Environmental Economic accouting Land use of food products of animal origin 2005 – 2014
2016 Federal Statistical Office of Germany
Published by: Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), Wiesbaden Website: www.destatis.de
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Periodicity: irregular Published on 14 June 2016 Article number: 5851310-14900-4 [PDF]
© Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden 2016 Reproduction and distribution, also of parts, are permitted provided that the source is mentioned.
Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1
Calculation method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
2
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
2.1
Feed consumption of domestic livestock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
2.2
Land used domestically and abroad for the cultivation of feed crops . . . .
7
2.3
Land use for exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
2.4
Land use of domestic consumption of food products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Tables Table 1: Feed consumption of domestic livestock by fodder categories and by origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Table 2: Domestic agricultural land use by use categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Table 3: Land use domestically and abroad by categories of feed in 1.000 ha . . . .
8
Table 4: Domestic production and exports of products of animal origin, volumes of feed and land use domestically and abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Table 5: Land use of selected products of vegetable and animal origin . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Figures Figure 1: Feed consumption and land use of domestic livestock 2014 in % . . . . . . . .
8
Figure 2: Land use for products of animal origin 2014 in 1,000 ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Abbreviations BMEL BLE FAO incl.
= Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft/ Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture = Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung/ Federal Agency of Food and Agriculture = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations = inclusive
Measures/Signs and Symbols t mn ha % %-pts. –
= = = = = =
tonnes million hectares per cent percentage points no figures or magnitude zero
Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin, 2016
3
Introduction The livestock farming in Germany requires large areas of land at home and abroad for growing feed. Domestically, the cultivation of feed is increasingly competing with the cultivation of energy crops. In addition, the cultivation of other agricultural plants must be guaranteed for vegetable-based nutrition. Agricultural land is thus increasingly becoming a scarce resource. In addition to the domestic use of land for growing feed more land abroad is used for imported feed, food products and primary agricultural products for the food industry. In this report, results are presented for the total land use of domestic livestock farming and for domestic consumption of food products of animal origin for the period 2005 to 2014.
Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin, 2016
4
1
Calculation method
The calculation of land use of food products of animal origin is done in several steps, in which a variety of data sources are used. In the first step the extent of the feed of domestic livestock is determined. The information on domestic production of feed was taken from the Statistical Yearbook of Food, Agriculture and Forestry of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL). The import and export of feed was determined on the basis of information provided by the foreign trade statistics of the Federal Statistical Office. The land use of domestic feed was calculated with the help of information on the yield per hectare included in agricultural statistics (harvest statistics). When calculating land use of imported feed, data were taken from the FAO database on harvest and planting area of agricultural commodities. In cases of multi-harvests per year, like soya cultivation, cultivation is accounted for without double-counting. In a second step the calculated feed volume is attributed to the different types of animals. The information – feed use per animal species – was provided by the BMEL from the 2002 yearbook. This information has been updated taking into account the changes of livestock and adapting changing feed rations. The land use for the different types of livestock was determined by linking the volume of feed with the land use coefficients for the national territory and the countries abroad. Within the calculations there was also made a distinction between the type of land used – cropland or grassland. This distinction makes sense in view of the very different scarcity of agricultural land and the different impacts of land use. To analyse the land use of individual food products, in addition to the calculation of the annual land use of domestic livestock a calculation for slaughtered animals and products of animal origin was made. There the land use of livestock was determined over its entire life span and allocated to the quantities of manufactured food products (meat, sausages, milk, cheese, eggs). Data on the quantities of meat and the production of milk and eggs were taken from the agricultural statistics and the production statistics of the Federal Statistical Office. The land use coefficients for domestic production on the product level have been used in the calculation of land use of domestic consumption. Land use of imported products is added to land use of domestic production and land use of exported food is subtracted. While for exports domestic land use coefficients were applied, for imports from non-European countries, for example for meat imports from Argentina, coefficients from other sources were used. These are taking into account the specific conditions of local livestock. For imports of food goods from European countries, the domestic coefficients were applied, due to a lack of special knowledge of local animal husbandry and feeding.
Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin, 2016
5
2 Results
2
Results
2.1 Feed consumption of domestic livestock In 2014, 142.8 million tonnes of feed was fed in domestic livestock farming. Of this, some 126 million tonnes or 88.2°% were of domestic cultivation and domestic production, 16.9 million tonnes (11.8°%) of imports. Compared to 2005, the total volume of feed has dropped by 1.0°%. Feed from domestic sources and from imports showed a completely different trend: while imports increased strongly by 46.7°%, feed from domestic production on the other hand fell by 5.1°%. Table 1: Feed consumption of domestic livestock by fodder categories and by origin Fodder
2005
2014
2005
1,000 t
2014
2014 to 2005
%
Domestic production and imports Grain . . . . . . . . . . . .
23,290
29,000
16.1
20.3
24.5
Pulses . . . . . . . . . . .
590
245
0.4
0.2
– 58.4
Concentrated feed . . .
15,949
17,416
11.1
12.2
9.2
Oil cake . . . . . . . . .
8,412
10,197
5.8
7.1
21.2
Others . . . . . . . . . .
7,537
7,220
5.2
5.1
– 4.2
Root crop . . . . . . . . .
6,240
1,060
4.3
0.7
– 83.0
Green fodder . . . . . .
92,726
89,518
64.3
62.7
– 3.5
Maize . . . . . . . . . .
51,803
50,000
35.9
35.0
– 3.5 – 3.4
Others . . . . . . . . . .
40,923
39,518
28.4
27.7
Milk, straw . . . . . . . .
5,516
5,610
3.8
3.9
Total . . . . . . . . . . . .
144,311
142,849
Domestic production . . . . .
132,807
125,969
92.0
88.2
– 5.1
Imports . . . . . . . . .
11,504
16,881
8.0
11.8
46.7
24,534
15.4
19.5
19.6
100
100
1.7 – 1.0
Thereof: . . . . . . . . . .
Thereof: Domestic production Grain . . . . . . . . . . . .
20,516
Pulses . . . . . . . . . . .
557
123
0.4
0.1
– 77.9
Concentrated feed . . .
7,409
5,345
5.6
4.2
– 27.9
Root crop . . . . . . . . .
6,240
1,060
4.7
0.8
– 83.0
Green fodder . . . . . .
92,726
89,518
69.8
71.1
– 3.5
Maize . . . . . . . . . .
51,803
50,000
39.0
39.7
– 3.5
Others . . . . . . . . . .
40,923
39,518
30.8
31.4
– 3.4
Milk, straw . . . . . . . .
5,359
5,389
4.0
4.3
Total . . . . . . . . . . . .
132,807
125,969
100
100
0.6 – 5.1
Imports Grain . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,774
4,466
24.1
26.5
61.0 274.9
Pulses . . . . . . . . . . .
33
122
0.3
0.7
Concentrated feed . . .
8,540
12,071
74.2
71.5
41.3
Oil cake . . . . . . . . .
6,735
8,996
58.5
53.3
33.6
Others . . . . . . . . . .
1,805
3,076
15.7
18.2
70.4
1.3
40.4
Milk . . . . . . . . . . . . .
157
221
Total . . . . . . . . . . . .
11,504
16,881
1.4 100
100
Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin, 2016
46.7
6
2 Results
High increases were observed for oil cake (+ 21.2°%) and cereals (+ 24.5°%), while the volume of green fodder – that is the feed with the largest share in total feed volume – fell by 3.5°%. In domestic production fodder silage has a share of 39.7°%. There it is the most important feed. In terms of imports, oil cake is the most important with a share of 53.3°%. Concentrated feed from abroad is in particular soybean and canola, which are processed domestically to oil cake or are already imported in the form of oil cake. Most of the food was accounted for dairy cows (38.2°%), 25.9°% to beef cattle, 11.4°% to calves and 13.1°% to fattening pigs. Poultry had a share of 9.2°% of the total feed consumption, sheep and horses 2.2°% (see figure 1).
2.2 Land used domestically and abroad for the cultivation of feed crops In 2014 the agricultural land in Germany amounted to 16.7 million ha, which were 0.3 million ha less than in 2005 (17.0 million ha). 56.5°% of the total agricultural land was used for the cultivation of feed in 2014. Compared to 2005 (57.4°%) the proportion was almost unchanged. By contrast, the percentage of agricultural land for the purpose of producing other agricultural goods for food (without fodder and industrial use) decreased from 33.6°% in 2005 (5.7 million ha) to 29.4°% (4.9 million ha) in 2014. The reason for this decline is mainly the increased cultivation of energy crops. This has risen from only 0.8 million ha in 2005 to 2.2 million ha in 2014. The share of agricultural land used for this purpose increased from 4.9°% in 2005 to almost 13°% in 2014. Table 2: Domestic agricultural land use by use categories Use category
2005
2014
mn ha
%
2014 to 2005
mn ha 100
%
16.7
mn ha 100
%-pts.
Agricultural land use, total . .
17.0
– 0.3
–
Fodder/livestock . . . . . . . . . .
9.8
57.4
9.4
56.5
– 0.3
– 1.0
Food products/ industrial use . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7
33.6
4.9
29.4
– 0.8
– 4.2
Bio-energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.8
4.9
2.2
12.9
1.3
8.1
Other land use . . . . . . . . . . .
0.7
4.1
0.2
1.2
– 0.5
– 2.9
To produce the feed for livestock a total area of 12.1 million ha was used, of which 9.4 million ha originated from domestic use and 2.7 million ha from abroad. The land use by type of livestock showed a similar distribution as for the feed consumption. The land use of the feed for cattle (cows, beef cattle and calves) is proportionally slightly lower compared to the shares in the feed volume. This is due to green fodder for beef cattle which exclusively comes from domestic cultivation. The feed for other animals – such as pigs and poultry – has a higher share of land use as the feed volume, since animal feed for pigs and poultry fodder is composed differently and mainly comes from imports. Concentrated feed is often generated in extensive agriculture and therefore has a higher land use than domestic animal feed.
Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin, 2016
7
2 Results
Figure 1 Feed consumption and land use of domestic livestock 2014 in %
Domestic fodder consumption
Sheep/horses 2.2
Sheep/horses 2.2 Poultry 9.2 Fattening 13.1 pigs
Land use domestically and abroad
4
Total 142.8 mn tonnes
Poultry
14.4
33.6
38.2 Dairy cows
Total 12.1 mn ha
Fattening 19.3 pigs
Calves 11.4
Dairy cows
8.5
25.9
22.0
Calves
Beef cattle
Beef cattle 2016 - 08 - 0517
Table 3: Land use domestically and abroad by categories of feed in 1,000 ha Fodder categories
2014 Imports 1
Inland
Total
2005
2014 to2005
Total
%
Total . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,442
2,655
12,097
Grain 2 . . . . . . . . . .
4,179
901
5,081
11,685
Concentrated feed . .
554
1,754
2,308
2,083
10.8
Green fodder . . . . .
4,708
0
4,708
5,828
– 19.2
9,786
1,899
11,685
–
–
–
–
3,774
3.5 34.6
Memorandum item: 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014 to 2005 in % . .
– 3.5
39.8
3.5
1 Multiple used areas for soybeans cultivation are counted only once. 2 Incl. pulses, maize
5.1 million ha, from total land used for feed (12.1 million ha), in 2014 accounted for grain, 2.3 million ha for concentrated feed and 4.7 million ha for green fodder. In 2014, domestic land use was 9.4 million ha, land use abroad 2.7 million ha. From total domestic land use 4.2 million ha accounted for cereals and 4.7 million ha for green fodder. For the cultivation of concentrated feed an area of 0.6 million ha was domestically occupied, in contrast to 1.8 million ha used abroad . The total area used for feed increased – despite lower feed volumes – from 2005 to 2014 by 3.5°%. Domestic land use fell by 3.5°%, the land use of imports increased by 39,8°%. The reason for this increase is – as described above – mainly increasing imports of oil cake with a corresponding land use in the countries of origin. Compared to 2005, the total area under cultivation for fodder grain increased by 34,6°%, for concentrated feed by 10,8°%. By contrast, the area of green fodder fell by 19.2°%.
Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin, 2016
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2 Results
2.3 Land use for exports Domestic land use is not only influenced by the origin of the feed but also from the volume of production of products of animal origin. A higher demand for these products has a medium and long term impact on the livestock and thus on the feeding. With regard to the demand it can be observed that in the period 2005 to 2014 the demand for exports were a key driver of the entire production of meat, sausage products and dairy products. Between 2005 and 2014 exports of meat rose by 89.0°% (see table 4), that of the sausages by 66,1°% and exports of dairy products increased by around 37.6°%. A high proportion of the amounts of feed and land use – at home and abroad – is therefore linked with export production. Table 4: Domestic production and exports of products of animal origin, volumes of feed and land use domestically and abroad Domestic production 2005
2014
Thereof: exports 2014 to 2005 in %
2000
2014
2014 to 2005 in %
2005
2014
in % of domestic production
Domestic production of meat in 1 000 t Meat 1 . . . . . . . . .
6,679
8,021
20.1
Beef . . . . . . . . .
1,216
1,163
– 4.4,
288
285
– 1.2
23.7
24.5
Pork . . . . . . . . .
4,213
5,042
19.7
1,131
2,378
110.3
26.8
47.2
Poultry . . . . . . . .
1,197
1,785
49.0
203
404
99.4
16.9
22.6
Sheepmeat . . . .
52
31
– 39.8
5
6
38.5
9.0
20.7
1,626
3,073
89.0
Sausages . . . . . . .
2,624
2,854
8.8
304
506
66.1
Dairy products 2 . .
1,163
1,303
12.0
401
552
37.6
Eggs . . . . . . . . . .
741
778
5.0
121
111
– 8.3
24.4
11.6
38.3
17.7
34.5
42.4
16.3
14.3
Volume of feed in 1 000 t Total . . . . . . . . . .
137,270 136,267
– 0.7
45,181
57,982
28.3
32.9
42.5
Domestic production . . .
125,802 119,234
– 5.2
41,473
49,983
20.5
33.0
41.9
17,033
48.5
3,708
7,998
115.7
32.3
47.0
Imports . . . . . . .
11,468 in % of total
Domestic production . . .
91.6
87.5
– 4.1
91.8
86.2
– 5.6
–
–
Imports . . . . . . .
8.4
12.5
4.1
8.2
13.8
5.6
–
–
40.6
33.1
44.7
Land use in 1 000 ha Total . . . . . . . . . .
11,427
11,909
4.2
3,783
5,319
Domestic production . . .
9,518
9,223
– 3.1
3,167
4,055
28.0
33.3
44.0
Imports . . . . . . .
1,909
2,686
40.7
617
1,265
105.0
32.3
47.1
in % of total Domestic production . . .
83.3
77.4
– 5.8
83.7
76.2
- 7.5
–
–
Imports . . . . . . .
16.7
22.6
5.8
16.3
23.8
7.5
–
–
1 Gross domestic production (weight of slaughtering acc. BLE, BMEL) 2 In milk fat units.
Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin, 2016
9
2 Results
The reported amounts of feed and land use in Table 4 are related to the slaughtered animals in the reporting year – and not attributed to the livestock in this year. The figures are – in the years observed – slightly less than the figures on feeding and livestock farming area for the total livestock. Between 2005 and 2014 the entire amount of feed has almost been constant, however the amount of feed that is attributable to exports, increased by 28.3°%. The increase in exports affected much stronger the imports of feed than the feed quantities produced domestically: due to the high growth in exports of pork and poultry large quantities of feed had to be imported for their production. These imports, linked to exports, tripled in the reporting period. 42.5°% of total feed was applied to the production of export products. Regarding the land used for the production of feed nearly 5.3 million ha or 44.7°% of total land use are attributed to export production. With an increase of almost 41°%, land use linked with imports was the main factor for the small increase in land use. Total land use increased by 4.2°% from 11.4 million ha (2005) to 11.9 million ha (2014).
2.4 Land use of the domestic consumption of food products For determining the land requirements of domestic consumption of food land use of domestic livestock farming and land required for the production of imported (finished) products abroad has to be considered as well as land use for exported food products. For determining the land use of domestic consumption, land use of imports and the land use of domestic production have to be added and land use of exports has to be subtracted. Land use of total domestic consumption amounted to 10.9 million ha in 2014, making it smaller than land use of domestic production. The difference is due to the bigger land use of exports (5.3 million ha) compared to imports (4.4 million ha). The land use for exports is accompanied with land use for imports – finished products without imported feed – of 4.4 million ha. The highest proportion of the land use of domestic consumption is related to meat and sausages with a share of more than 60°%, followed by dairy products (34.5°%) and eggs (5.4°%). Figure 2 Land use for products of animal origin 2014 in 1,000 ha 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Inlandserzeugung Domestic production Meat
Sausages
Import Imports Dairy products
Export Exports
Inlandsverbrauch Domestic consumption
Eggs 2016 - 08 - 0516
Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin, 2016
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2 Results
The calculations allow the determination of land use footprints for individual food products such as beef, pork, milk or cheese. These land use footprints can also be related to nutritional values (caloric content) of the products, thus allowing comparisons between land use different products of vegetable and animal origin and of different food styles. Table 5: Land use of selected products of vegetable and animal origin Product
m2 /kg 1
m2 /103 kcal 2
Beef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30.7
12.7
Pork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.0
3.0
Chicken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3
5.6
Lamb, goat meat . . . . . . . . . . .
13.6
7.0
Milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3
2.0
Butter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27.6
3.7
Cheese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.0
2.8
Eggs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4
3.4
Potatos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.2
0.2
Bread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.9
0.9
1 Average value 2005 to 2014. 2 Conversion in kcal with information from www.kalorientabelle.net.
Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Land use of food products of animal origin, 2016
11