Watt Hybrid burner ring Higher Council of Urban Planning Hydro Electric Power plant Heavy Fuel Oil High-, Intermediate-, Low Pressure Heat Recovery Steam Generator Initial Environmental Examination International Finance Corporation Inlet Guide Vane Intensity Levels kilo Watt hours Lower Heating Value Litani River Authority Millibar Concentration of Ions Milligram per litre Ministry of Hydraulic and Electric Resources Millimeter Ministry of Industry Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Culture Ministry of Environment Ministry of Energy and Water Ministry of Interior Ministry of Interior and Municipalities Ministry of Public Health Ministry of Public Works and Transportation milliSiemens per centimeter Material Safety Data Sheets Mega Watt not available National Fire Protection Association Non Governmental Organization National Standards for Environmental Quality Ozone Depleting Substances Operation Environmental and Social Management Plan Operational Policy / Bank Procedures Occupational Safety and Health Administration Project Appraisal Documents Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons Particulate Matter Project Management Unit Personal Protective Equipment Parts per million Volume Persistent Toxic Substances 8

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

PWWE QA/QC RAP S.C. SAC ST TBM TMP TOR TSP USD VEC VOC WB WHO WTW WWTP

Public Water and Wastewater Establishment Quality Assurance / Quality Control Resettlement Action Plan Single Cycle Seismic Analysis Code Steam Turbine Tunnel Boring Machine Traffic Management Plan Terms of References Total Suspended Particulate United States Dollars Valuable Ecosystem Component Volatile organic compounds World Bank World Health Organization Water Treatment Works Wastewater Treatment Plant

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

1

Summary

The significant findings and the recommended actions for the extension of the existing Zouk power plant can be summarised as follows:

1.1 Background of the project Lebanon’s electricity supply is earmarked but frequent current interruptions and by important energy imports. The existing power plants with their limited capacities are unable to meet the demand for electricity which is expected to further grow in the future. Therefore, the extension of the power plant in Zouk is an important project for the national electricity provider EDL towards a reliable a stable electricity supply in the greater Beirut area and in Lebanon.

1.2 Project description

Fig. 1-1: The location of the area foreseen for the extension of the existing Zouk plant (marked in red on the photo taken from a model on the 5 April 2011)

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

The project comprehends the extension of the already existing thermal power plant by identical 4-stroke diesel engines running on heavy fuel oil of a total net output of 180 MW e with medium speed, complete with excitation system, AVR, engine and alternator control and instrumentation system, air intake, exhaust, cooling systems, lubricating oil system and fuel oil systems as specified, and suitable for parallel operation. The plant will be capable for conversion for burning natural gas. The option for conversion will be exercised in the future.

1.3 Changes predicted before the project commences It is anticipated that during the construction phase of the project road traffic to/from the site will increase over a short period. This may have a negative impact on the local environment (exhaust fumes, dust, noise, etc.). These potential negative impacts will pose an intermediate impact to the local communities and once the plant enters the operation phase this will no longer apply. On the positive side is predicted that during the construction phase the project will offer additional short-term employment opportunities for construction workers, and once the plant enters commercial operation additional high quality long-term employment will be ensured. The operation of an additional block of 180 MW in the Zouk power plant will generate unavoidable additional effects on the environment. Examples for this are additional • amounts of exhaust fumes emitted into the air, • additional amounts of cooling water taken from the Sea and let into the Sea, or • a visual impact. However, all this should be seen in forefront of the impacts already existing from the current operation situation at the Zouk power plant.

1.4 Overall assessment of environmental impacts The impacts are divided into impacts during construction phase and impacts during operation phase (see Table 1-1). Summarising it can be said that during the construction phase • •

The impacts are only temporary The impacts can be assessed as slight or intermediate

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment



For implementation of such an important project, the impacts can be stated as acceptable.

Table 1-1: Summarising the Assessment of Environmental Impacts from the extension of the existing Zouk power plant During the operation phase of the extension of the existing Zouk power plant the impacts on the environment and major risks are the following: • • • •

The impacts on the climate from the CO2 emission, the emissions of dust, NOX, SO2, CO, VOC and smells from both, the boilers as well as the oil sludge incineration plant as foreseen in the TOR, a potential noise emission affecting the Zouk community which is in direct vincinity to the plant (see Figure 1-2), and the risk of water and soil contamination from HFO.

Summarising, the socio-economic impact is positive and the impacts on the environment can be stated as acceptable. However, In the current situation of the project it is not decided of the existing stack with a height of 125 m can (and will) be used for the planned extension of the Zouk power plant. If this will be the case, the height of the stack will prevent the emission from the extension of the power plant to impair the adjacent communities. 12

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

Fig. 1-2: The community of Zouk in direct neighborhood of the power plant (Photo taken on the 5 April 2011) If the existing stack will not be used, the currently available tender documents for the planned extension of the Zouk power plant foresee a “stack with minimum height of 20 m from ground level“.1 However, seeing the residential area of Zouk and Adonis Kesserwan communities laying leeward and being situated some meters higher than the level of the power plant (see Figure 1-2), it can be concluded that a stack of a height of 20 m will not prevent a non-negligible impairment of the adjacent communities. Quantitative conclusions on the necessary height of the stack to avoid such impairment should be based on calculations with a dispersion model.

1.5 Alternatives considered The Zouk power plant is needed to satisfy the increasing electricity demand in Lebanon. Starting from the situation, the following alternatives have been developed and analysed:  No construction of a power plant (with the respective consequences for the electricity supply), 1

Chapter 2.1.13 of the technical specifications as of March 2011.

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

 A number of alternative sites (Beddawi, Hraiche, Jieh, Zahrani)  Alternative fuel and  Alternatives to the technology. Summarising, it can be said that due to technical as well as to economical issues, the plant concept of Zouk plant is the most suitable technology selection for generation of power at this site.

1.6 Mitigation measures, environmental management plan and monitoring plan For the most important impacts during the operation phase, mitigation measures are developed in Chapter 7 of this report. The Zouk Management Board should be responsible for the internal environmental management and monitoring of the plant. For this purpose, the board will have to nominate and appoint an Environmental Engineer as head of an “Environmental Management Group” (EMG). For monitoring atmospheric pollution, noise and water pollution, • the parameters to be monitored, • the location, method and frequency as well as • the responsibility for the measurements have been identified according to the legal and administrative requirements.

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

2

Institutional requirements and conditions

This chapter presents an overview of all environmental legislation and standards relevant to the construction and operation of the project. This section sheds light on the legal and institutional framework and identifies gaps and deficiencies in the national legal and institutional system. The objective is also to ensure compliance not only with the Lebanese environmental laws and regulations, but also with the relevant international agreements, standards and guidelines of which Lebanon is signatory and to observe non-statutory corporate standards and good practice guidance.

2.1 Policy and project background 2.1.1 Power development policy This section of the EIA Report presents an overview on the energy profile in Lebanon and a summary of the electricity sector situation. EDL is the public authority in charge of generating, transmitting and distributing power in Lebanon. This entity reports to the Ministry of Energy and Water. EDL’s Board of Directors comprises presently five members, including the Chairman. The organization is composed of ten directorates, each headed by a director who reports directly to the General Director, who is also the Chairman. These directorates include Administrative Affairs, Financial Affairs, General Auditing, Transmission, Equipment Selection, General Affairs, Generation, Studies, Distribution for Beirut Mount Lebanon, and Distribution for Districts. Outside Beirut, there are regional offices that handle customer service and local matters. Electricity in Lebanon is generated by many types of power plants installed in different areas of the country. In fact, electric energy is produced from hydroelectric and thermal power plants and purchased from Syria and Egypt through regional interconnections: • •



Power Purchase: The purchases from Syria (589 GWh) and Egypt (527 GWh) constituted 7.5% of the total energy production. Hydraulic power plants: The installed capacity of all hydro plants is 274 MW but the actual generation capacity is 190 MW. The energy produced from the hydro plants (Litani, Nahr Ibrahim and Bared) constitutes 4.5% from the total production. Thermal Power Plants: The installed capacity of thermal power plants is 2038 MW but the actual capacity is 1685 MW. Thermal capacity is divided into HFOfired steam-turbines at Zouk, Jiyeh and Hraycheh, diesel-fired Combined Cycle 15

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

Gas Turbine (CCGT) at Beddawi and Zahrani and diesel-fired Open Cycle Gas Turbine (OCGT) at Sour and Baalbek. The energy produced from these plants is 88% of the total production and the fuel cost vary widely from 9 USC/kWh to 22 USC/kWh. The Figure 2-1 lists the different power plants in Lebanon and the total energy produced by each power plant. Name of Power Station

N.of units

Provided by

Deir Ammar combined cycle power plant Lebanon

3

Ansaldo / Siemens

Zahrani combined cycle power plant

3

Ansaldo / Siemens

Zouk power plant

4

3 Ansaldo + 1 Alsthom

Jiyeh power plant - South Lebanon

5

Hreishi power plant – North Lebanon Baalback power plant Sour power plant – south Lebanon

1 2 2

Table 2-1:

2 Toshiba + 3 Brown Bovery company (BBC) Elin + Franco -Tosi Alsthom Alsthom

Rated capacity 2x150 MW + 1x170 MW 2x150 MW + 1x170 MW 3x153.6 MW + 1x182 MW 2x65 MW + 3x72.5 MW 70 MW 35 MW 35 MW

The power plants in Lebanon and their capacities

Electricity demand met by EdL grew from 7,300 GWh in 1998 to 8,056 GWh in 2006 according to data collected from EdL. This represents an average increase of 1.2% per annum (p.a.) over that period, during which the increase was stronger between 1998 and 2002 at 3.6% p.a. and actually decreased by 1.7% p.a. between 2002 and 2006 (see Figure 2-1).

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

Fig. 2-1: Historical demand met (i.e., electricity supply by EdL) 1998-2006 in GWh The decrease in demand met by EdL in 2006 is partially explained by destruction to the electricity infrastructure caused by the hostilities with Israel in July-August 2006. However, the pattern demand met by EdL otherwise suggests that EdL is increasingly unable to satisfy the country’s overall demand for electricity, and, as a consequence, the share of electricity demand met through self-generation increased over the period. On that basis, the electricity consumed in Lebanon can be estimated at 13,200 GWh in 2006, of which about 61% was supplied by EdL, 34% was supplied by self generation, and the rest represented suppressed demand (Figure 2-2).

Fig. 2-2: Estimated Total Demand of Electricity in 2006 (in GWh)

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

The distribution of total electric power consumption per sector is shown in Figure 2-3 where the residential sector has the highest contribution at 38.5%.

Fig. 2-3: Electric energy consumption in Lebanon by sector The average cost of electricity in 2009; including EdL’s fixed costs, was 17.14 USC/kWh (255 LBP) of which 10.77 USC/kWh are fuel (high fuel bill) and 6.37 USC/kWh are for generation, transmission and distribution. The contribution of the fuel bill to the total cost was around 1450 M$ (75%) and 1165 M$ (62%) in 2008 and 2009 respectively due to fluctuations in the cost of fuel. Concerning the energy charge for low voltage residential customers, it varies from 35 LBP to 200 LBP per KWh in blocks of 100 kWh. In addition, customers pay a monthly subscription fee of 1,200 LBP/5A and a rehabilitation fee of 5,000 – 10,000 LBP/month. The transmission system has 1427 km of 66, 150, 220 and 400 kV lines. The distribution system has 18,182 transformers.

2.1.2 Project background The Lebanese electricity sector is at the heart of a deep crisis. The problems in the sector are well identified but the technical and financial numbers vary widely and carry large uncertainties. The sector is unable to supply the reliable electricity needed by homes, offices and industry leading to additional costs on the consumers and increasing the public debt of the country. Lebanon suffers from a severe public finance crisis. Public debt (about US$40 billion) reached 185% of GDP in 2006; ranking among the highest in the world. A key

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

contributor to the public finance crisis is the continued drain on resources by the power sector which is estimated to cost Lebanon 4% of GDP in 2007. The average capacity and imports available in 2009 was 1500 MW; the average demand was 2000-2100 MW and the instantaneous peak in the summer was 2450 MW. The total energy demand in 2009 was 15,000 GWh (7% increase from 2008) whereas the total production and purchases was 11,522 GWh (6% increase from 2008) which resulted in energy not supplied (deficit) of 3,478 GWh (23%). The supply of energy averaged 21.22 hours for greater Beirut area and 15.79 hours for the South with an average of 18 hours (75%) for the whole country. Therefore, Lebanese electricity consumers suffer from frequent power failure and substantial spending on back-up generation for as much as one third of their electricity consumption. This is estimated to cost the average residential consumer an additional 25% on top of what they pay EdL every month; and the industry sector about US$360 million in lost sales per year. Demand for electricity is likely to reach over 4,000 MW by 2015 which would require an additional new capacity. Unless EdL improves its ability to supply electricity and install new capacity and restore consumer confidence, back-up generation will increase its share of electricity supply in Lebanon from 33% in 2008 to close to 60% by 2015. The average firm reports losing 7% of its sales value due to these interruptions. Larger firms are better able to compensate for power failures than small firms and report losing about 5% of sales. Small firms report losing as much as 8% while medium-sized firms about 6%. Firms located outside Beirut experience somewhat higher average sales losses (about 8%) than those within. The industries most affected by power interruptions are textile and clothing firms, which report losing 10.3% of sales, and hotels, which report losing 9% of sales. Assuming that affected industries are mainly in the industrial sector, which represented 20.8% of GDP in 2004, and based on an estimated GDP of US$22 billion (2004 estimate), the economic loss to Lebanon may be as high as US$360 million per year. Concerning the effects on the electric sector, the total losses on the system are about 40% (more than $300 million): 15% technical losses; 20% non-technical Losses and 5% uncollected Bills. The arrears and uncollected bills are worth more than $1.3 billion with 75% by the private sector and 25% by the public sector, Frontier Villages and Palestinian Camps. The non-technical losses are not uniform as they vary between provinces from 9.6% to 58% and then between regions from 15% to 78%. Similarly, there is no uniformity in the collection rates as they vary from 83% to 97% in provinces and from 62% to 97.5% within the regions. Lack of spare parts, plant engineers and overall staffing reduces the power output and efficiency significantly below the designed value.

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

In Zouk power plant, unit #3 caught on fire in December 2005 and its restoration was achieved in November 2008. Currently, Zouk power plant is not functioning in its full capacity due to technical and maintenance problems. Therefore the produced capacity (300 MW) is half of the installed one (641 MW). Unit No.

Fuel consumptionDesign value (gr/kWh)

Actual value in 2006 (gr/kWh)

Deviation from design Value

1

250

310

24%

2

250

328

31%

3

240

286

19%

4

240

288

20%

5

240

288

20%

Note: Fuel heat content is assumed: 40600 kJ/kg or 9700 Kcal/kg

Table 2-2:

Jiyeh’s efficiency measured by fuel consumption and fuel requirement

Regarding Jiyeh power plant, during the hostilities with Israel the fuel oil storage tanks at the Jiyeh plant were bombed and caught on fire. Leaks of 15,000 tons of fuel oil contaminated the coast of much of northern Lebanon (150 km), and caused the most severe environmental disaster in Lebanon to date. Consequently, the generated electricity of the power plant was reduced due to the lack of fuel supply. It is important to mention that since the installation of Jiyeh and Zouk power plants in 1971 and 1984 respectively, both plants did not follow any overall rehabilitation, leading to a farther reduction in there capacities and to the variation of the fuel consumption design value (Figures 2-5 and 2-6). The conclusion is that these two plants could operate for up to an additional ten years if they are rehabilitated and then properly maintained and operated. Unit No.

Fuel consumptionDesign value (gr/kWh)

Actual value in 2006 (gr/kWh)

Deviation from design Value

1

224.8

267.4

19%

2

223.3

251.5

13%

3

223.3

-

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

4

215.8

241.8

12%

Note: Fuel heat content is assumed: 40600 kJ/kg or 9700 Kcal/kg

Table 2-3:

Zouk’s efficiency measured by fuel consumption and fuel requirement

The two most recently constructed power plants are the Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGTs): Beddawi and Zahrani. They are not operating under optimal conditions. The most pressing issue is that they use a very uneconomical fuel, gas-oil rather than natural gas, making this generation technology un-economical despite its higher fuel efficiency (50% compared to 38-40% for steam-cycle plants). This is because the price of gas-oil tends to be double that of natural gas to feed the same energy input. In addition, the gas turbines (stators) at both Beddawi and Zahrani suffered from manufacturing defects in 2006 and 2007, causing the plants to operate at half load. The problems of the electric energy sector to cover the existing gap is caused by the lack of worthy investments; high fuel bill (62%-75%); the operating status of power plants half of which are old and inefficient and the other half uneconomical; high technical and commercial losses in transmission and distribution; wrong tariff structure and low average tariff; deteriorating financial, administrative, technical and human resources of EdL, all this in the presence of convoluted legal and organizational frameworks.

2.2 Institutional framework 2

2.2.1 Institutional Framework for the Protection of the Environment In 1981, a state Ministry of Environment was created for the management of environmental affairs such as the use of pesticides, deforestation and forest fires, solid waste disposal, protection of native biodiversity, etc. . In April 1993, Law 216/93 established the Ministry of Environment (MoE) and defined its mandates and functions. Then, the law was amended according to Law 667/97. In August 2005, Law 216/93 and its amendment were canceled, -except the Article 1 of Law 216/93 - according to Law 690 (defining the functions of the Ministry of Environment and its organization), Article 11. Based on the new law- Law 690- MoE is charged in many tasks, mainly: •

2

Putting strategies in order to protect the environment and preserve the natural resources.

Source: Earth Link and Advances Resources Development S.A.R.L. (ELARD): Environmental and social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for Awali-Beirut Water Conveyer Project (Study Update), Final Report, August 2010.

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment



• •

• • •

The preparation of legislation and standards to ensure the integrity of the environment and the sustainability of natural resources, and specifies the responsibilities and the penalties in case of environmental abuse. Participating in the preparation of conventions and treaties relating to the environment sector. Determining the environmental conditions of the license for establishing institutions and implementing projects that have an impact on the environment and the natural resources. Determining the environmental conditions to protect all forms of ecosystems. Identifying natural sites for the establishment of nature reserves and the conditions to be provided in these reserves. Imposing the conduction of an Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Impact Statement for all the projects that are mentioned in this law.

A major step was achieved when, in July 2002, a comprehensive environmental protection law – Law 444 - was introduced. Law 444 sets the fundamental principles that govern the management of the environment and the use of natural resources. In doing so, the Ministry of Environment does not undertake its environmental management efforts in isolation. Indeed a number of other government ministries and bodies have also environmental responsibilities Table 2-4 lists the main stakeholders concerned with the environment.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Ministry of Environment (MoE) Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW)

Ministry of Public Works and Transportation (MoPWT) Higher Council of Planning (HCUP)

Urban

PREROGATIVES MoE reviews, approves or refuses Environmental Impact Assessment reports prepared by engineering and/or consultancy firms for existing or for potential projects. MoEW monitors surface and underground water quality. It also estimates water needs and uses in all the regions, and identifies the conditions and systems needed for surface and underground water exploitation. It then develops the schemes for distribution of water (drinking and irrigation). The Ministers of Energy, Water and Environment determine every measure or policy aimed at developing an integrated management of natural resources on the environment. MoPWT manages, via its different directorates, roads, bridges and water channels. Through its different directorates, it manages land and maritime transportation as well as land use planning. HCUP is responsible for urban and rural planning. In doing so it reviews designs and plans of villages and towns, including zoning proposals for these areas. It also reviews project decrees aiming at expropriation.

22

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment Ministry of (MoPH)

Public Health

MoPH is responsible for safeguarding and improving public health through for example inspecting water quality and protecting water resources, specifically coastal underground water reservoirs.

Ministry of Interior (MoI) Council of Development and Reconstruction (CDR)

MoI stops all kinds of infractions and violations. The CDR is responsible for the Planning and programming of reconstruction/rehabilitation projects in all sectors and across Lebanon. It is also mandated to develop a masterplan for urban planning. It also suggests the economic, financial, and social policies needed for the implementation of these plans and accordingly sets the priorities and presents them to the CoM for approval Municipalities and municipal federations have many responsibilities (all that concern physical development in their territorial limits). They implement urban projects, follow up on cleanliness and public health issues, water works, public transport and tax collection. They may also request from the DGUP the definition of urban master plans the municipalities have the necessary resources. Municipalities are also responsible for receiving applications for construction permits and issue permits

Municipalities

Table 2-4: Main Public administrations and stakeholders concerned with the protection of the environment

2.2.2 Main Public Stakeholders concerned with the project Several stakeholders play an important role in the management of natural resources and livelihood strategies within the Project area. These stakeholders and their mandate relevant to the project are presented in the following sections.

2.2.3 Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW) Since its creation, the Ministry of Energy and Water handles energy issues and the production of electric energy through thermal resources, water, renewable or through other resources. The new law organizing the energy sector – Law 462/2002– confirmed the ministry’s role. According to the Article 6 of the law, the ministry is responsible of the followings concerning the electric sector: • • •

Developing a general policy and a master plan for the sector; Proposing rules for the organization of the services related to the production, transfer and distribution of electric power; Proposing draft laws and decrees concerning the electricity sector; 23

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment



• •

Proposing the public safety conditions and the environmental conditions and the technical specifications that should be available in the electrical constructions and equipments; Making the necessary contacts with other countries for the exchange of electric energy and to conclude the necessary agreements; Taking all measures to address any imbalance in any of the activities of the electricity sector that would adversely affect the interests of the sector or the rights of consumers and their interests.

Concerning the regulation of the water sector, Law 221/2000 and its amendment, Law 377/2001, specified the ministry’s functions. Indeed, Article 2 of the Law 377/2001 enumerates the competencies and missions of the Ministry of Energy and Water as follows: •

• • •





Protecting water resources against losses and pollution by elaborating legal texts and taking necessary measures and action to prevent water pollution and restore its initial natural quality; Monitoring, studying, and estimating the volume of water resources, and estimating water needs and uses in all regions; Monitoring the quality of surface and groundwater and establishing relevant standards; Developing a general scheme for the allocation and distribution of drinking water and irrigation water throughout the country; designing and continuously updating a Master plan for water to be submitted through the Minister to the Council of Ministers (CoM) for approval; Designing, studying, and implementing large water projects such as dams, mountain lakes, tunnels, diversion of riverbeds, water networks, etc., and overseeing their operation; Developing standards to be adopted in the studies conducted by Water and Wastewater Establishments, and the implementation of their works; in addition to guidelines and regulations for the exploitation of surface and groundwater and the management of wastewater, and standards for the protection and monitoring of water quality.

2.2.4 Ministry of Public Works and Transportation (MoPWT) According to Decree 2872/1959 (Organization of the Ministry of Public Works and Transportation) and its amendments, the Ministry of Public Works and Transport is composed of five directorates having each its own prerogatives. The Directorate General of Urban Planning (DGUP) is in charge of setting rules, regulations and designing plans relative to land occupation. Therefore, the Directorate is responsible for specifying and organizing land use planning through zoning of regions, specifying allowed investments for different land uses, as well as 24

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

architectural constraints, and suitable conditions for ensuring the integration of projects within their surrounding from an aesthetic, architectural, infrastructural, environmental, and socio-economic point of view. As for actual enforcement, it is the responsibility of the local authority (municipality/ district) and the Security Forces. The DGUP interferes in the case of complaints, and plays an inspection role upon termination of building construction by verifying the compatibility of facilities with permit conditions and specifications. On the other hand, the Directorate General of Roads and Buildings (Decree 13379/1998), is in charge of the design, execution and maintenance of roads, bridges, walls, and water channels. The Directorate also designs, expropriates, subcontracts and supervises works including maintenance of public buildings and assets. The presence of a Department of Environment and Traffic Safety within the Directorate General of Roads and Buildings should be noted, which is responsible for assessing the environmental impact of projected roads, and recommending mitigation measures. The Ministry of Public Works and Transport, in cooperation with the Ministry of Environment are responsible of protecting the beaches and the Lebanese territorial waters from the risk of pollution.

2.2.5 Higher Council for Urban Planning (HCUP) The Higher Council for Urban Planning (HCUP) that was created in 1983 (decreelaw 69/1983) is the party responsible for urban and rural planning. It comprises representatives from CDR, MoIM, MoPWT, MoE, MoC and other concerned ministries, municipalities as well as Order of Engineers and Architects. It can meet with the concerned parties (such as municipalities and public institutions) for discussing issues pertaining to them and it will give opinion regarding • • • •

Designs and plans of villages and towns, and zoning designs Project decrees aiming at the creation of real estate companies, conducting expropriation and allotment Revision of building permits and allotment Projects aiming at modifying urban planning and building laws

2.2.6 Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) The Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) is responsible for safeguarding and improving public health, through the prevention of disease, supervision of health care institutions, suggestion of new legislation or modification of existing ones. The MoPH consists of Central and Regional Departments, as well as a Department of Projects and Programs. 25

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

Besides suggesting the modification of laws and regulations relating to health prevention, as prompted by social and scientific developments; and preparing relevant project laws and decrees, MoPH is also responsible for setting allowable levels for contaminants in the water, the springs, the rivers and their courses, the lakes and ponds, the swamps and in the distribution networks for drinking water and irrigation canals, all with a close cooperation with the ministry of environment. The Ministry is also in charge of: • • •

Conducting studies and suggesting protocols aiming at preserving the environment's safety from threats to public health; Formulating project decisions on sanitary and preventive guidelines for all kinds of classified establishments; Suggesting specifications and technical conditions required in the construction of sewage and potable water networks, and solid waste collection and disposal projects.

With regards to the Regional Departments (or Public Health Services), they are distributed in all Governorates except in the Governorate of Beirut, and all districts. They are responsible for implementing health protocols in the Governorates, providing preventive and laboratory services. As for the District Physicians, they monitor potable water quality, solid waste disposal, and sanitary guidelines in residential, recreational and occupational settings.

2.2.7 Ministry of Interior and Municipalities The Ministry of Interior and Municipalities is concerned with Lebanon's internal policy affairs, encompassing preparation, coordination, and execution; in addition to safeguarding discipline and security; overseeing the affairs of governorates, districts, municipalities, unions of municipalities, the Independent Municipal Fund, mayors, local elected councils, villages, parties, NGOs; and managing motor vehicle and traffic affairs, etc. The Ministry of Interior and Municipalities is composed of several distinct directorates having different prerogatives as set in Decree 4082/2000, based on the Law 247/2000. •



The Directorate General of Administrative and Local Councils mainly has a supervisory and monitoring role over municipalities. Overseeing the application of laws and regulations relating to local affairs, municipalities and their unions, and other local councils; suggesting plans and developing studies aiming at the development of local life and activities and promoting public participation in them, and submitting these studies to the Minister of Interior and Municipalities; The Directorate General of Internal Security Forces plays a monitoring and enforcement role, responsible for implementing laws and regulations and for 26

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

sanctioning violations, in coordination with the enforcement body affiliated to the MoPWT.

2.2.8 Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) The CDR is a public institution that was created in 1977 - in partial replacement of the Ministry of Planning - to be the Government unit responsible for reconstruction and development. CDR has unprecedented powers to avoid any administrative routine that could slow down the reconstruction process, especially in the financial field. It is financially and administratively independent, and directly affiliated to the Council of Ministers (CoM). Decree Law 5/77 specified CDR’s responsibilities which are formulated around 4 main axes: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Planning, Consultancy and Guidance, Financial, Implementation and Monitoring.

These are to be implemented in cooperation with other ministries and stakeholders and can be summarized as follows: Planning: • Development of a general plan, consecutive plans and programs for construction and development activities; in addition to the suggestion of economic, financial, and social policy in line with the general plan. All of these plans and policies are submitted for approval to the CoM ; • Developing a budget for the implementation of the general plan; • Suggesting project laws relating to construction and development and presenting them to the CoM; • Developing a general guidance framework for urban planning and presenting it to the CoM for approval. Consultancy and Guidance: • Giving opinion to the CoM on economic and financial relationships with other countries, foreign associations and organizations; • Getting in contact with foreign associations and organizations for the purpose of seeking economic, cultural, technical and social assistance; • Preparing and publishing statistical studies relating to economic and social activities and projects; • Conducting the necessary studies in the developmental and construction fields, or designating qualified parties to conduct them, and suggesting the enhancement of the Council's scientific capabilities; • Requesting ministries, public institutions, and municipalities to prepare projects in line with the Council's developmental and construction overall objectives; 27

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

• •

Providing relevant information for ministries, public institutions, municipalities, and the private sector; Giving suggestions on the creation, development and guidance of financial establishments and companies working on development issues.

Financial duties: • Securing financing for the implementation of the various projects or programs, the source of funds being the CoM or international donors. Implementation and Monitoring tasks: • Conducting feasibility studies for construction and developmental projects figuring in the general plan, or preparing programs required for the development of plans • Executing the projects figuring in the general plan, consecutive plans and programs, in addition to any other construction/development project requested by the CoM. The CDR selects the appropriate public institution, municipality, or company for the execution of these projects, and the appropriate means (bidding, subcontracting, partnership,…). • The CDR is the exclusive party responsible for expropriation procedures, and issuing administrative authorizations and licenses, except in the case where the CoM issues them. • Monitoring of all projects figuring in the plans and programs, and those referred by the CoM, and submitting relevant reports to the CoM • Monitoring the proper allocation of economic and financial subsidies to their proper targets.

2.2.9 Municipalities A municipality is the level of local government with legal status, financial and administrative independence, which exercises powers and responsibilities over the territory it is granted by law. The municipal machinery is made up of a decision-making power (invested in the elected municipal council) and an executive power (held by the President of the municipality or Mayor himself). The law grants municipal councils decision making powers and responsibilities relating to all activities of public interest within the municipal area based on a non-exhaustive list which sets out the relevant areas of public interest. According to Decree 118/1977, they are responsible for: • • • • •

Determining municipal taxes or fees; Developing TORs for services, works and supplies, or for selling municipal properties; Accepting or rejecting funds and donations; General programs of works, cleanliness, health affairs, water and lighting projects, etc.; Planning, rectifying and enlarging roads, creating parks and public places; 28

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

• • • •

Formulating designs for the town and the master plan in cooperation with the Directorate General of Urban Planning (DGUP); Creating parks, courts, museums, hospitals, libraries, sewerage networks, and waste disposal options, etc.; Organizing transportation and specifying prices; and Approving permit applications for the exploitation of classified shops, restaurants, resorts, cafes, hotels, and all kinds of tourist and leisure facilities.

2.3 Legal framework 2.3.1 Lebanese environmental legislation The Lebanese Constitution represents the strongest legislative text in Lebanon and when in contradiction with the Constitution, a proposed legislation(s) cannot be issued. International treaties/agreements ratified by Lebanon have the second priority in the Lebanese legislative framework. Table 2-5 describes the legal structure in Lebanon. Laws

Laws are passed by the Lebanese Parliament. The Council of Ministers or deputies propose a project of law that is discussed by the appropriate parliamentary committees prior to being promulgated in a plenary parliamentary session. Environmental legislations are generally reviewed and assessed by the Parliamentary committees dealing with Agriculture, Tourism, Environment, and Municipalities as well as Public Works, Transportation, Electric and Hydraulic Resources and Planning and Development.

Decree Laws

In exceptional cases (like absence of the Parliament or non respect of constitutional delays), the President of the Republic can pass these decree laws which have the same legal standing and powers as laws.

Decrees

The Council of Ministers issues decrees that are usually proposed by a certain ministry. The Council of State is consulted before the issuance of a decree to ensure that the latter does not contravene existing laws.

Resolutions/ Decisions

Ministers issue resolutions without the pre-approval of the Council of Ministers but after consulting the Council of State to ensure the integrity with existing laws.

Table 2-5:

Legal Pyramid in Lebanon

2.3.2 Synopsis of the Legislative Framework for Environmental Protection

29

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment Number Date Subject Law 216 2/4/1993 The establishment of the ministry of environment The Minister engineer Samir Moukbel Generalization 11/5/1993 Preventing tires burning 1/93 Generalization Organizing the work of the careers, quarries, mattocks sand and 20/5/1993 2/93 mixers of the asphalt. Preventing the use and the importation of the birds sounds Decision B/2 21/5/1993 recording machines. Decision B/7 10/1/1994 Organizing birds hunting and game fishing Preventing birds hunting on all the Lebanese territories for a period Decision B/8 10/1/1994 ranging between 1/1/1995 and 31/12/1997 Arresting the careers and quarries that are working without a Decision B/15 21/9/1994 license. Specifying the criteria and constants related to the environmental Decision B/20 2/11/1994 protection from the pollution. Decision B/22 14/11/1994 Licensing a private career. Decision 110/1 19/5/1995 Organizing the hunting. The Minister Pierre Faraoun Decision 5/1 18/8/1995 Related to the importation of the Petrocoque substance. Modification of the resolution 5/1 related to the importation of the Decision 9/1 18/9/1995 Petrocoque substance. Decision 14/1 6/10/1995 Establishment of the natural reserve “Karm Chbat” Preventing any action or any change in the area around Fakra Decision 15/1 5/10/1995 bridge in the Kasrwan district (and the removal of any offense and the prosecution of the dissenting). Decision 22/1 6/11/1995 Imposing environmental conditions on the factories. Forbidding the importation and the use of fire brigade working with Decision 23/1 6/11/1995 liquid materials. Decision 25/1 11/11/1995 Establishing the natural reserve of Bentaeel Modification of the resolution 9/1 concerning the importation of the Decision 26/1 27/11/1995 Petrocoque substance. Modification of the resolution 9/1 concerning the importation of the Decision 27/1 6/12/1995 Petrocoque substance. Decision 37/1 18/1/1996 Subject the Abestos substance to a previous license. Modification of the resolution 22/1 related to imposition of Decision 40/1 20/3/1996 environmental conditions on the factories. Modification of the resolution 37/1 related to subjecting of the Decision 41/1 26/3/1996 Asbestos substance to a previous license. Decision 42/1 26/3/1996 Forbidding totally the importation of the Asbestos substance. Specifying the criteria and the specific rates to limit the air, water Decision 52/1 29/7/1996 and land pollution. Forbidding the importation of the waste intended to manufacturing Decision 91/1 24/10/1996 unless from the classified and licensed companies with a specified conditions.

30

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment The Minister Akram Chehayeb Decision 22/1

17/12/1966

Decision 34/1

4/1/1997

Decision 51/1

13/1/1997

Decision 57/1

4/4/1997

Decision 71/1

19/5/1997

Decision 72/1

28/5/1997

Decision 76/1

28/5/1997

Decision 103/1

4/7/1997

Decision 118/1

12/8/1997

Decision 151/1

17/10/1997

Decision 161/1

31/10/1997

Decision 165/1

12/9/1997

Decision 182/1

7/11/1997

Decision 183/1

7/11/1997

Decision 184/1

7/11/1997

Decision 185/1

7/11/1997

Decision 186/1

7/11/1997

Decision 191/1

8/10/1997

Decision 200/1 Law 667 Decision 22/1 Decision 97/1

14/11/1997 29/12/1997 24/2/1998 2/7/1998 12/8/1988

Law 64/88 Decision 129/1 Decision 130/1 Decision 131/1

1/9/1998 1/9/1998 1/9/1998

Decision 132/1

1/9/1998

Modification of the Resolution 91/1 (in 24/10/1996) related to the exportation of the plastic waste. Classifying Nahr Ibrahim one of the natural locations subjects to the protection of the ministry of Environment. Forming an advisory committee to follow up the industrial pollution in the areas of Salaata and Chekka. Forming an advisory committee to follow up the careers and quarries subject. Organizing waste importation, modifying Resolution 22/1 issued on 17 17/12/1996. Applying the Eternite Chekka company’ s obligatory program. Forming an advisory committee to follow up the solid waste subject in Lebanon. The ministry of environment takes lead in the supervision of the landfills Refer all the factories’ transactions built on unclassified real-estates to the ministry of industry. Classifying an environmental location (known as Kadisha’s valley: kannoubin and kezhaya) Modifying Resolution 71/1 on 19/5/1997. Forbidding the importation of the calling, attraction, and birds voice recording machines. Determining the documents and conditions for quarries investment Determining the documents and conditions for the investment of the sand pickers or naturally fragmented gravel. Identifying the documents and conditions for the quarries investment to mosaic manufacture. Identifying the documents and conditions for the decorative stones (block) and building stones’ investment. Identifying the documents and conditions for quarries’ investment for soil manufacturing. Application of the guidance note for the cement industry in Lebanon and its environmental pollution as consequence. Classifying an area one of the natural locations (Wata Salam). Amend the law 216 Classifying “Nahr el Jawz” course (Batroun). Classifying “ Nahr el Kalb” course. Protection against hazardous wastes that could harm air, water, biodiversity, soil, and people. Classifying the location known as the course of “Nahr al Damour” Classifying the location known as the course of “ Nahr Beirut” Classifying the location known as the course of “Nahr al Awali” Classifying as natural locations the following areas: the forest located between “Ain el Hour”-“Darayya”-“Diyyeh”-“Berjin”/ “Al

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

Decision 174/1

2/11/1998

Decision 187/1

17/11/1998

Decision 188/1 19/11/1998 Decision 189/1 19/11/1998 The Minister Artur Nazarian Decision 14/1

16/2/1999

Decision 15/1

13/3/1999

Decision 75/1

5/9/2000

Decision 90/1

17/10/2000

Cheikh Ousman” forest/ Surrounding area of “ Deyr El Moukhales”/ Surrounding area of “Ain Wazin” hospital/ “Dalboun” forest/ “Al Mal” valley/ “Kafra” wells/ “Ighmid” valley/ “Ain Bal” valley. Forbidding the importation of some kinds of the Asbestos. Classifying a natural location (“Al moukammel” mountain: “Al kourne al sawda”). Classifying “Aarka” river’s course. Classifying “Aassi” river’s course. Cancellation of the resolution related to the real-estate 448 “Wata salam”. Forbidding the importation and use of fire brigade working with liquid materials especially with cars and machines. Environmental conditions to license the establishment and investment of factories who works in leather pigmentation. Environmental conditions to license the residential buildings located within the rivers protected by the Ministry of Environment.

The Minister Doctor Michel Moussa Environmental conditions to license the establishment/investment of Decision 5/1 30/12/2000 fruits and vegetables conserving companies (Freezing, pickling, cooking, packing). Decision 3/1

12/1/2001

Decision 4/1

12/1/2001

Decision 5/1

12/1/2001

Decision 8/1

30/12/2001

Decision 16/1

21/3/2001

Decision 29/1

31/5/2001

Decision 60/1

10/9/2001

Decision 61/1

10/9/2001

Decision 5/1

5/2/2002

Decision 6/1

5/2/2002

Decision 15/1

4/3/2002

Environmental conditions to license the establishment/investment of the meat and poultry waste treating factories by cooking or dry way fermentation. Environmental conditions to license the establishment/investment of the slaughterhouses. Environmental conditions to license the establishment/investment of the fuel distribution stations. Criteria and standards related to air pollutants and liquid waste generated from classified companies and water treating stations. Environmental conditions to license the establishment/investment of cows/ poultry/ pets (e.g. rabbits, pigs…) farms. Environmental conditions to license the establishment/investment of dairy products factories. Environmental conditions to license the establishment/investment of building stones factories. Environmental conditions to license the establishment/investment of plastic factories. Review of the environmental inspection reports. Processing the review of the reports related to the determi-nation of the scope of environmental impact assessment and to the evaluation of the impact assessment. Environmental conditions to license the establishment/investment of glass factories.

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

Decision 16/1

4/3/2002

Decision 19/1

11/3/2002

Decision 20/1

8/3/2002

Decision 21/1

11/3/2002

Decision 22/1

11/3/2002

Decision 44/1

4/5/2002

Decree 8006

11/6/2002

Law 444 29/7/2002 The Minister Fares Boueiz Law 580 4/3/2004 Decision 8/1 10/3/2004

Environmental conditions to license the establishment/investment of rubber (caoutchouc) factories. Subject “Alkamouaa” region/ caza “Alay” to the Ministry of Environment protection. Declaring 9 march the national day of reserves. Subject “Alkarkir” valley/ caza “Zgharta” to the Ministry of Environment protection. Subject “Dalhoun” forest/ caza “Chouf” to the Ministry of Environment protection. Modification of the Resolution 20/1 by declaring 10 march the national day of reserves. Determine the types of health institutions waste disposal and how to discharge it Environment Protection Law The organization of land hunting in Lebanon Classifying “Balou’ Be’tara” in Tannourine as a natural location.

The Minister Wiam Wahhab Defining the minimum distances that should separate all kinds of Decision 9/1 2/11/2004 planed farms and their establishment/investment in the unorganized areas from the residential areas. Giving all the companies and factories a grace period of 6 months Decision 6/1 12/1/2005 to correct their situation and apply the environmental requirements. Modification of the Resolution 132/1: excluding “Ighmid” valley Decision 13/1 22/2/2005 location from the classified locations in “Chouf” area. The Minister engineer Yaacoub Al Sarraf Determine the conditions and mechanism of the Ministry of Decree 14865 1/9/2005 Environment to provide contributions to the bodies Ataatoky profit for the environmental activities Specifying the environmental conditions to license the Decision 3/1 6/8/2005 establishment or investment of the small treating water stations. Specifying the environmental conditions to license the Decision 4/1 6/8/2005 establishment or investment of mixers of the hot asphalt. Defining the functions of the Ministry of Environment and Law 690 26/8/2005 organization Generalization Confirmation of forbidding the hunting on all the Lebanese territory 14/10/2005 24/1 within the taken measures to prevent the Avian influenza infection.

Table 2-6:

The main environmental legislations in Lebanon

To date, the current Lebanese environmental regulations are generally scarce with some dating back several decades. Table 2-6 presents an overview of the main environmental legislations found in Lebanon dealing with the management of water

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

resources, solid waste and wastewater as well as air quality and pollution control; these legislations are listed in reverse chronological order. According to the article 4 of the Decree 9765/2003 of the Ministry of Industry, the authorities in charge of the industrial pollution control are the Ministry of IndustryControl Department, the Municipalities and the competent authorities of MoE and MoPH.

2.3.3 International agreements and treaties Table 2-7 summarizes all relevant international conventions and agreements that are signed or ratified by Lebanon. They include provisions relevant to the proposed project operations and waste management practices.

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

AGREEMENT Stockholm Convention on Persistant Organic pollutants for adoption by the conference of plenipotentiaris-2001 Signed by Lebanon in 2001

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.-Rio de Janeiro- 1992 Ratified by Lebanon in 1994

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal1989 Ratified by Lebanon in 1994 Convention to Combat Desertification - 1994 Ratified by Lebanon in 1994 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer – 1985 Montreal protocol on ozonedepleting substances - 1987 Ratified by Lebanon in 1993 Barcelona Convention: Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution from Landbased Sourcwes-1980 Signature in 1980 and accession in 1994

OBJECTIVE to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife, and have adverse effects to human health or to the environment. to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. To control the transportation of dangerous non-radiant materials and their disposal across the border

RELEVANCE TO PROJECT Describe all practicable steps to ensure that POPs are managed in a manner which will protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from such organic chemical substances. Lists precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse effects. Regulates the transfer of potentially hazardous wastes across national boundaries Medical and industrial waste Hazardous Demolition waste

To combat desertification

Control land clearance and project footprint size

To protect human health and the environment from any activity that modifies the ozone layer Adopt measures to control human activities found to have adverse impact on the ozone layer

Regulates the use of ODS (ozone depleting substances) Reconstruction activities

To protect the coastal area from landfills and uncontrolled dumping practices in the Study Area

35

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment Protocol Concerning Cooperation in Combating Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Oil and Other Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency-1976 Ratified by Lebanon in 1977 Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution-1976 Ratified by Lebanon in 1977 International Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in cases of Oil Pollution Casualties.-Brussels1969 Ratified by Lebanon in 1974 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter-1972 Signed by Lebanon in 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil.-London- 1954 Signed by Lebanon in 1966

Table 2-7:

To ensure protection of the Mediterranean Sea and aquatic species from effluent discharges (solid/liquid waste)

resulting in leachate generation and run-off which pose a threat to the existing water resources. Disposal of wastewater in the Mediterranean sea

International Agreements Ratified or Signed by Lebanon

2.3.4 Relevant Lebanon's international guidelines and standards3 Table 2-8 summarizes some of the WB/IFC safeguard policies that are applicable to the project.

3

Source: Earth Link and Advances Resources Development S.A.R.L. (ELARD): Environmental and social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for Awali-Beirut Water Conveyer Project (Study Update), Final Report, August 2010.

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

OPERATIONAL KEY FEATURES APPROVAL POLICY / DIRECTIVE DATE OP/BP 4.01 Trigger: Any project with potential environmental and social impacts January Environmental • Potential environmental consequences of project identified early in 1999 Assessment project cycle – projects categorized as A (significant impacts); B (limited impacts); C (no impacts); FI (Financial Intermediary) • Environmental Assessments (EAs) and mitigation plans are required for projects with significant environmental impacts or involuntary resettlement • EAs should include analysis of alternative designs and sites or consideration of “no option” • Requires public consultation with and information disclosure to affected communities and NGOs before World Bank Board approval; at least two public consultations with affected communities are required for category A projects Required document: Environmental Assessment(EA) for category A and B projects OP 4.04 Trigger: Potential to cause significant loss or degradation of natural June 2001 Natural habitat Habitats • Prohibits financing of projects involving “significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives • Requires environmental cost/benefit analysis • Requires EA with mitigation measures Required document: issues and mitigation measures included in EA OP 4.36 Forestry

Trigger: projects that impact the health and quality of forests; projects that affect the rights and welfare of people dependent upon forests; projects that change the management and use of forests • Discourages financing of projects that significantly convert natural habitats and critical forest areas unless there are no feasible alternatives • Projects cannot contravene international environmental agreements and conventions • For industrial-scale commercial harvesting, the harvesters must be certified by a third party as meeting standards of responsible forest management or agree to a time-bound phased action plan that can meet such standards • Local people must be involved in developing standards for certification • Prohibits financing for commercial logging operations or acquisition of equipment for use in primary moist tropical forests Required documents: forestry issues included in EA, time-bound action plans included in Project Appraisal Document (PAD)

37

November 2002

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

Table 2-8:

WB/IFC safeguards policies that are applicable to the project

2.3.5 Objectives of the EIA Report The EIA is an important decision-making tool required by the Ministry of Environment and by the World Bank, that ensures that the environmental hazards and effects of the Project are identified and evaluated prior to operations, and that appropriate control measures are implemented. The main objective of this study is to determine the potential environmental impacts associated with the proposed Project. The objectives of this EIA study are to: •

• •

• •



• • •

Identify all applicable Lebanese national legislation, policies, standards and international treaties, agreements, industry standards and guidelines and regulatory environmental requirements for the project, etc.; Provide a detailed description of all Project activities and work plans to be carried out in sea and on land. Describe the existing environmental baseline conditions of the study area covering the physical, biodiversity, socio-economic, and cultural elements likely to be affected by the proposed dredging and disposal activities and/or likely to cause adverse impacts upon the project, including both natural and man-made environments; Identify and assess the potential impacts on environmental and social resources associated with the project; Identify the nature and extent of any significant potential environmental and social impacts be they positive (beneficial) or negative (adverse), temporary or permanent. This shall include routine, non-routine (planned) operations and unplanned (accidental) events; Identify any significant cumulative or transboundary impacts of the project and recommend appropriate actions to mitigate or minimize these impacts during the project execution; Identify and evaluate appropriate mitigation measures for these impacts; Identify any residual impacts following application of mitigation; and Identify, assess and specify methods, measures and standards to be included in the detailed design, operation and handover of the project, which are necessary to mitigate these impacts and reduce them to acceptable levels.

The EIA study shall ensure that: • • •

The project complies with international treaties, agreements and industrial standards and guidelines. The Project under assessment complies with relevant Lebanese legislations, standards and World Bank requirements. In the absence of any relevant Lebanese standards or requirements for sampling, construction and disposal operations, the project should be at a minimum, 38

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment



compatible with international standards, such as those issued by the World Bank, IFC or OSHA. Transparency in Project activities and engagement of local authorities and community regarding its environmental, social and economical aspects.

2.3.6 Legal background of the project The Project is governed by Lebanon’s main Environmental Framework Law (Law 444/2002 on Environmental Protection). A draft EIA decree was issued in 2000 which abides by specifications and standard criteria for environmental standards and requirements and sets principles and measures necessary to assess the environmental impact of development projects (refer to Environmental Protection Law No. 444/ 2002). The draft EIA decree comprises sixty-eight articles that address the objectives of the regulation, definitions, as well as various stages of the national EIA process such as screening, scoping, implementation, and review of the EIA report, in addition to the period of validity, and the appeal process. The EIA draft decree also lists all the activities for which EIA or permit conditions are mandatory, and those that require an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE).

2.4 Administrative Framework 2.4.1 Project team This report has been prepared by an international team of experts. The experts team is composed of: • Mr Tobias Kampet, Senior environmental engineer, MVV decon, Germany • Mr Norbert Paetz, vice head of the energy services department, MVV decon, Germany • Dr. Samir Mahfoud, regional expert, MVV decon, Germany • Mrs Marieange Saidy, Santec, Lebanon • Mr Azzam Sankari, Santec, Lebanon • Mrs Raia Dayekh, Santec, Lebanon

2.4.2 Applied methodology The Assessment of the possible impacts of the Power Plant on the environment was based on the following methods:

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

2.4.2.1 Judgement Based on the scope of work as approved by the MoEW for project implementation, on international literature and on its experience, the judgement was used for the preliminary assessment of the impacts of the project on the environment. This assessment has been deepened and justified by site-specific visits and in-situ data acquisition in April 2011.

2.4.2.2 Classification of Potential Impacts In this study the evaluation of the potential impacts is based on experience with similar projects and on the environmental conditions present in the site surrounding area. The anticipated negative environmental impacts are classified into 4 categories "High", "Intermediate", "Slight", and "Negligible". • A high impact can destroy an element of the environment or create a strong environmental modification. Such an impact can greatly affect an environmental component if it is impossible to adopt adequate mitigation measures. • An intermediate impact may partially reduce a value or use of an environmental component and have an affect on a limited portion of the population. • A slight impact may slightly reduce the value or use of an environmental component and slightly affect a small group of the population. • Some activities of the project may not create evident negative impacts on the environment. In such cases, the assessment will not be detailed but same commentaries will be given. This type of impacts is identified as negligible.

2.4.3 Technical background of the project The technical documents which have been used for the preparation of this EIA report are the documents published by the Ministry of energy and Water for the preparation of the tender documents for the “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at existing Zouk and Jiyeh thermal power plants.

2.4.4 Further documents used A list of additional documents has been used for the preparation of this report, For details please refer to the references of this report.

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Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

2.5 Environmental requirements 2.5.1 Emission standards and warranties The MoE has defined general emission standards according to the Law 8/1. These standards are valid for all industrial plants, including all kind of power plants. The assignment of different pollutants to the respective groups of particulate inorganic pollutants; gaseous inorganic pollutants and cancer causing pollutants are given in the Annex as well as the list and classification of gaseous organic compounds. Emissions standards are identified by mass flow and concentrations; for mass flow lower than the ones indicated in column 3 in Table 2-9, no concentration emission limit value exist, otherwise limit values of column 2 will automatically apply. Parameter 3 Dust [mg/m ]

Emission limit value 200 for new establishments 500 for old establishments Particulate inorganic pollutants [mg/m3] Group I 1 Group II 10 Group III 30 Gaseous inorganic pollutants Group I 1 Group II 5 Group III 30 Group IV 500 Gaseous organic pollutants Group I 20 Group II 100 Group III 200 Cancer causing pollutants Group I 0.2 Group II 2 Group III 10

Table 2-9:

General emissions limit values in Lebanon

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Remark Non containing compound Mass flow > 5 g/h Mass flow > 25 g/h Mass flow > 50 g/h Mass flow Mass flow Mass flow Mass flow

> 50 g/h > 300 g/h > 1 Kg/h > 10 Kg/h

Mass flow > 500 g/h Mass flow > 4 kg/h Mass flow > 6 Kg/h Mass flow > 5 g/h Mass flow > 10 g/h Mass flow > 50 g/h

hazardous

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant, Annex 1a: Environmental Impact Assessment

Parameter O2 correction Dust [mg/m3] 3 CO [mg/m ] 3 NOx (calculated as NO2) [mg/m ] Diesel fuel (European standard) Other fuel 3 SOx (calculated as SO2) [mg/m ] Diesel fuel (European standard) Other

Category A establishments) 3% 150 250

(new

Category B establishments) 5% 500 1000

300 500

800 1000

1700

3500

(old

Table 2-10: Oil fired combustion plants: boilers, steam, energy production > 1 MW and < 50 MW thermal capacity Parameter O2 correction 3 Dust [mg/m ] As + Pb+ Cd+ Cr+ Co+ Ni CO [mg/m3] NOx (calculated as NO2) [mg/m3] 3 SOx (calculated as SO2) [mg/m ] Diesel fuel (European standard) Other

Category A 3% 50 50 250 500

Category B 5% 250 15 1000 1000

2500

3500

Table 2-11: Oil fired combustion plants > 50 MW thermal capacity Moreover specific regulations are given for the Energy Sector. In the Tables 2-13 to 2-16, the specific ELV’s for stack emissions are given. Parameter 3 SOx (calculated as SO2) [mg/m ] Diesel fuel (European standard) Other

Table 2-12:

Category A

Category B

2000

3500

Additional requirements for plants > 50 MW 100 MW