PhD Course June 2012, Göteborg With guest researcher Dr. Andrea Nightingale, funded by Adlerbertska Forskningsstiftelsen

Environmental Governance and Development: Gender, Climate Change and Conflict

Dr. Andrea Nightingale, University of Edinburgh

A PhD course given by Chalmers University of Technology and Göteborg University in collaboration, hosted by Division of Environmental Systems Analysis, Chalmers, and School of Global Studies, GU. Dr. Nightingale visits from Institute of Geography and Environment, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, UK. She has her background in geography and has done much work in rural areas of Nepal. She works with mixed methods and has made important contributions, and pushed the research frontier, in areas of society-nature interactions, natural resource governance, gender, identity and power in changing environments and developing country contexts. Lately, she has engaged with issues of climate change and violent conflicts. This inspiring course is a unique opportunity for Swedish PhD students to get a grip of highly relevant and on-the-agenda research topics.

Dates: 14th-21st June 2012 Format:

3 lectures including discussion (2 hours each): 14th, 15th, 18th June. 1 student discussion group 19th June. 1 final seminar with student presentations: 21th June.

Examination: Participation in lectures (minimum 2/3) and presentation (oral + slides) at the final seminar. Students at master level are welcome to apply for the course, but only PhD students can get credits. Course examiner is Merritt Polk, SGS. Course administrator: Helene Ahlborg, ESA. Contact: [email protected] Readings: Core readings for each lecture and recommended (voluntary) additional readings. Students are expected to prepare for the course by reading core readings before lectures, i.e. come well prepared to the first lecture. Credits: 2.5 ETC

PhD Course June 2012, Göteborg With guest researcher Dr. Andrea Nightingale, funded by Adlerbertska Forskningsstiftelsen

Venue: School of Global Studies, Göteborg University. Course Description: This course engages with ideas of environmental governance by seeking to understand the logic behind different governance mechanisms. What does it mean to ‘govern’ the environment? We will read cutting edge work in this field to compare and contrast approaches and place them within gender and climate change issues. To what extent can ideas of environmental governance capture the range of challenges presented by global inequalities and climate change? How do issues of conflict and violence complicate attempts at environmental governance?

Session one: Environmentality and governance The calls for community governance and decentralisation hinge upon an assumption that ‘local’ people will manage their resources effectively if given the right to do so. This session takes a look at notions of being ‘good environmental stewards’, that are promoted by states, development programmes and NGOs in order to instill in local people the ‘right’ kind of attitude towards the environment. Here questions of gender and identity are salient, if often hidden in these debates. This also includes a foray into issues of social capial and whether such ideas are relevant and helpful for understanding environmental governance questions.

Core readings Agrawal, A. (2005). "Environmentality: Community, Intimate Government, and the Making of Environmental Subjects in Kumaon, India." Current Anthropology 46(2): 161-190. Foucault, M. (1991). “Governmentality.” In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, eds. G. Burchell, C. Gordon and P. Miller, 87-104. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Nightingale, A. J. (2011). "Beyond Design Principles: subjectivity, emotion and the (ir-)rational commons." Society & Natural Resources 24(2): in press. Rutherford, S. (2007). "Green Governmentality: insights and opportunities in the study of nature's rule." Progress in Human Geography 31(3): 291-307.

Additional reading

PhD Course June 2012, Göteborg With guest researcher Dr. Andrea Nightingale, funded by Adlerbertska Forskningsstiftelsen

Allen, J. (1999). “Spatial Assemblages of Power: From domination to empowerment.” In Human Geography Today, eds. D. Massey, J. Allen and P. Sarre, 194-218. Cambridge: Polity Press. Bebbington, A. (1999). "Social capital, development, and access to resources in highland Ecuador." Economic Geography 75(4): 395-418. Beck, U. (2010). "Climate for Change, or How to Create a Green Modernity?" Theory, Culture & Society 27(2-3): 254-266. Berkes, F. (2004). “Rethinking Community-Based Conservation.” Conservation Biology 18 (3):621630. Braun, B. (2002). The Intemperate Rainforest Nature, Culture, and Power on Canada's West Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. Folke, C., T. Hahn, et al. (2005). "Adaptive Governance of Social-Ecological Systems." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30(1): 441-473. Gabrielson, T. and K. Parady (2010). "Corporeal citizenship: rethinking green citizenship through the body." Environmental Politics 19(3): 374 – 391 Luke, T. W. (1995). "On Environmentality: Geo-Power and Eco-Knowledge in the Discourses of Contemporary Environmentalism." Cultural Critique(31): 57-81. Mackenzie, A. F. D., and S. Dalby. (2003). “Moving Mountains: Community and Resistance in the Isle of Harris, Scotland and Cape Breton, Canada.” Antipode:309-333. Peattie, K. (2010). "Green Consumption: Behavior and Norms." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 35(1): 195-228. Rasch, W. and C. Wolfe (1995). "Introduction: The Politics of Systems and Environments." Cultural Critique(30): 5-13. Rose-Redwood, R. S. (2006). “Governmentality, geography, and the geo-coded world.” Progress in Human Geography 30 (4):469-486. Scerri, A. (2009). "Paradoxes of increased individuation and public awareness of environmental issues." Environmental Politics 18(4): 467 - 485. Trachtenberg, Z. (2010). "Complex green citizenship and the necessity of judgement." Environmental Politics 19(3): 339 - 355.

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Session two: Property and Authority

PhD Course June 2012, Göteborg With guest researcher Dr. Andrea Nightingale, funded by Adlerbertska Forskningsstiftelsen

While the discussion on rights and decentralisation of governance are alive and well, issues of power and authority cross-cut such debates. In particular, there are concerns that providing property rights may not be adequate where people have limited abilities to exercise such rights. This session’s readings begin to bring us into the literature on the state and the ways we can understand how property—or more broadly, environmental resources—are bound up in making claims to authority. Such claims have significant implications for both societies and environments and our ability to ‘govern’ critical resources. Here we enter debates on the nature of the state and how to understand different scales of governance.

Core reading Berry, S. (2009). "Property, Authority and Citizenship: Land Claims, Politics and the Dynamics of Social Division in West Africa." Development and Change 40(1): 23-45. Sikor, T. and C. Lund (2009). "Access and Property: A Question of Power and Authority." Development and Change 40(1): 1-22 Watts, M. J. (2004). "Antinomies of Community: Some Thoughts on Geography, Resources and Empire." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 29(2): 195-216.

Additional reading Allen, A. (2002). "Power, Subjectivity, and Agency: Between Arendt and Foucault." International Journal of Philosophical Studies 10(2): 131-149. Johnson, C. (2008). Arresting Development: The Power of Knowledge for Social Change. London, Routledge. Nugent, J. B. and N. Sanchez (1998). "Common Property Rights as an Endogenous Response to Risk." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 80(3): p. 651. Nuijten, M. (2003). Power, Community and the State: The Political Anthropology of Organisation in Mexico. London, Pluto Press. Parks, B. C. and J. T. Roberts (2010). "Climate Change, Social Theory and Justice." Theory, Culture & Society 27(2-3): 134-166. Ribot, J. C. (2009). "Authority over Forests: Empowerment and Subordination in Senegal's Democratic Decentralization." Development and Change 40(1): 105-129.

PhD Course June 2012, Göteborg With guest researcher Dr. Andrea Nightingale, funded by Adlerbertska Forskningsstiftelsen

Roth, D. (2009). "Property and Authority in a Migrant Society: Balinese Irrigators in Sulawesi, Indonesia." Development and Change 40(1): 195-217. Scott, J. (2009). The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Souteast Asia. New Haven and London, Yale University Press. Sikor, T., J. Stahl, et al. (2009). "Negotiating Post-Socialist Property and State: Struggles over Forests in Albania and Romania." Development and Change 40(1): 171-193. Shove, E. (2010). "Social Theory and Climate Change." Theory, Culture & Society 27(2-3): 277-288. Slater, D. (2002). "Other domains of democractic theory: space, power, and the politics of democratization." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 20: 255-276. Timsina, N. and N. S. Naudel (2002). "State Versus Community - A Confusing Policy Discourse in Nepal's Forest Management." Journal of Forestry and Livelihoods 2(2). Whiteside, K. H., D. Boy, et al. (2010). "France's 'Grenelle de l'environnement': openings and closures in ecological democracy." Environmental Politics 19(3): 449 - 467. Winter, M. (2006). "Rescaling rurality: Multilevel governance of the agro-food sector." Political Geography 25(7): 735-751.

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Session three: Conflict and violence This session turns our attention to violence and conflict and their role in environmental governance. Many areas of so-called ‘fragile’ or ‘important’ ecosystems are located in areas of political instability and our readings to date have begun to engage questions of conflict. Not only does such instability threaten the ability of institutions to govern the environment, but also control over resources and environments can become a key goal of rebel groups. As we discuss in session 2, environments are integrally bound up in the production of power and authority. Here, we focus specifically on areas of the world experiencing violence to examine the environmental governance issues that emerge from conflict.

Core readings Korf, B. and H. Fünfgeld (2006). "War and the commons: Assessing the changing politics of violence, access and entitlements in Sri Lanka." Geoforum 37(3): 391-403. Le Billon, P. (2001). "The political ecology of war: natural resources and armed conflicts." Political Geography 20(5): 561-584.

PhD Course June 2012, Göteborg With guest researcher Dr. Andrea Nightingale, funded by Adlerbertska Forskningsstiftelsen

Timura, C. T. (2001). ""Environmental Conflict" and the Social Life of Environmental Security Discourse." Anthropological Quarterly 74(3): 104-113.

Additional readings Al-Damkhi, A. M. and R. A. Al-Fares (2010). "Terrorist Threats to the Environment in Iraq and Beyond." Global Environmental Politics 10(1): 1-6. Barnett, J. and W. N. Adger (2007). "Climate Change, human security and violent conflict." Political Geography 26: 639-655. Bogale, A. and B. Korf (2007). "To share or not to share? (non-)violence, scarcity and resource access in Somali Region, Ethiopia." Journal of Development Studies 43(4): 743-765. Daley, P. (2006). "Ethnicity and political violence in Africa: The challenge to the Burundi state." Political Geography 25(6): 657-679. Gizelis, T.-I. and A. E. Wooden (2010). "Water resources, institutions, & intrastate conflict." Political Geography 29(8): 444-453. Gleditsch, N. P., K. Furlong, et al. (2006). "Conflicts over shared rivers: Resource scarcity or fuzzy boundaries?" Political Geography 25(4): 361-382. Jorgenson, A. K., B. Clark, et al. (2010). "Militarization and the Environment: A Panel Study of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and the Ecological Footprints of Nations, 1970-2000." Global Environmental Politics 10(1): 7-29. Luers, A. L. (2005). "The surface of vulnerability: An analytical framework for examining environmental change." Global Environmental Change Part A 15(3): 214-223. Mitchell, S. M. (2006). "Introduction to special issue: Conflict and cooperation over international rivers." Political Geography 25(4): 357-360. Nordås, R. and N. P. Gleditsch (2007). "Clmate Change and Conflict." Political Geography 26: 627638. Raleigh, C. and H. Urdal (2007). "Climate change, environmental degradation and armed conflict." Political Geography 26(6): 674-694. Ross, M. L. (1999). "Review: The Political Economy of the Resource Curse." World Politics 51(2): 297322. Rustad, S. C. A., J. K. Rød, et al. (2008). "Foliage and fighting: Forest resources and the onset, duration, and location of civil war." Political Geography 27(7): 761-782.

PhD Course June 2012, Göteborg With guest researcher Dr. Andrea Nightingale, funded by Adlerbertska Forskningsstiftelsen

Sneddon, C. and C. Fox (2006). "Rethinking transboundary waters: A critical hydropolitics of the Mekong basin." Political Geography 25(2): 181-202. Turner, M. D. (2004). "Political ecology and the moral dimensions of "resource conflicts": the case of farmer-herder conflicts in the Sahel." Political Geography 23(7): 863-889. Unruh, J. D., N. C. Heynen, et al. (2003). "The political ecology of recovery from armed conflict: the case of landmines in Mozambique." Political Geography 22(8): 841-861. Wolf, A. T. (2007). "Shared Waters: Conflict and Cooperation." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 32(1): 241-269.