Regional Touristic Masterplan Ulcinj Supplement 2
Environmental Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Development of Module No. 2
May 2003
ERM Lahmeyer International GmbH
FINAL REPORT
DEUTSCHE INVESTITIONS- UND ENTWICKLUNGSGESELLSCHAFT MBH, COLOGNE
MONTENEGRO Environmental Assessment of Urban and Tourism Development Plan Ulcinj
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2 OF URBAN DESIGN PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MODULE NO. 2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Prepared by:
P1452
Cooperation with
December 2002
Prepared by
ERM Lahmeyer International Achim Brönner Susanne Ende Margarete Langer Peter Mertel Dr. Norbert Raschke (EIA Team Leader)
MonteCEP, Local Team Sasa Karajovic (Local Coordinator) Aleksandra Ivanovic Prof. Dr. Vukic Pulevic Vesna Macic Ruza Cirovic Darko Saveljic Jelena Franovic Dragana Cenic
This report has been prepared by ERM Lahmeyer International GmbH (ERM-LI) with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporating Environmental Resources Management’s General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the manpower and resources devoted to it by agreement with the client. ERM Lahmeyer International GmbH disclaims any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above. This report is confidential to the client and ERM Lahmeyer International GmbH accepts no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies upon the report at their own risk.
ERM Lahmeyer International GmbH
Peter Mertel Project Director
Neu-Isenburg, 20th December 2002
Dr. Norbert Raschke Project Manager
In line with our company environmental policy, for our documents we purchase environmental friendly recycled paper with the Nordic Environmental Label and PVC free files only from ISO 14001 certified or EMAS verified manufacturers. P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
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CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ES1
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
BACKGROUND TO PROJECT
1
1.2
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
1
1.3
PUBLIC PRESENTATION
2
2
PROJECT DETAILS
3
2.1
PROJECT LOCATION AND SITE SETTING
3
2.2
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
4
3
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY SETUP
7
3.1 MONTENEGRO PLANNING LEGAL FRAMEWORK 3.1.1 Environmental Laws and Regulations 3.1.2 Spatial Planning Law and Regulations 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4
7 7 7
PLANNING FRAMEWORK FOR THE PROJECT Nature Protection Act and Law (1968) Coastal Area Spatial Plan (Draft) Spatial Plan of Ulcinj Municipality (2000) General Urban Plan of Ulcinj (GUP from 1985)
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9 10 10 12 13
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4
ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DESCRIPTION
16
4.1
ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATION AREA
16
4.2
NATURAL SETTING AND LAND USE
16
4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3
GEOLOGY, GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOILS Geology Geomorphology and Landforms Soils
16 16 17 17
4.4
CLIMATE AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
17
4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3
HYDROLOGY Surface Water and Land Drainage Groundwater Flooding Zones
18 18 18 19
4.6 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.6.4
FLORA AND FAUNA Flora Fauna Avifauna Important Ecological Sites
20 20 25 35 37
4.7 4.7.1 4.7.2 4.7.3 4.7.4
HUMAN ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Cultural Heritage Settlements Road Traffic Infrastructure
38 38 38 39 39
5
IMPACT ASSESSMENT, MITIGATION AND COMPENSATION MEASURES
42
5.1
GENERAL
42
5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FACILITY Landtake and Sealing of Surface Visual Intrusion of the Landscape Consistency with Planning Policy Context
42 42 44 44
5.3 CONSTRUCTION OF THE FACILITIES 5.3.1 Landtake P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
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5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5
Noise and Vibration, Dust and Light Emission Construction Waste Impacts on Surface and Ground Water Construction Traffic and Transport of Building Materials
45 46 47 47
5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.4.4 5.4.5
OPERATION OF THE FACILITIES Water Consumption and Sewage water Generation Waste Generation Energy Consumption Noise and Light Emission Traffic Generation
47 48 51 51 51 52
5.5
SOCIO ECONOMIC EFFECTS
52
5.6
CONCLUSION
52
6
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
53
6.1
PURPOSE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
53
6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5
DESIGN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Re-planting of Trees Visual Intrusion of the Landscape Waste Management Health and Safety Aspects Competent Surveying Environmental Agency
53 53 55 55 55 55
6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3
CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Integrated Health & Safety and Environmental Management System Mitigation Measures Construction Monitoring Plan
55 56 56 60
6.4 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3
OPERATION MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING Environmental Management System Mitigation Measures Operation Environmental Monitoring Plan
62 62 62 64
7
REFERENCES
66
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INDEX List of Figures Figure 2-1 Figure 2-2
Overview of the Project Area Urban Design Plan of Module 2 by AS&P
3 6
Figure 2-3
Urban Design Plan of Module 2 by AS&P
6
Figure 3-1
Planning Zones according to Draft of Coastal Area Spatial Plan
Figure 4-1
Geological Overview and Seismic Units of the Study Area
17
Figure 4-2
Climate Chart of Ulcinj
18
Figure 4-3
Flooding Zones in the Project area
19
11
List of Tables Table 3-1 Summary of Planned Tourist Capacities according to Ulcinj GUP
14
Table 4-1
21
Main vascular plant species in the investigation area
Table 4-2
Amphibians in the Investigation Area
26
Table 4-3
Reptiles in the Investigation Area
27
Table 4-4
Bats in the Velika Plaža Area
29
Table 4-5 Table 4-6
Most Important Insects in the Ulcinj Area Most Important Birds in the Western Part of Velika Plaža
32 36
Table 4-7
Planned Wastewater Sewerage System Novi Ulcinj – Velika Plaža and Velika Plaža - East
41
Table 5-1
Comparison of Estimations of Water Consumption and Wastewater Generation in Tourism Sector in Montenegro, Slovenia and Germany
50
Table 5-2
Comparison of Estimations of Waste Generation in Montenegro, Slovenia and Germany
51
Table 6-1
Tree and Shrub Species of Maritime Forest Association suitable for Re-planting
54
ANNEX
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Project Description
capacity of max. 6,000 accommodation beds.
Introduction
Ulcinj is located at the south-eastern part of the Montenegrin Mediterranean coast west of the border to Albania. The area of Velika Plaža is situated east of Ulcinj town and the Port Milena channel. The regional road R 17 Ulcinj - Port Milena - Ada Bojana passes along the northern edge of Velika Plaža and joins the region with Ulcinj. The main road M 2.4 (E752) connects the region with other settlements on the coast and the capital of Montenegro, Podgorica.
The area of Module 2 is part of the coastal stretch of Velika Plaža and about 900 m in length and width. It is situated approx. 2.5 km east of Port Milena channel.
DEG – Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft (The Client) in December 2001 commissioned ERM Lahmeyer International (The Consultant) to conduct an Environmental Assessment of the proposed Urban and Tourism Development of Ulcinj (The Project), especially for the area of Velika Plaža. The Tourism Development project at Ulcinj is one of the model projects identified by the Tourism Master Plan for Croatia and Montenegro which had been prepared on behalf of DEG in 2000/01. The Project has been designed to support the Municipality of Ulcinj in the preparation and the implementation of an Urban Development Plan presently prepared by Albert Speer & Partner (AS&P). The Project is divided into two project phases. The purpose of the first Environmental Study Phase was to identify areas with high ecological value as well as areas where future development is environmentally acceptable . After Phase 1, a sub-area for the development of the first complex was selected by AS&P. Purpose of the present Phase 2 Study is the assessment of the environmental impacts of the facility, in the following referred to as “Module 2”. The report on hand was prepared by ERM Lahmeyer International in cooperation with the consulting company MonteCEP. P1452, DEG ES1-8.DOC
Along the coastal stretch south–east of Ulcinj town, the stepwise establishment of accommodation (hotels, resorts) and leisure facilities as well as related infrastructure is envisaged with a final capacity of 25,000 – 30,000 beds as a maximum option . Key features comprise tourism infrastructure including hotel and accommodation buildings, internal access roads, other auxiliary and ancillary facilities (roads, paths, water/energy supply and distribution, wastewater/waste collection and disposal), parks and green spaces. The general setting envisages five about 700 x 900 metres sized development modules with the accommodation buildings and infrastructure facilities alternate with about 200 to 300 metres wide green spaces in between. In addition, a golf resort is planned of approx. half the size of the other modules. Each development module would provide a FINAL REPORT
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As outcome of the Phase 1 Environmental Study areas suitable for further planning as well as areas recommended for protection were determined. Most of the ecological sensitive areas are located in the east of Velika Plaža, whereas less sensitive areas are situated in the west. The Phase 1 Environmental Study recommendations were integrated into the land use planning by AS&P. While the holiday resorts almost reaches the area behind the dunes in the less sensitive western area of Velika Plaža, development keeps more distance to the ecological sensitive dune and beach area in the east which constitute important bird habitats. The golf course on the eastern part of the development area can be integrated into the existing landscape with function as a buffer zone between the more intensively used recreational areas in the west and areas with high ecological value in the east of Velika Plaža. The development concept was presented by DEG to the municipality of Ulcinj in a public meeting in September 2002, where also the results of the environmental investigations were presented.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA ERM LAHMEYER INT'L, DECEMBER 2002
Description of the Environment The investigation area covers the area for the development of Module 2 plus 300 to 500 m west and east of it. Where necessary the study area is extended to consider important nature reserves in the vicinity and for instance functional relations of bird habitats. The study area is situated east of Ulcinj town and approx. 2.5 km east of the Port Milena channel. It is part of the coastal stretch between the regional road R 17 Ulcinj - Port Milena - Ada Bojana and the sea. The area is structured in stretches parallel to road and can be divided as follows. The sandy beach in the south is bare of vegetation. Behind several tens of meter halophyte vegetation on the dunes and pine forest on the backside of the primary dunes are found. In the eastern part of the study area temporary marshland in the depressions of the older dune sections is located. Behind the pine woodlands dry pastures and meadows, partly with fallow fields are situated. These are followed by a second strip of woodlands (deciduous trees such as Skadar Oak) which are partly degraded. In the western part of the forest, bungalows and an apartment house of the “Bratstvo Jedinstvo” tourist resort are located which is also called “Odmaraliste”. East of this facility lies the so-called “Safari Camp” presently inhabited by refugees (also named “Ulcinj Riviera” resort). North of the woodlands another stretch of pastures and P1452, DEG ES1-8.DOC
meadow is located which borders on the regional road. Here, some orchards (mandarine, pomegranate) are found. In large parts the meadows are structured by hedges and bushes. Between deciduous forest and meadows a drainage ditch is situated. On the northern side of the road the Donji Stoj settlement is located. The study area is limited by the road. Most of the residential houses in the study area are scattered in the meadows close to the road. In the southern strip of meadows only some barracks and deserted trailers are found. Three access paths lead from the regional road to the beach. Each of them ends at a beach facility. Thus, the study area is characterised by cultivated landscape with decreasing human influence from north to south (except the three beach facilities). The main environmental conditions in the project are summarized in the following. Physical Environment Topography, Geology, Soils and Geomorphology The Ulcinj hinterland represents the alluvial plain. Coastal relief was formed under the influence of abrasion and accumulation processes at the border between sea and land. As a result large sandy accumulations are found at Velika Plaža. The sand is transported by Bojana River towards the sea, carried by the FINAL REPORT
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longshore currents and deposited along the Velika Plaža beach. Wind also has some influence on the erosion and transportation processes of sand. In the coastal stretch, low dunes and a broad sandy beach are typical features of the landscape. The Montenegrin coast is an area of intensive seismic activity with powerful earthquakes likely to occur. The last major event was the 1979 earthquake which hit and largely devastated the Montenegrin Coast. Climate Montenegro´s coasts enjoy a Mediterranean climate, having dry summers and mild, rainy winters. The average monthly air temperature for Ulcinj is 15.8°C with an average maximum of 27°C in July/August and an average minimum of about 5°C in January. The average yearly rainfall amounts to 1,109 l/m2. There are 108 days/year of summer days in Ulcinj. Hydrology The main freshwater body of Velika Plaža is the Bojana River which flows approx. 6 km south east of the investigation area into the sea. In the investigation area two smaller non permanent water-bearing ponds are located, a third one is situated east of the study area. They are ecological important amphibian and reptile habitats. A main drainage ditch, with a smaller branch west of the Safari
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA ERM LAHMEYER INT'L, DECEMBER 2002
Camp, is running approx. 200 m south of the regional road. Groundwater level in the investigation area is estimated to be at about 3 m below ground. Before construction of flood protection dykes along Bojana River several years ago, large areas of Velika Plaža and the hinterland were regularly flooded in Winter. Nowadays flooding is less intensive and spatially limited. Ecological Resources Flora In the Ulcinj area particular autochthonous flora is developed due to the special ecological conditions. The flora occurs in different types of habitats like salted and brackish inland and wetland habitats, dry pastures and natural forests. The biotope types with the highest ecological sensitivity and the highest conservation value are the salt-tolerant halophyte vegetation and the natural deciduous forest vegetation. Important plant species are the endemic Skadar Oak (Quercus robur ssp. scutariensis) and the highly endangered Sand Lily (Pancratium maritimum). The almost intact halophyte vegetation band along Velika Plaža constitutes a significant last refuge of this beach plant species in Montenegro. Because of the occurrence of Skadar Oak and old trees from other species, in particular the P1452, DEG ES1-8.DOC
deciduous forest parts with old trees have a high ecology value. Compared, the open forest woodland which is characterised by less old trees and low tree density has medium ecological value. The forests also are important for preservation of an authentic landscape. Important floristic habitat areas are: •
coastal stretch with protected halophyte vegetation;
•
deciduous forest north of “Odmaraliste”;
•
deciduous forest north and east of Safari Camp;
•
forest patches south of the drainage channel and west of the paved road from Donji Stoj to the Safari Camp; and
•
part of "Brijeg Mora” forest between the Nikic’s farm and drainage ditch on eastern side of investigated area.
Fauna In the investigation area important aquatic ecosystems for amphibians and reptiles such as marshes, non permanent waterbearing ponds and drainage ditches are located. Important areas for amphibians and reptiles are: •
the pond east of the investigation are and the adjacent marshland has significant importance for the FINAL REPORT
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endangered newt species Triturus carnifex and Triturus vulgaris; •
the dunes with halophyte vegetation are habitat for lizards; and
•
the still waterbodies such as drainage ditch are important for endangered European pond terrapin Emys orbicularis.
Due to the fact that old tree populations (potential roosts) and deciduous woodlands, scrubs and permanent pastures (feeding habitats) occur in the investigation area, the area has a potential for bats. Known bat caves are located at 5 km distance. The most important areas for insects are the coastal sands and the zone of sandy vegetation (Psammo-Halophyte vegetation), still waters and swamp habitats. Also ditches and smaller swamp areas in the area with swamp border vegetation around the ponds are important. Ulcinj area is one of the most prominent areas for birdlife in the adriatic coast of the Balkan region. Sasko Lake and the Ulcinj Saltpan in the vicinity as well as numerous small wetlands are designated as Important Bird Areas (IBA). Ulcinj area is of great importance during autumn and spring migrations of birds as well as for winter stay and nesting. In addition, during nesting season the coast of Ulcinj is passed by a number of rare bird species. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA ERM LAHMEYER INT'L, DECEMBER 2002
In the investigation area the dune-slack behind the primary dune of Velika Plaža with the temporary marshlands is an important breeding and feeding area (e.g. for protected Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus). Human Environment and Socio-economic Conditions Settlements and Cultural Heritage In the investigation area private residential houses, holiday resort facilities, beach facilities and deserted barracks and trailers are found. Most of the residential houses in the study area are scattered in the northern meadows strip close to the regional road. Barracks and deserted trailers are found on the southern strip of meadows. In the deciduous forest in the west, two camp resorts are located. The western camp is called “Bratstvo Jedinstvo” or “Odmaraliste” and consists of several small bungalows and an apartment house. The eastern “Safari” camp or so-called “Ulcinj Riviera” is a former scout camp of wooden barracks on stilts scattered between old trees. It is presently inhabited by refugees. Three facilities with regulated parking areas exist at the beach. In the area of Velika Plaža there are no registered cultural monuments. Traffic The basic traffic network is consisting of a main road which passes near the town of P1452, DEG ES1-8.DOC
Ulcinj and branches off several regional directions. Usually a traffic jam forms at the bridge over Port Milena near hotel “Otrant” during tourist season due to the narrow street profile. The construction of a new bridge to connect the new bypass, so-called “Magistrale”, with the city is planned. Most of the guests arrive by cars that they park in the vicinity of the hotel complexes. Additionaly there is a great number of daily guests in the area of Velika Plaža who park their vehicles at improvisational parking lots. Water Supply and Wastewater Discharge The municipal water utility system of Ulcinj supplies 82% of the households in the urban area of Ulcinj and the surrounding settlements. The existing water abstraction rates are adequate to satisfy the current needs of the municipality even during summer season. However, it will not be sufficient for further urban or tourism development. A new reservoir is planned in order to serve the increasing needs during high season. The water supply system in Ulcinj municipality needs comprehensive modernization. A reduction of the water losses from the pipeline system as well as an adequate sanitary protection of the springs is necessary. The municipality of Ulcinj has mixed wastewater sewerage. Due to the poor existing infrastructure and incomplete FINAL REPORT
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sewage system wastewaters are discharged often directly into the coastal water near attractive beaches. The tourist complexes at Velika Plaža and Ada Bojana as well as all the settlements in the hinterland are not connected to the wastewater sewerage. In the region of Velika Plaža it is planned to build separate wastewater sewerage systems. Solid Waste Treatment The estimated yearly amount of waste in Ulcinj municipality is approx 10,000 t/year. Due to the number of tourists the average daily amount of solid waste can increase up to 9 time during summer. Impact assessment, Mitigation and Compensation Measures The general concept of development of Velika Plaža and details of the layout of Module 2 aim at avoiding adverse environmental impacts by considering the sensitivities of the existing landscape, natural conditions and ecological values and functions. An optimisation of the siting of the main components and buildings was carried out by AS&P based on the environmental baseline and flora habitat maps in order to avoid unnecessary losses of valuable vegetation. In the following potential environmental impacts of the planned holiday resort development on the environment as well as general corresponding mitigation and compensation measures are described. A detailed description of how mitigation and ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA ERM LAHMEYER INT'L, DECEMBER 2002
compensation measures can be translated into action, is given in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The impact assessment and the mitigation and compensation measures are considered regarding the general layout of the development of the facility, the construction phase and the operation phase. Development of the Facility A main issue of the planned holiday resort is the landtake for the development. In particular following significant impacts for Flora and Fauna are to be expected: •
•
complete loss of parts of natural deciduous forest with old trees north of the presently used refugee camp; partly loss of the open natural forests which will be affected by the construction of holiday apartments and small hotels near the main access road and the building of sport facilities, roads and paths;
•
loss of the drainage ditch west of refugee camp which constitute loss of the habitat of Emys orbicularis (European pond terrapin); and
•
loss of Skadar Oaks due to cutting.
Following measures should be adopted in order to mitigate or compensate the impacts caused by the landtake of the development: P1452, DEG ES1-8.DOC
•
compensation of woodland loss by replanting of trees.
•
planting of appropriate native tree species and also seeding of speciesrich grassland in the designated areas; and
•
establishment of a new drainage ditch as a habitat of Emys orbicularis; (European pond terrapin) north east of Brijeg Mora.
The visual impact of the development on the landscape is only small since the type of buildings will be relatively low and due to the preserved forests they will not significantly stick out. The development of the Module 2 holiday resort complies with planning policies on the national, regional and local levels, i.e. the Coastal Area Spatial Plan, the Spatial Plan of Ulcinj Municipality as well as the General Urban Plan. It also complies with the Nature Protection Status concerning Velika Plaža. Construction of the Facilities Besides the area which is occupied by the facility further area is used during time of construction, including areas of operation, building site equipment laydown areas, and temporary construction roads. Mitigation measures should be practiced in order to minimise construction site landtake and potential accompanying habitat disturbance, such as loss of vegetation, in particular single old trees. FINAL REPORT
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Noise and accompanying vibration as well as dust and lighting may be a concern at the construction site, for the construction workers, people living and working in the surrounding areas as well as fauna living in the surrounding habitats, in particular birds during breeding time. During the construction phase, the main activities which will potentially result in waste generation involve mainly foundation works and site clearance, with soil material/sand as well as vegetation such as trees as associated waste. In addition general refuse is produced on the construction site. No adverse environmental impacts from the disposal of soil material or site clearance waste is expected. Mitigation measures to minimise impacts by construction waste should aim at properly storage, handling, transport and disposal of waste, minimising the amount of generated waste and training of workers. Where construction activities are being carried out in the vicinity of surface waters (drainage ditch, ponds), inappropriate handling and storage of materials (concrete, asphalt, lubricants, fuels, solvents) may pose risk of water contamination. In addition sewage will arise from the construction workforce, site office’s sanitary facilities and sanitary waste from chemical toilets. If not properly managed, these materials could cause odour and potential health risks to the workforce. Mitigation measures to prevent impacts on surface and ground water during construction should aim at adoption ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA ERM LAHMEYER INT'L, DECEMBER 2002
of good engineering and working practices during the construction to avoid impacting both surface and groundwater, appropriate storage of potential water endangering pollutants and connection to an appropriate waste water treatment facility. The construction of the facilities will increase traffic on roads and heavy load traffic. Appropriate mitigation measures should ensure that construction traffic impacts are minimised by scheduling of traffic to avoid the peak hours of the local road network and attention regarding nuisances for the residential areas along main access roads. Operation of the Facilities During operation of the facility following potential impacts are likely to occur. It should be considered that tourist season at the Montenegrin Coast currently lasts about 150 days per year. However, due to the favourable climatic conditions and potential attractive activities (e.g. golfing, bird watching, nature program, saltsole bathing etc. ) the season might be extended. Water Consumption and Sewage water Generation The project implementation will increase water consumption and accompanying sewage water generation. These effects will be notable in particular during high season. The amount of daily water consumption/waste water generation in Module 2 can be estimated to max. 1,200 to P1452, DEG ES1-8.DOC
2,100 m³ for a high season peak scenario. Including irrigation of green plots, the daily water consumption/wastewater generation could raise up to almost 2,600 m³. It should be ensured that the capacity of the planned sewerage system will be sufficient for the planned tourist accommodations. This could be achieved through implementation of water saving techniques and restriction or reduction of green plot irrigation. Waste Generation The Project will increase the amount of municipal waste in particular during high season. The amount of daily solid waste generation of 6,000 tourists can be estimated to a range of 7 to 12 t. The currently peak quantities of daily solid waste during tourist season can raise up to 32 t/day. Through the planned holiday resort this amount is increased by approx. 20 to 40%. It is recommended to develop a waste management concept which can be an effective tool to reduce waste amounts and enhancing the use of more environmental friendly products and encourage recycling of residues in the tourist resort facilities as well as in Ulcinj municipality. This waste management system should aim at waste reduction, reuse and recycling as well as appropriate waste disposal. FINAL REPORT
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Energy Consumption Tourist accommodations can have large energy requirements which are expensive to run. This large range of energy requirements is partly due to energy intensive activities such as air conditioning but it also reflects high wastage of energy in some cases. The new development should demonstrate energy saving by a good building design as well as appropriate equipment and handling (e.g. lighting). More over implementing solar heating (hot water etc.) as well as photovoltaics could reduce consumption of non-renewable energy. Noise and Light Emission Noise may be a concern for the fauna living in the surrounding habitats. Animals sensitive to disturbance can be driven away not only by noise but also through accompanying vibrations (such as birds, reptiles, insects). Disturbance (noise and visual irritation) could also occur through increased numbers of beach visitors in the eastern parts of Velika Plaža, which is less disturbed. This could be an issue for birds especially during nesting and breeding season. Guiding visitors by boardwalks, creating awareness of visitors by signs and protecting ecological sensitive areas by wooden piles with wires as it is envisaged in the Module 2 Planning Concept will significantly reduce negative impacts of disturbance by noise. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA ERM LAHMEYER INT'L, DECEMBER 2002
Traffic Generation The Project will generate further traffic by getting to and leaving of the holiday resort, moving in the area during stay, e.g. getting around during the day (beach, trips in the area) as well as getting to entertainment facilities during night. The service personnel, delivery of food and other supplies will also cause further traffic. The existing Concept for Development of Module 2 considers measures to reduce traffic in the Project area such as stimulating going on foot by convenient public footpaths, reducing individual car traffic by establishing public transportation and providing attractive vehicles for public transportation. Socio economic effects It can be assumed that a touristic development will create positive socioeconomic impulses. The touristic development in the planned order of magnitude will affect existing community. New work places, esp. in the services sector, will be created as well as during the construction phase jobs will be created. Environmental Management Plan The main objective of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to ensure the acceptability of design, construction practices and operation with respect to the identified impacts and the realisation of mitigation measures. More over a monitoring program should be developed P1452, DEG ES1-8.DOC
to verify compliance with the recommended mitigation measures to monitor for unanticipated impacts that might arise. The EMP therefore points out procedures and practices which should be implemented during development activities, construction and the future operation of the Module 2 facilities. As at the present stage of planning no developer or operator model is yet defined, the EMP can at this stage only provide recommendations and an outline of the actions which should be taken by a or the future developer(s) and / or operator(s). It should become the obligation of a future developer(s) and/or operator(s) to further develop this outline to ensure compliance with both Montenegrin and local level legislative and regulatory requirements, as well as additional requirements and conditions which will come out of a future building permit for the facilities. Compliance should be supervised by an Environmental Inspector.
avoid unnecessary losses of valuable vegetation. Moreover the design of the planned holiday facilities should consider efficient waste reduction as well as health and safety aspects (e.g. fire protection, avoidance of environmentally unfriendly products etc.) At the current stage of the Project it is not clear whether the Developers of the hotel facilities will also care for the implementation of the Open Space Concept. Therefore it is recommended that a Public Agency, e.g. Morsko Dobro, monitors the implementation of the Concept since it is a prerequisite for an environmental sound development of the Module. Construction Environmental Management Plan The Environmental Management Plan for construction phase should be
Design of Module 2 Facilities
Construction Developers involved in the Project should comply with conditions of all permits necessary for the Project, including but not limited to, providing agency notifications, facilitating agency inspections of the job site and complying with specific construction requirements. The Developer should bind the EMP into all contracts and commit subcontractors to making the EMP part of any works subcontracted.
An optimisation of the siting of the main components and buildings was carried out by AS&P based on the environmental baseline and flora habitat maps in order to
The Construction EMP should cover all relevant issues during construction such as landtake and clearing, noise, vibration, dust and light emission, waste, impacts on
The Environmental Management Plan covers Design, Construction and Operation Phase of the Facilities.
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ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA ERM LAHMEYER INT'L, DECEMBER 2002
surface and groundwater, handling of potential water endangering contaminants as well as construction induced traffic. More over a Monitoring Plan including responsibilities and reporting during Construction Phase should be implemented. The EMP should be implemented in the scope of an integrated Health & Safety and Environmental Management System. The Management System should be established in accordance with EN ISO 14001. A Health & Safety and Environmental Inspector should be designated in order to survey conduction and monitoring of the EMP.
Concept. Further mitigation and compensation measures are recommended to reduce potential impacts on the environment. In order to ensure environmental sound construction and operation phase an Environmental Management Plan should be implemented.
Operation Management and Monitoring Analogical a Code of Environmental Conduct as tool for developing and implementing a sound environmental program for operating the planned holiday facilities should be developed including implementation of an Environmental Management System such as EN ISO 14000ff. and designating an Environmental Inspector to survey compliance of operation with targets of the EMP. Relevant issues are water saving techniques, waste handling and reduction, reduction of energy consumption and traffic. Conclusion This EIA concludes that no unacceptable environmental impacts will result from the construction and operation of the Module 2 development. Several mitigation measures are already integrated into the Planning P1452, DEG ES1-8.DOC
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INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO PROJECT
The Municipality of Ulcinj is located at the south-eastern part of the Mediterranean coast of Montenegro at the border to Albania. The main economic activities in the southern part of the Montenegrin Coast have always been tourism and related activities, salt processing and agriculture. Ulcinj, with its extended sandy beaches and the historic old town is one of the main tourism destinations in Montenegro. Following the 1979 earthquake, which hit and largely devastated the Montenegrin Coast, a master plan for the future development of the urban settlement of Ulcinj was prepared with technical and financial assistance provided by UN agencies. The implementation of this master plan has faced a substantial setback during the Balkan crisis in the 90s until the end of war in Serbia. Although Montenegro was not directly involved in war activities, the economical development and especially tourism has dramatically suffered. The redevelopment of this area both in infrastructure and economical terms is one of the priority activities of the Stability Pact in this area.
Croatia and Montenegro. The results of this study have been presented in 2001 and form a basis for the re-development of tourism to its past importance in the whole area. The Municipality of Ulcinj has been chosen as one of the priority projects to be further developed as part of the integrated approach for the sustainable development towards stability of the Balkan region. The destination Ulcinj has significant importance for the future Montenegrin tourism strategy. It is the largest single sandy beach on the whole Croatian and Montenegrin Adriatic Sea coast. It is located close to the population centre of Ulcinj and at the same time it is largely undeveloped. Along with the significant increase of accommodation capacity of 25,000 – 30,000 beds in the 3 to 4 star segment, the project at the same time aims at improvement of leisure and recreation infrastructure; conservation of valuable nature and landscape and thus overall re-placing of Ulcinj as an attractive holiday destination on the European and international market which helps strengthening the economic situation in Montenegro. In the long run, a potential of up to 40,000 accommodation beds at the Velika Plaža could sustainably develop.
1.2
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
DEG – Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft in December 2001 commissioned ERM Lahmeyer International (The Consultant) to conduct an Environmental Assessment of the proposed Urban and Tourism Development of Ulcinj (The Project), especially for the area of Velika Plaža 3. The Project has been designed to support the Municipality of Ulcinj in the preparation and the implementation of the Urban Development Plan. The Urban Planners and Architects Albert Speer & Partner AS&P, Frankfurt/Main, have been assigned by DEG to prepare the urban and tourism development plan for Ulcinj (Title: "Pre-Masterplan Ulcinj"). The Project is divided into two project phases. The purpose of the first Environmental Study Phase was to identify areas with high ecological value as well as areas where future development is environmentally acceptable. The results have been presented in a report (ERM LAHMEYER 2002). After Phase 1, a subarea for the development of the first complex was selected by AS&P. Purpose of the present Phase 2 Study is the Assessment of the Environmental Impacts of the facility, in the following referred to as “Module 2”.
In 2000/2001 the DEG funded the elaboration of a Tourism Master Plan for
1 2
the "Great Beach" Kotor office, Montenegro
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the "Great Beach" ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA ERM LAHMEYER INT'L, DECEMBER 2002
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The Phase 2 report on hand was prepared by ERM Lahmeyer International in cooperation with the consulting company MonteCEP 4. 1.3
PUBLIC PRESENTATION
The development concept was presented by DEG to the municipality of Ulcinj in a public meeting in September 2002, where also the results of the environmental investigations were presented. The main environmental issues were addressed. The results were discussed with the citizens, official representatives of Ulcinj and other stakeholders. No objections were raised in this meeting and the touristic development was appreciated by the speakers.
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Kotor office, Montenegro
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PROJECT DETAILS
2.1
PROJECT LOCATION AND SITE SETTING
Ulcinj is located at the south-eastern part of the Montenegrin Mediterranean coast west of the border to Albania. The area of Velika Plaža is situated east of Ulcinj town and the Port Milena channel. The regional road R 17 Ulcinj - Port Milena Ada Bojana passes along the northern edge of Velika Plaža and joins the region with Ulcinj. The main road M 2.4 (E752) connects the region with other settlements on the coast and the capital of Montenegro, Podgorica. The distance from Ulcinj to the railway station at Bar is about 25 km, the distance from Ulcinj to the airport in Tivat further up the coast is 90 km, and the distance from Ulcinj to the Podgorica airport is 110 km. The area of Module 2 is part of the coastal stretch of Velika Plaža and about 900 m in length and width. It is situated approx. 2.5 km east of Port Milena channel. Figure 2-1 gives an overview of the project area. The area for large parts is used as pastures and meadows with two strips of woodlands. Private houses are scattered in the pastures, bungalows of a holiday resort and a former scout camp with wooden barracks, presently used as refugee camp, are located in the northern deciduous woodlands. The southern coniferous woodlands is bordering on the dunes and beach area where a halophyte vegetation is situated. P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
Investigation Project Area Phase 2
Figure 2-1
Project Area Phase 1
Overview of the Project Area
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2.2
Along the coastal stretch south–east of Ulcinj town, the stepwise establishment of accommodation (hotels, resorts) and leisure facilities as well as related infrastructure is envisaged with a final capacity of up to 35,000 beds as a maximum option in the 3 to 4 star category segment. Key features comprise tourism infrastructure including hotel and accommodation buildings, internal access roads, other auxiliary and ancillary facilities (roads, paths, water/energy supply and distribution, wastewater/waste collection and disposal), parks and green spaces. The general setting envisages five about 700 x 900 metres sized development modules with the accommodation buildings and infrastructure facilities alternate with about 200 to 300 metres wide green spaces in between. In addition, a golf resort is planned of approx. half the size of the other modules. Each development module would provide a capacity of max. 6,000 accommodation beds. It is intended to establish a planning framework to secure that the green freespaces will be kept free from built-up in the future. In detail following development concept is pursued: •
the area of the existing holiday complex at Odmaralista east of Port Milena which is subject of the report on hand;
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
development in Phases, beginning with a module in the North –West. At an initial stage, a first such complex (Module No. 2) shall be developed in
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the built up of plots will consider the existing green and open space structure. Structures and a sequence of density and building typology (type/size ) will be established: -
-
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plots which are suitable for club/resorthotels with a size of 700 - 800 beds each will be developed closer to the beach, larger buildings, such as bigger hotels and space taking sports facilities (e.g. tennis) are placed into the existing open grasslands, along the main access road (regional road R 17) small buildings will be placed which provide holiday appartments and small hotels in the 3 star segment.
•
each development module will be developed as an independent unit with village character;
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the resort hotels will provide accommodation for staff in the area of small unit built-up;
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in each development module a public multifunctional area for events will be established;
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in every development module at least one public footpath leads from the development areas close to the main road to the beach;
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a public beach promenade will be developed (e.g. boardwalks);
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within the green spaces between the modules public communication pathways and parking spots for day visitors will be established;
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a public transport system will connect the modules with Ulcinj town;
•
private individual car traffic within the modules will be restricted by means of road layout, parking regulations etc;
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a public pedestrian-/bicycle pathway will connect the modules. This will be available for emergency access (e.g. fire brigade) and could also be used for public transportation; and
•
existing natural structures, such as the dune and woodland strips will be preserved and losses of green structures will be compensated;
Issues of waste water and sewerage system, waste disposal and management and respective infrastructure (waste treatment facility/landfill; sewage treatment plant) are not within the scope of the planning activities of the present AS&P Pre-Masterplan Ulcinj. As outcome of the Phase 1 Environmental Study areas suitable for further planning as ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA ERM LAHMEYER INT'L, DECEMBER 2002
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well as areas recommended for protection were determined. Most of the ecological sensitive areas are located in the east of Velika Plaža, whereas less sensitive areas are situated in the west. The Phase 1 Environmental Study recommendations were integrated into the land use planning by AS&P (cf. Figure 2-2). While the holiday resorts almost reaches the area behind the dunes in the less sensitive western area of Velika Plaža, development keeps more distance to the ecological sensitive dune and beach area in the east which constitute important bird habitats. A golf course on the eastern part of the development area can be integrated into the existing landscape with function as a buffer zone between the more intensively used recreational areas in the west and areas with high ecological value in the east of Velika Plaža.
the plan. The buildings are concentrated mainly in the pasture and meadow area. In the northern part of the Module 2 territory, close to the regional road lower buildings are planned which be used as apartment houses and also ,for service personnel’s residence. The southern part of the Module 2 area is developed with larger hotel facilities of in general four stories. The total Module facilities are designed for 6,000 tourists. A detailed Environmental Impact Assessment of the Module 2 Urban Design Plan is subject of the report on hand.
This development concept was presented by DEG to the municipality of Ulcinj in a public meeting in September 2002, where also the results of the environmental investigations (Phase 1) were presented. Within the Land Use Plan, an Urban Design Plan for Module 2 area, selected for the development of the first holiday resort complex was developed by AS&P. The Urban Design Plan for Module 2 is depicted in Figure 2-3. The recommendations given in the Environmental Study of Phase 1 (ERM LAHMEYER 2002) have been integrated into P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
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Figure 2-2
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Figure 2-3
Urban Design Plan of Module 2 by AS&P
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Urban Design Plan of Module 2 by AS&P
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY SETUP
3.1
MONTENEGRO PLANNING LEGAL FRAMEWORK
The Project is planned within the legal and statutory framework and environmental regulations which are applicable in Montenegro. The environmental requirements are summarised below. 3.1.1 Environmental Laws and Regulations Environmental Impact Assessment is regulated in the Montenegrin legislation by The Environmental Law (Sluzbeni List RCG 12/96), The Environmental Impact Assessment Act (Sluzbeni List RCG 14/97) and the Guidelines for Components of EIA Study (Sluzbeni List RCG 21/97). The Environmental Law provides the basic obligation to carry out an EIA for all projects with potential impact on the environment. The EIA Act includes an Annex with a list of projects for which an EIA must be carried out. The projects can be planned and realized by domestic or international individuals or companies. In accordance with EIA Act and EIA Guidelines the EIA study has to be conducted before the projects are realized. The EIA must be approved by the Competent Authority (Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning) during the process of obtaining Building Permit or other realization permits. The building permit for P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
tourist resorts is issued by the Republic Ministry for Urban Planning. Article 20 of the Environmental law prescribes that all spatial and urban plans need to assess the environmental conditions. Each planning document has to be approved by the competent authority. The EIA study is among the technical planning documentation part of the permit application documents of an activity or project. The EIA Act defines that only registered companies are allowed to conduct EIA studies and that at least one competent expert for each segment has to be hired. Public participation is not obligatory but can be organized by the Ministry if the project may have a great influence on the environment (Article 7, EIA Act). The project proponent / investor submits the EIA Report to the competent authority. The Ministry appoints a commission to evaluate the EIA. Based on the results of the evaluation report an authorized person in the Ministry decides about approval or disapproval of the study. The Annex of the EIA Act comprises a list of projects for which EIA has to be carried out. The most important types of projects are the production of metals, chemical industry, food industry, mining, energy production, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, building and infrastructure. The construction of ports, marinas, navigational channels, sea, river and lake docks as well as the FINAL REPORT
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construction of tourist settlements, hotel complexes and hotels are recorded in No. 61 and No. 72 of the list as projects mandatory to EIA study. The need for Environmental Assessment in the planning procedure is regulated by the Environmental Law and the EIA Act, while the 1995 Law on Physical Planning does not specifically address the Environmental Assessment. However, it should be mentioned that the regular planning procedure in Montenegro implicitly requires environmental protection consideration at different planning stages. There are no legal regulations in Montenegro yet relating to the Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (SEA) 5, although some elements of SEA procedure can be found in different planning procedures. Presently, the passing of the new Montenegrin Physical Planning Law is in process under the auspices of UNDP experts. Strategic Impact Assessment is expected to be included in the new law. 3.1.2 Spatial Planning Law and Regulations In order to understand in which legal context the development of tourism infrastructure on Velika Plaža will take place, Spatial Planning Law and Regulations are described in the following. According to the Spatial planning and organization law (Sluzbeni list RCG br. 5 Information on EU EIA Standards: EIA for tourism developments mandatory in the EU counties by the EIA Directive 85/337/EEC and amendment Directive 97/11/EE). Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) will be statutory in the EU member states through Directive 2001-42-EC to be implemented by July 2004;
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16/95) spatial planning is considered to be the determination of purpose and use of space through the process of adoption of spatial and urban plans. According to this law the organization of space means the utilization of space in accordance with the spatial and urban plans.
•
3.1.2.1 Type of Plans
Spatial plans (except the municipal plans) are under the jurisdiction of central government (republic government) so the planning procedure is coordinated by the Ministry of Urban Planning and these plans are adopted by the Parliament of Montenegro.
Spatial plans are strategic, long-term planning documents in which the goals of spatial development are determined, as well as the bases of spatial organization and the guidelines for the realization. The Law recognizes the following spatial plans: for the area of the Republic, for regions, for municipalities and for the areas of special purpose (National parks or Nature reserves, coastal area, tourist and recreational zones, fields for exploitation etc.). Urban plans are planning documents that determine criteria, guidelines and normative for building and reconstruction of buildings, as well as the organization of settlements. The Law recognizes the following urban plans: •
•
GUP – General Urban Plan (for the capital and municipal centers, cf. chapter 3.2.4); UPN – Urban plan of the settlement (for less developed centers);
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DUP –Detailed Urban Plan (for parts of the settlements that are covered by GUP); and UP –Urban Project (for parts of the settlements and monumental units that require more complex building or reconstruction).
3.1.2.2 Planning Procedures Planning is carried out by the registered companies6. During the procedure of drawing of a plan, it is needed to cooperate with all responsible institutions and public companies which are obligated to give all necessary data to the planners. The drafts of spatial and urban plans are forwarded to the Ministry of Urban planning for ensuring that they are in
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accordance with higher level plans and with the provisions of the Spatial Planning Law. The Draft plans, depending on type and importance of planned spaces, are given to other Ministries and/or government institutions for approval. Draft plans are also forwarded for expert examination to the Examination Board which is made up of different experts that did not take part in the drawing of the plan. After positive opinions and approvals from the Ministries and the Board, the executive subject (the Government or the Mayor) forwards the draft plan to the Parliament of Montenegro (or the Municipal Parliament), which puts it up for public hearing. According to the law, public hearing usually lasts 30 days (except with smaller changes in plans when public hearing can last 15 days). During the public hearing, the public and the citizens who are users or owners of the space considered by the plan, have the opportunity to familiarize with the suggested planned solutions and submit complaints, comments or suggestions. During the preparation of the final version of the plan (suggested plan) the planers are obligated to take into consideration the suggestions from the expert Board, however are not obligated to take into account the comments from the public hearing. Finally, the accepted draft plan is sent to the Parliament of the Republic or a municipality (depending on the plan type) for adoption. The adopted planning document has the power of law. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA ERM LAHMEYER INT'L, DECEMBER 2002
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3.1.2.3 Location Permit The realization of adopted plans is done through the Location Permit and through Urbanistic and Technical requirements (UT requirements) from the plan. According to the plans that are under municipal jurisdiction, the Secretariat for Urban Planning of a municipality issues the Location Permit for building, reconstruction and expansion of buildings, except for certain capital infrastructure, traffic or communal buildings as well as bigger and complex buildings, hotels etc., where the permits are obtained from the Ministry of Urban Planning. The Location Permit consists of basic data on the investor and the type of building (dimensions of base, area, number of flats, purpose), as well as the technical characteristics, infrastructure requirements and the protection of environment. The Location Permit loses validity if the investor, within one year from the date of issue, does not request the Building Permit. Based on the defined requirements from Location Permit, the technical documentation is prepared on which, later on, the approval is given that it is in accordance with plans and UT requirements. Further this represents a basis for issuing a Building Permit. Once the Building Permit is issued, if the investor does not start building within a year, this permit expires. P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
The existing legal planning framework does not require the environmental impact assessment in the planning phase, but in the phase of building projects. This means that during the planning procedure, the environmental protection requirements are set, while the environment impact assessment is a part of technical documentation required for obtaining approvals and permits.
content of a DUP and the graphic part would be in the scales 1:500 up to 1:1,000.
3.2
The Law requires public participation (public, NGOs) in the stage of public hearing about the draft plan. However, there are no restrictions to include the public in the earlier phases of the planning process.
PLANNING FRAMEWORK FOR THE PROJECT
The Velika Plaža area is covered by General Urban Plan of Ulcinj and Coastal Area Spatial Plan (that is in the Draft phase). For each of proposed spatial units for tourist development, a detail planning at the level of DUP is needed. Since this area represents the Coastal Zone (Morsko Dobro) and is the area of special importance, the Government of Montenegro (based on the Ministry of Urban Planning suggestion), decided that 7 zones should be planned in more detailed manner. Therefore, parallel to the drawing of the Coastal Area Spatial Plan which represents the strategic plan for the Coastal Area, seven other locations will be planned in more detailed, among which the largest is the Velika Plaža zone which will be planned in accordance with the solutions of the Master Plan for Tourism Development at the general level for the area of Ulcinj. This means that this detail plan would have
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During the drawing of the plan, the municipality of Ulcinj (to which Velika Plaža belongs) will be consulted and its Secretariats, as well as the Coastal Zone Management Agency (JP Morsko Dobro), Ministries of Tourism, Urban planning and Environmental Protection, and the Institution for the protection of nature and cultural monuments.
The area of Velika Plaža is dealt with in the following planning documents: •
Spatial Plan of the Republic of Montenegro (1986, amended in 1991 and 1997);
•
Nature Protection Act and Law (1968);
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Spatial Plan for the Montenegrin Coastal Area (draft status);
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Spatial Plan of the Ulcinj municipality (2000); and
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General Urban Plan (Master plan) for Ulcinj town (1985).
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3.2.1 Nature Protection Act and Law (1968)
3.2.2 Coastal Area Spatial Plan (Draft)
According to the Nature Protection Act (Official Gazette of SRM 38/68) and the Nature Protection Law (Official Gazette of SRM 36/77. 2/82) 19 important beaches in Montenegro have the protection status of "spomenik prirode" (natural monument). Velika Plaža beach belongs to the protected areas The protected area has a length of approx. 12.5 km, a width of approx. 400 m and a size of approx. 500 ha. This is not including the hinterland.
The Ministry of Urban Planning and the Coastal Zone Management Agency prepared the draft of Coastal Area Spatial Plan of Montenegro (CASP).
Within the framework of Phase 2 Study further information about the protection status of those natural monuments was required from the Nature Protection Agency in Podgorica. Thereafter activities in these areas shall not change the natural features and the purpose of protection of the area. In particular the Environmental protection Law (official gazette 12/96) prohibits any activity in the protected areas which cause disturbance of the ecological balance, the biological diversity, the hydrographic, geomorphologic, geologic or landscape values. In addition activities which aim at trapping or killing of protected animal species as well as removal, damage or destruction of protected plant species are prohibited.
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The CASP for the first time considers the Coastal Zone in an integrated manner, taking into account the area of six coastal municipalities and representing the basis for integrated development strategy for the Coastal Region. At the same time, the CASP is the first spatial plan in Montenegro that takes into account the sea area of Montenegrin territorial waters. Some of the existing problems were recognized such as overlapping jurisdiction of central and local authorities and different agencies, Coastal Zone being too narrow on the land part, ambiguous land ownership of certain locations, and questionable purpose of sites and complexes that were used for military defence purposes. The basic goal of the CASP is to determine the spatial and planning conditions and establish the directions for the most synchronized and homogeneous development of the Coastal area. The main purpose of this strategic plan is to propose recommendations (on macro and micro level), a matrix of regimes and restrictions for all activities. Within the CASP, the specific zone and corridors are defined for the basic purposes and functions within the area, while the lager part of the area remains FINAL REPORT
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flexible for use, with certain guidelines for future development. CASP also proposes solving land use conflicts on few locations such as: tourism vs. environmental protection, tourism vs. mariculture, and tourism vs. military purpose. Based on analysis, the following new proposals for protection of flora and fauna, biodiversity and landscape are given, according to the IUCN categories for management of natural areas. The hinterland of Velika Plaža is proposed for the VI7 category of management (IUCN). This area is considered to be the major fauna area on the Coast. The protection of natural area that is outside of the Coastal zone should be solved through the joint effort of Ulcinj municipality and Coastal Zone Management Agency. According to the expert conclusions after needed research, the part of the Velika Plaža hinterland along with the most of the beach area, should be excluded from the building of tourist complexes. The tourist complex development should be adjusted to the category of the protected area. The part of this area that is in the Coastal zone should be excluded from the hunting offer. The sand excavation, and logging should be forbidden,
7 VI IUCN category relates to the protected area whose resources are managed using the sustainable use of the natural ecosystems. The goal of this management is the long term biodiversity protection and other natural values of the area, the promotion of sustainable management in practice, protection of the base of natural resources from activities that would cause the change of biodiversity, and importance of the area for national and regional development.
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and pasture areas should be designated. The limitation and conflict due to land use with owners and citizens should be solved according to the law by compensation or similar.For the beach, the protected zone should be designated where the strict protection from unplanned and inappropriate building of hotels, living buildings, roads and other structures will be enforced. Around the protected area of the beach, the wider protecting buffer belt should be established which, along with the beach would represent an unique recreational area. The intensive use of the beach area brings up the need for active maintenance. For the first time in Montenegro several sites were chosen to be evaluated for establishing Marine Protected Areas. The CASP recognized also the sea areas and underwater sites for recreational activities, archeological locations and sites of special interest (coral reef communities, shipwrecks etc.). The region of Velika Plaža which comprises development zones 60, 61 and 62 (cf. Figure 3-1).
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Figure 3-1
Planning Zones according to Draft of Coastal Area Spatial Plan
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The following planning recommendations are given in the CASP: Zone 60. Rt Djerane - Port Milena •
•
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tourist zone with all accompanying facilities and expansion of the zone toward Solana;
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in the hinterland of the beach several parking lots should be organized;
2000 and is covering the period of the next 20 years (i.e. until 2020).
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in the zone near the bridge over Bojana river a smaller tourist complex could be established; and
The basic principles of this plan are:
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careful construction of the channel Bojana River - Port Milena with assessment of the possible environmental impact; and in case of building of marina, the priority is given to the location within the Port Milena.
Zone 61. Velika Plaža
in the zone of river Bojana mouth no construction of marina should be allowed due the to the great amounts of sedimets brought by the river to the coast - river Bojana feeds Velika Plaža beach by longshore current sediment transport from the mouth of river towards Rt Djerane and Port Milena; any construction within this site would stop further feeding of the beach and cause the erosion of existing beach.
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protection of Brijeg od mora8 (sand dunes vegetation) and Spatula;
Zone 62. Ada Bojana •
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formation of several smaller tourists centers in the western parts that are equipped with accompanying facilities surrounded by green areas;
protection of intimacy and isolation on the island;
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limited building of specific accommodation capacities;
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the status of the nudist vacation center should be kept; and
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the possibility of using of small agricultural areas for agro-eco-tourism.
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all buildings should be located away from the coastline and beach area;
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in the eastern part of Velika Plaža the access and movement of tourist should be restricted to keep interventions into nature to minimum in order to preserve the habitats of migratory species of birds; however, bird watching should be allowed;
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3.2.3 Spatial Plan of Ulcinj Municipality (2000) This spatial plan covers the total area of municipality of Ulcinj of 255 km2, where in 39 settlements over 25 thousand inhabitants are living. The Plan was adopted in year
•
complex spatial, economic and social development;
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basic economic development activities are tourism, agriculture and usage of the sea resources; and
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balanced functional and economic development of the settlement network.
The development of tourism as the key economic activity should be planned, monitored and controlled according to the principles of sustainable development. The development of agriculture should allow greater economic independence of the municipality, even out development of all settlements in the municipality and decrease the migration from villages. This considers improvements in infrastructure, protection and improvement of agricultural land through the regulation of river Bojana. The usage of the marine resources, that were so far neglected, need to be improved through production of salt, fisheries, nautical tourism, marine transportation and careful exploitation of crude oil. The municipality of Ulcinj has all landscape portions within its territory – sea, river, lake, mountain, hill, valley, rocky coast, sandy beaches, forests, wetlands, etc.
Hills of sea
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For the study area following functions emphasized: •
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Velika Plaža – specific area that differs from other parts of the municipality. With all components this area is primary reserved for the development of tourism; and Stoj – the area between Velika Plaža and Solana, which is favorable for living, for additional tourist facilities and for smaller agriculture.
•
the linear organization of the territory at a greater part of the coastal area and its connection to the existing longitudinal road;
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the main city center or central zone is formed on the stretch from Mala Plaza to Port Milena; and
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secondary centers are formed in some tourist and living centers at Velika Plaža, Donji Stoj, Zoganje and surrounding settlements.
Besides the city of Ulcinj, this plan encompasses parts of surrounding settlements: Kruta, Bratica, Kolonza, Pistula, Zoganje, Donji Stoj and Gornji Stoj, where the tourist zones Stari Ulcinj, Valdanos, Velika Plaža and Ada are located.
The estimation of the tourist accommodation facilities in the region of GUP is based on the natural potentials such as areas and capacities of the beaches and free terrains for building, terrains with network infrastructures and so on. The projection of tourism facilities was also influenced by the fact that Ulcinj is an area of mass tourism where tourist season lasts for 150 days. This area has good connections, geographical position, good ambient conditions for prevention and treatment of some illnesses and other benefits.
The area covered under this plan amounts to 9,021 ha, among which only 30% of land is built-up area. The other parts of the area constitutes of woods, olive fields, wetlands, agricultural land, beaches and other type of land.
The whole coastal area is divided into seven tourist zones with different tourist activities and phases of development. In the area of Ulcinj four zones are important, and the following recommendations are given by this plan:
3.2.4 General Urban Plan of Ulcinj (GUP from 1985) This plan considers the coastal area of the Ulcinj municipality, a coastal belt of a width of 1 to 5 km and a length of 30 km. The plan was adopted in 1985 and is formally valid for the period of 20 years (i.e. until 2005).
The most important parameters of development as urban territory are:
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Novi Ulcinj covers the territory of hill Pinjes, bay Port Milena and first 2 km of FINAL REPORT
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Velika Plaža. Besides the existing hotels, tourist settlements and private accommodations in this area the following is envisaged: marina for 1,000 boats, centers with numerous services and additional tourist facilities, sport center and numerous facilities for public functions, green market and others. Velika Plaža – western part takes up the central area of Velika Plaža, being the area between the regional road Ulcinj-Ada and the sea. Proposed complexes are to be built in three groups of about the same capacity: group I (hotels), group II (hotels and camps) and group III (hotels, camps and hostels). Between the groups, green spaces are foreseen for sport and recreational activities, parking lots, service and entertainment facilities. Each unit operates independent for the daily tourist activities. Velika Plaža – eastern part takes up the eastern part of Velika Plaža to the Bojana River. The capacities are planned in two groups: group IV (hotels) and group V (camps). Between the groups green spaces for resting, sport and recreation facilities are envisaged, and the eastern part is reserved for agriculture. Ada – A hotel complex with 2,500 beds is proposed on the island among which 940 are already existing and 1,560 are new bungalow capacities. The free areas of Ada should be used for recreation, agriculture and hunting. In addition and protected natural area should be protected as far as possible. The facilities on the island should serve daily needs. The rest of the needed services are in Novi Ulcinj and Ulcinjcenter. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA ERM LAHMEYER INT'L, DECEMBER 2002
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Table 3-1
Summary of Planned Tourist Capacities according to Ulcinj GUP Hotels and tourist settlements
Camps
Others
Total GUP
Novi Ulcinj
13,600
-
6,750
-
20,350
V.Plaza-west
10,850
4,500
3,000
2,600
20,950
V.Plaza-east
5,350
8,250
-
3,500
17,100
Ada
2,500
-
-
-
2,500
Total 4 zones
32,300
12,750
9,750
6,100
60,900
GUP Ulcinj
34,300
14,750
19,150
8,600
76,800
For the organized recreation, considering the character and importance of the city, the following areas are foreseen: •
Private accommodation
a specific zone of main sports and recreational centers shall be located in the area of Port Milena: sports fields for 10,000 spectators, closed and open areas for football, tennis, racetrack, basketball and water sports for tourists as well as inhabitants, for professional sportsman as well as amateurs. The occupied area is 22 ha;
•
a zone of public green areas and tourist zones with sport terrains, playground for group sports and recreational activities; and
•
a zone for picnic and camping in the areas of Bijela Gora, beach Valdanos, Pinjes hill, Sasko lake and other areas.
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Ulcinj (5,500 inhabitants in 1,718 flats), Velika Plaža west - Donji Stoj (1,520 inhabitants in 475 flats; 940 flats for rest and recreation) and Velika Plaža east – Gornji Stoj (580 inhabitants in 190 flats).
Besides the foreseen capacities for tourism, a marina with 1,100 places is proposed in the bay of Port Milena, as well as a port for nautical tourism below the Old town Ulcinj, special docks in Valdanos and Ada, a center for sport fishing at Bojana River and a center for keeping and renting of boats. A network of restaurants and cafes with adequate capacities should serve the needs of tourist development in the centers. The zone for living in the territory of GUP and some individual settlements take up 20% of the built-up areas. This zone takes the relatively best areas considering slope, latitude, position, vicinity of the sea and central functions. Individual living takes up 80% of this territory which resembles the character of the settlement, economic possibilities for further development, tradition etc. In the narrow area of the city following living zones are planned: Novi FINAL REPORT
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Even distribution of green areas in the territory covered by GUP was one of the guiding principles in the organization of the space in the city and surrounding settlements. The following recommendations were given by this plan: •
green areas along the coast take up the space between the beach and hinterland. This area differs in width and in most cases it touches the tourist complexes areas, and rarely the agricultural land, forests and maquis;
•
these green belts play a delicate role - to enhance environmental conditions, to improve landscape and to provide area of recreation, sport and entertainment during the tourist seasons;
•
the green areas should be fitted into the relief so that the existing beaches and sandy dunes keep their specific characteristics;
•
the green areas should favour the micro climatic conditions, stop the movement of sand, reduce unfavourable winds, increase air humidity, support groundwater regime and add value to the landscape by rich Mediterranean vegetation. The planting of high trees and other plants should be situated not too close to the water. The beach should be kept in its natural form to preserve its natural value.
4
the island Ada Bojana should be put under the protection as an area of exceptional natural values. The forest
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complex in the coastal area of Bojana and in the zone of Velika Plaža will be put under the protection for its capacity as green protective belts
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4
ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DESCRIPTION
4.1
ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATION AREA
The investigation area of this report covers the area for the development of Module 2 plus 300 to 500 m west and east of it. Where necessary the study area is extended to consider important nature reserves in the vicinity and for instance functional relations of bird habitats. 4.2
NATURAL SETTING AND LAND USE
The study area is situated east of Ulcinj town and approx. 2.5 km east of the Port Milena channel. It is part of the coastal stretch between the regional road R 17 Ulcinj - Port Milena - Ada Bojana and the sea. The area is structured in stretches parallel to road and sea which provides clear orientation. Photo 4 (view is directed to the east; cf. Annex B) gives an overview of the basic constitution of the landscape. The sandy beach in the south is bare of vegetation. Behind several tens of meter halophyte vegetation on the dunes and pine forest on the backside of the primary dunes are found. In the eastern part of the study area temporary marshland in the depressions of the older dune sections is located. Behind the pine woodlands dry pastures and meadows, partly with fallow fields are situated. These are followed by a second strip of woodlands (deciduous trees such as Skadar Oak) which are partly P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
degraded (“open forest”, s. Photo 9, Annex B). In the western part of the forest, bungalows and an apartment house of the “Bratstvo Jedinstvo” tourist resort are located (cf. Photo 6 and 7) which is also called “Odmaraliste”. East of this facility lies the so-called “Safari Camp” presently inhabited by refugees (cf. Photos 7 & 8) which is sometimes named after its owners “Ulcinj Riviera” resort. North of the woodlands another stretch of pastures and meadow is located which borders on the regional road. Here, some orchards (mandarine, pomegranate) are found. In large parts the meadows are structured by hedges and bushes (Photos 7 & 12). Between deciduous forest and meadows a drainage ditch is situated. On the northern side of the road the Donji Stoj settlement is located. The study area is limited by the road. Most of the residential houses in the study area are scattered in the meadows close to the road (s. Photo 12 & 15). In the southern strip of meadows only some barracks and deserted trailers are found. Three access paths lead from the regional road to the beach. Each of them ends at a beach facility: Bukaria Ulcinit in the west (Photo 1), Safari Beach in the middle (Photo 3) and Tropicana Beach in the east of the study area (Photo 4). Thus, the study area is characterised by cultivated landscape with decreasing human influence from north to south (except the FINAL REPORT
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three beach facilities). The existing camp resorts in the forests do not constitute an infringement, as buildings are relatively low and hidden by trees. 4.3
GEOLOGY, GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOILS
4.3.1 Geology The sediments of Velika Plaža belong to the Quaternary period consisting of alluvial and beach sediments with pebbles, sand, mud and muddy clay. The geological units are depicted on Figure 4-1. Velika Plaža beachline is part of the coastal erosion and deposition dynamics. Due to sediment load of Bojana River and the longshore sea currents, the beach is permanently growing into the sea. Sulphuric thermo-mineral waters in the area of Ulcinj are unique in Montenegro. The combination of these waters with in Ulcinj area abundant peloids (healthy mud) allows the use for therapeutical and medical purposes (rheumatic disease and diseases of skeletal system, neurological, gynaecological and skin illnesses). The use of these mineral waters could be a further attraction to tourists in the context of “wellness holidays”. The Montenegrin coast is an area of intensive seismic activity with powerful earthquakes likely to occur with a maximum intensity of 9 on the MCS scale. The seismic risk is increased by the fact that the area of Velika Plaža is mainly made up of Quaternary sediments. The region is located in a 9c seismic zone with ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA ERM LAHMEYER INT'L, DECEMBER 2002
seismic coefficient of 0.12 ks. The last major event was the 1979 earthquake which hit and largely devastated the Montenegrin Coast. Most of the investigation area is considered to show average ground conditions. Parts of the terrain close to the sea with high groundwater level are considered only conditionally stable. A detailed engineering soil investigation for foundation of buildings has to be carried out at a later planning stage. Additional information on the geological features, morphology and landscape history of Velika Plaža area have been described in detail in the Phase 1 study.
1.1.1 Geomorphology and Landforms Fluvial accumulations and coastal relief are the main geomorphologic characteristics in the study area as part of Velika Plaža. The Ulcinj hinterland represents the alluvial plain. Coastal relief was formed under the influence of abrasion and accumulation processes at the border between sea and land. As a result large sandy accumulations are found at Velika Plaža. The fine granulated sand originates from the ophiolitic (basic and ultrabasic lava) belt of the Skadar Lake catchment area. The material is transported by Bojana River towards the sea, carried by the longshore currents and deposited along the Velika Plaža beach.
Wind also has some influence on the erosion and transportation processes of sand. In the coastal stretch, low dunes and a broad sandy beach are typical features of the landscape. 1.1.2 Soils Alluvial soils are occurring in the stretch farther from the sea. These soils mostly consist of sandy and muddy components and are situated in lower terrains so they are often salted by seawater. They have low bonity classes between IV to VI. The soils of the raised terrains of Donji Stoj, so-called Brijeg od mora, are of better quality (class III to IV) than in the lower parts and can be improved up to two classes by irrigation. According to Agriculture Law (Sluzbeni list RCG 15/92) all farming land from quality class I to IV should be protected for agricultural use. Exceptions are other essential requirements in cities or tourist settlements. 1.2
Figure 4-1
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Geological Overview and Seismic Units of the Study Area
CLIMATE AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
Montenegro's coasts enjoy a Mediterranean climate, having dry summers and mild, rainy winters (cf.Table 4-2). The average monthly air temperature for Ulcinj is 15.8°C with maximum in Juli/August (24.8°C) and minimum in January (7.7°C). Average yearly rainfall for Ulcinj is 1,109 l/m2, which is the lowest value at the Montenegrin coast. Most of the rainfall takes place in October, November and December with 30 to 40% of total annual precipitation; lowest amounts of rainfall are in June, July and August with only 10% of annual precipitation.
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4.5
HYDROLOGY
4.5.1 Surface Water and Land Drainage The main freshwater body of Velika Plaža is the Bojana River which flows approx. 6 km south east of the investigation area into the sea. In the investigation area two smaller non permanent water-bearing ponds are located. Approx. 200 m east of the study area a third pond is situated which is 15 x 50 m in size and 2 m in depth. Reportedly, the ponds originate from sand excavation about 15 years back. During the field observation in summer 2002 all these ponds were dried up. They are ecological important amphibian and reptile habitats (cf. chapter 4.6.2.1). Concerning the water quality there is no data available . A main drainage ditch is running approx. 200 m south of the regional road. This ditch was dry during summer field investigations. West of the Safari Camp, a smaller drainage ditch flows into the main ditch. 4.5.2 Groundwater Figure 4-2
Climate Chart of Ulcinj
According to the last available official Air Quality Report (2001), the concentrations of almost all sampled parameters were below the highest permissible concentrations (HPC) which are comparable to EU limit values. HPC values were exceeded occasionally for ground ozone (1.5 times in April) and the maximum values of PAH.
Additional information on climate and ambient air quality of the Ulcinj area can be found in the Phase 1 study.
Since no literature data on groundwater level and flooding in the study area is available, interviews with local people (farmers, restaurant owners, refugees) have been carried out. Groundwater level in the investigation area is estimated to be at about 3 m below ground according to local farmers. This corresponds to 9
A map of the soil quality was not available. Bush and shrub vegetation
10
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field observations that an approx. 2 m deep pond is dry during summer (July). Since feeding of the pond by groundwater can be assumed, groundwater level is lower than 2 m below ground during summer. 4.5.3 Flooding Zones Before construction of flood protection dykes along Bojana River several years ago, large areas of Velika Plaža and the hinterland were regularly flooded in Winter. According to information gained through interviews, nowadays flooding takes place between main drainage ditch and beach from autumn (October/November) to spring (March/May) with a water depth of 5 to 15 cm. The flooding takes place mainly in the eastern part of the study area in the marshland region. The area between road R17 and drainage ditch is flooded very seldom and only after extremely high precipitation. On the flooding zones are depicted. The last few years have been drier than earlier years.
Figure 4-3
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Flooding Zones in the Project area
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4.6
FLORA AND FAUNA
4.6.1 Flora
vascular plant species with biological importance for the vegetation structure in the investigation area are listed in Table 4-1.
4.6.1.1 Flora Elements General Overview In the Ulcinj area particular autochthonous flora is developed due to the special ecological conditions such as maritime impacts of the Adriatic Sea, mediterranean climate and regular seasonal flooding. Seasonal winter flooding is a remarkable feature of the investigated area. The flora occurs in different types of habitats like salted and brackish inland and wetland habitats, dry pastures and natural forests. 4.6.1.2 Plant species In the course of additional field surveys in the second half of August 2002 and literature research (Trinajstic, 1989) for the Phase 2 investigations, some new species have been identified in the halophyte vegetation belt (compared to the field surveys for Phase 1) such as Sporobolus arenarius, a new plant species for Montenegrin Flora, Aethoriza bulbosa, Alkanna tinctoria, Chondrilla juncea, Citrulus vulgaris, Crepis sp, Elymus farctus, Holoscoenus romanus, Hypochoeris radicata, Mattihola sinuata, Setaria viridis, Taraxacum officinale, Tribulus terestris and Verbascum sunuatum. On the other hand, some of the species typical for the Eastern part of Velica Plaža and Ada Bojana were not found in the investigated area defined for Module 2. The P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
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Table 4-1
Main vascular plant species in the investigation area
Latin name of species
English Name of species
Formal Conservation Status in Montenegro11 and
Actual endangering status12
Aegilops ovata L.
Ovate Goatgrass
Agropyrum junceum (L.) P. B. (syn: Elymus farctus)
Sand Couch
Alkanna tinctoriaL
Alkanet
Alnus glutinosa L.
Sticky Alder
Ammophila arenaria Lk.
European Beachgrass
Atriplex hastata L.
Wild Orache
Bromus tectorum L
Downy Chess
Cakile maritima Scop.
Sea Rocket
+
Calystegia soldanella (L.) R. BR.
Sea Bindweed
+
Carpinus orientalis L.
Oriental Hornbeam
Cinanchum acutum L.
-
Cyperus capitatus Vand
Capitate Galingale
+
Daucus pumilus (Gou.) Ball.
American Wild Carrot, Rattlesnake Weed
+
Echinophora spinosa L.
Sea Parsnip
+
Elymus farctus
-
Eryngium maritimum L.
Sea Holly
+
Euphorbia paralias L.
Sea Spurge
+
Euphorbia peplis L.
Purple Spurge
Euphorbia terracina L.
Geraldtons Carnation Spurge
Fraxinus angustifolia L.
Field Ash
Inula crithmoides L.
Golden Samphire
Iris pseudacorus
Yellow Iris
Juncus acutus L.
Sharp Rush
Juncus maritimus Lam
Sea Rush
11 According to Act on Protection of Rare, Endangered and Threatened Animal and Plant Species (Rjesenje o stavljanju pod zastitu rijetkih, prorijedjenih, endemicnih i ugrozenih biljnih i zivotinjskih vrsta). Official Gazette of SR Montenegro, Nr.36/82, Podgorica 1982. 12 Endangering Status according to Prof. Pulevic, Univ. of Podgorica. The Montenegrin Act on Protection of Rare, Endangered and Threatened Animal and Plant Species from 1982 is not reflecting actual status of endangered halophyte vegetation, therefore additional assessment was made.
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Latin name of species
English Name of species
Lagurus ovatus L.
Hare's-Tail
Lepturus cylindricus Trin.
-
Lepturus incurvus Sch et Thel.
Coast Barb Grass, Curved Sicklegrass
Limonium angustifolium L.
Wild Privet
+
Lippia nodiflora L.
Mat Grass, Garden Lippia
+
Mattihola sinuata L. R. Br.
Sea Stock
Medicago marina L.
Sea Medick
Oenanthera biennis L.
Usual Night Candle
Pancratium maritimum L.
Sand Lily, Sea Daffodil
Periploca graeca L.
Virginia Silkvine
Phragmites communis L.
Ditch Reed
Polygonum maritimum L.
Sea Knotgrass
Populus alba L.
Silver-leaf Poplar
Pseudorlaya pumila (L.) Grande
Dune Carrot
Quercus robur L. ssp scutariensis Cernj.
Skadar Oak
Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth.
Common Reichardia
Salsola kali L.
PricklySaltwort,PricklyGlasswort
+
Salsola soda L.
Saltwort, Barilla, 'Liscari sativa', Kelpwort
+
Schoenus nigricans L.
Black Bog-Rush
Sporobolus arenarius Duv. Jouv
-
Tamarix africana L.
Tamarisk
Urticularia vulgaris L.
Greater Bladderwort
Vitex agnus-castus L.
Chaste-Tree
Vulpia ciliata Lk.
Bearded Fescue
Xantium italicum Mor.
Spiny Cocklebur
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Formal Conservation Status in Montenegro and
Actual endangering status
+ *
+
+
*
+
+
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4.6.1.3 Biotope Types /Vegetation Communities/ Vegetation Zones Behind a bare sandy beach belt which is several tens of meters wide, the terrestrial vegetation of the investigation area is found. This can be divided in subsequent vegetation belts as follows: •
•
Starting from the Sea where Zosteretum marinae adriaticum (Eelgrass, Widgeon grass) and Posidonietum oceanicae adriaticum (Posidonia bed) associations occurs, several inland vegetation zones are found within the investigated area; The landside sequence is Psammo Halophyte vegetation partly with a semi natural Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) forest strip on the backside of the primary dune partly with temporary wetlands and marsh in the depressions of the older dune sections. This is followed by dry pastures and meadows and partly fallow fields and strips of forests (cf. Map 2).
The characteristics of the vegetation zones and biotope types are described in detail in the following sections. Submersed Shoreline Vegetation At short distance from the shoreline, in the sea submerse vegetation occurs which is described in literature as Zosteretum marinae adriaticum (Eelgrass, Widgeon grass) and
Posidonietum oceanicae adriaticum (Posidonia bed) associations. Psammo-Halophyte14 Vegetation The Psammo-Halophyte vegetation belt (cf. Photo 24 and 25, Annex B) composed by the two rare and endangered pioneer vegetation associations Xantio-Cakiletum maritimae (Beg. 1941) Pign. 1953 and Agropyretum mediterraneum (Kuhn) Br.-Bl. 1933. It covers so-called young dunes. The plant association of Xanthio-Cakiletum maritimae survives in extreme ecological conditions under direct impact of salt water and wind. Typical plant species of this association are: Sea Rocket (Cakile maritima Scop.), Spiny Cocklebur (Xanthium italicum), Pricky Saltwort (Salsola kali L.), Purple Spurge (Euphorbia peplis L.), Sea Spurge (Euphorbia paralias L.), Sea Knotgrass (Polygonum maritimum L.), Wild Orache (Atriplex hastata L.), Sea Parsnip (Echinophora spinosa L.), Sea Holly (Eryngium maritimum L.), Sand Couch (Agropyrum junceum L.), Sea Medick (Medicago marina L.), Golden Samphire (Inula crithmoides L.), Hare’s Tail (Lagurus ovatus L.) and Cuscuta sp. L. The association of Agropyretum mediterraneum occurs a bit farther from the sea up to the hinterland and is composed of following species: Agropyrum junceum (L.) P. B., Echinophora spinosa L., Eryngium maritimum L, Euphorbia paralias L, Medicago
marina L., Ammophila arenaria Lk., Pancratium maritimum L., Calystegia soldanella (L.) R. BR., Pseudorlaya pumila (L.) Grande, Lagurus ovatus L, Xanthium italicum Mor., Cakile maritima Scop., Euphorbia peplis L, Polygonum maritimum L., Atriplex hastata L., Aegilops ovata L., Lepturus cylindricus Trin. Lepturus incurvus Sch et Thel., Vulpia ciliata Lk., Schoenus nigricans L., Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Hud., Bromus tectorum L, Juncus maritimus Lam, Euphorbia terracina L., Inula crithmoides L., Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth. Seminatural Pine forest This biotope type is found in the western part of the investigation area on the old dunes (cf. Photo 2, Annex B). The pine forest primarily is composed of Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) and Black Pine (Pinus nigra L.). Partly this pine forest was planted about 20 years ago to stabilise the dunes. In the west near the Safari beach, there is hardly any understorey under the trees. In the eastern part of the investigation area psammo-halophyte species occurs under the trees. Marshland Vegetation In certain parts of the investigation area (within the pine forest and in the east of the investigation area, cf. Photo 28, Annex B) marshland vegetation of natural or man made origin (sand exploitation pits) is permanently, temporally or seasonally flooded. In the marshlands usual lush vegetation is occurring such as: Ditch Reed (Phragmites communis), Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus) etc.
14 salt tolerant vegetation prefering sandy ground, e.g. coastal dune habitats
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Pastures and Meadows Behind the wet zone, out of the direct influence of salt water mediterranean pastures and meadows are situated, vegetated with psammophytic TheroBrachypodietalia Br.-Bl. 1947 association. These mediterranean pastures and dried meadows (cf. Photo 7, Annex B) have changed very much and are mostly transformed to ruderal vegetation / arable land. Remains of this dry grassland vegetation can be found only on pastures and meadows not used for a long time, particularly at the margins. Natural Forests North of the pastures and meadows, a strip of natural forests about 200 metres wide is situated which can be divided in two main groups: •
Forest woodland with old trees (see Annex B: Photo 10 and 26); and
•
Open forest characterised by degraded light open woodland with only a few old trees remaining (see Annex B: Photo 10 and 26). These forests are influenced by the Mediterranean climate, resulting in mixed evergreen and deciduous species. Beside the Montenegro endemic Skadar Oak (Quercus robur spp. scutariensis15), the thermophyllous 15 The so-called Skadar Oak (Quercus Robur ssp. scutariensis Cernj.) is a thermophile mediterranean subspecies of the Pendunculate Oak (Quercus robur) also known as English Oak. In Montenegro it is found in 3 areas. The typus locality of the ssp. scutariensis is the northern shore of the Skadar Lake where
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deciduous species Oriental Hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis) occurs together with ordinary Silver-leaf Poplar (Populus alba). An other typical tree species in this area is the Field Ash (Fraxinus angustifolia). The open forest is characterised by less trees, most of them younger and more open space between them. White Poplar is dominating and newly cut areas are found. Autochthonous Skadar Oak is additionally damaged after cutting and White Poplar and Oriental Hornbeam dominate in the open regenerated forest. Areas affected by cutting in recent years are (cf. Map 2): •
between “Odmaraliste” resorts and Safari Camp16
•
eastern side of Safari Camp; and
•
part of forest on eastern side of investigated area (“Brijeg Mora on 1:5,000 topographic map), located between Nikic’s farm and the drainage ditch. Certain areas where old trees occur (forests with old trees) are located at:
it is growing as a vegetation community in association with Field Ash (Fraxinus angustifoluim), and Silkvine (Periploca graeca L.) as typical ground layer species. A second such areal is known NW of Podgoriza in the Zeta River valley. The most southern distribution areal is Velika Plaža and the area adjacent to the East in Albania (without Periploca graeca L.). In general, the occurence of Q.robur and the typical mediterranean Q. pubescens is depending on the groundwater table. While Q. Pubescens preferes dry locations, Q.robur is found in areas with high groundwater table. (Prof. Pulevic, Univ. Podgoriza, Personal communication July 2002). 16 Presently used as refugee camp FINAL REPORT
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•
northern side of “Odmaraliste”;
•
northern and eastern side of Safari Camp;
•
forest patches south of the drainage channel and west of the paved road from Donji Stoj to the Safari Camp (building No. 34 is located in the centre of this patch); and
•
part of "Brijeg Mora” forest between the Nikic’s farm and drainage ditch on eastern side of investigated area. Plantation and Arable Land Within the investigation area, pomegranate and mandarin plantation as well as arable land can be found (cf. Map 2). These biotope types are characterised by a low species diversity (see Annex B: Photo 21). 4.6.1.4 Present Degree of Disturbance and Impairment of the Vegetation at the Investigation Area The investigation area is under manmade influence much more than the eastern part of Velika Plaža, which could be seen on forest fragments that changed their original composition of species. Earlier very common Skadar Oak (Quercus robur spp. scutariensis) is quite rare today. Associated species to the Skadar Oak such as Silver-leaf Poplar (Populus alba) and Oriental Hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis) dominate today. On the other hand, Aleppo and Black Pine forestation took place to stabilise dunes originally covered by halophyte vegetation. Because of that halophyte plants remained as Xantio-Cakiletum maritimae and Agropyretum mediterraneum associations at soENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA ERM LAHMEYER INT'L, DECEMBER 2002
called young dunes. Cultivation of the arable land caused change of the original psammophytic plant association TheroBrachypodietalia to typical ruderal vegetation on intensive used plots of agriculture land. 1.1.1.1 Evaluation The halophyte vegetation is the most ecological valuable vegetation in the investigation area (cf. Map 3). The 13 kilometres long halophyte belt of Velika Plaža and Ada Bojana constitutes the last completely intact halophyte vegetation community at the Montenegrin coast. In the areas of the beach access paths the halophyte vegetation is affected by visitor pressure (trampling). All halophyte plants1 at Montenegrin beaches are endangered. Other beaches in Montenegro are considerably smaller in comparison to Velika Plaža. Often they are devastated, especially in the hinterland. The almost intact halophyte vegetation band along Velika Plaža therefore constitutes a significant last refuge of this beach plant species in Montenegro. The most endangered plant species in Montenegro is the Sand Lily Pancratium maritimum (cf. Photo 27 Annex B) which can be found only at Velika Plaža in the narrow zone of Psammo-Halophyte vegetation on the beach itself. This species has disappeared from other habitats in Montenegro and is included in the national Red List (Act on
Halophytes are plants which are able to survive in salty environment. 1
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Protection of Rare, Endangered and Threatened Animal and Plant Species; Sluzbeni list RCG, 36/82). All forests and woodlands in the investigation area are only patches of natural forest. Most of them are disturbed and impacted by cutting, grazing or other use. Nevertheless, because of the occurrence of Skadar Oak and old trees from other species, in particular the forest parts with old trees have a high ecology value (cf. Map 3). Compared, the open forest woodland which is characterised by less old trees and low tree density has medium ecological value. These areas are fragmented by former use, e.g. greenhouses are drawn in the 1:5,000 topographic maps from the 1980s, which now have disappeared. The forests also are important for preservation of an authentic landscape. However, the habitat is currently experiencing pressure of different human impacts such as camps, tourist resorts and infrastructure, and agriculture. Cutting of old trees should be avoided to the maximum extend possible, in particular Skadar Oaks should be preserved. The natural forests patches are ecologically important for protection of very rare Skadar Oak listed on national Red list (SR Montenegro, 1982).
However, the marshland vegetation forms important habitats for birds and amphibian. Also the plantation, the arable land, the scrubs and young trees have no notable flora. The stands of semi-natural pine forest, even though planted and with little natural undergrowth, is partly of ecological importance, because it has a dune stabilisation function against sand drift. In the SE part of the study area, the bush and wood vegetation around the pond acts together with some parts of the scrubs and young trees as a buffer for this important fauna habitat. 1.1.2 Fauna 1.1.2.1 Amphibians and Reptiles The field research were conducted during the month of August 2002. Unfortunately, the weather conditions were not favourable for observing lizards. In addition to the field observation, literature was reviewed. During the field observation four amphibian species and seven reptile species were registered at the investigation area. (cf. Table 4-2 and Table 4-3; cf. Map 2), while literature data reports the existence of 10 amphibian and 21 reptile species in the investigation area
The marshland vegetation and the pastures and meadows vegetation, especially where they have been transformed to ruderal vegetation are not of floristic significance. FINAL REPORT
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Triturus carnifex - Arty Newt Table 4-2
Amphibians in the Investigation Area
Species Triturus carnifex Triturus vulgaris Hyla arborea Rana ridibunda
local/english name mic veliki mrmoljak/ Arty Newt mali mrmoljak Smooth Newt Gatalinka/ Common tree Frog velika zelena žaba/Marsh Frog
IUCN
BRN
EU Dir.
Mn
no
VU
II
II, IV
+
no
VU
III
-
+
no
VU
II
-
+
no
EN
III
-
-
endemic endemic status: B e - Balkan endemic specimen; YU e - Yugoslav endemic specimen; YU se - Yugoslav sub endemic specimen) IUCN Categories according to International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources for nature protection: EN – endangered, VU – vulnerable, LR - low vulnerability rate, LRnt almost vulnerable, R – rare, DD - insufficient data BRN
categories according the Bern Convention for protection of European living nature and habitats (II - strictly protected fauna species, III - protected fauna species)
EU Dir. directives and legal regulations for protection of amphibians and reptiles in countries of European Union (Herpetofauna Annexes to the proposed EC Habitats Directive I.II.88) (II Annex II, IV - Annex IV) Mn
Legal regulative of Montenegro (Act on Protection of Rare, Endangered and Threatened Animal and Plant Species (Sluzbeni list RCG, 36/82)
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Ecology and habitat requirements of the recorded species are briefly described in the following: Triturus vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758) - Smooth Newt This is an European-west Asian species. In Europe it is absent at Pyrenean peninsula and Mediterranean islands as well as it does not exist in the south of Apennine peninsula. The area of this specie in Yugoslavia is still not clearly defined. The whole area can only be defined by a synthesis of the area of certain subspecies. It is spread along the whole territory of Montenegro, from flatlands to mountainous areas. It does not exist on the Adriatic islands. This species is more terrestrial than other species of newt. Due to weather conditions when it comes to drying of the aquatic ecosystems, this species can be found in different humid locations on land. The numerous existence in aquatic habitats, mostly smaller and shallow with vegetation, is followed with explicit sexual dimorphism and period of mating during month of May.
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Triturus carnifex has a distribution centred around Italy and the former Yugoslavia. This species is distributed in Italy, southern Alps and the Balkans. This species is more terrestrial than other species of newt. Due to weather conditions when it comes to drying of the aquatic ecosystems, this species can be found in different humid locations on land.
Hyla arborea (Linnaeus, 1758) - Common Tree Frog This is holomediterranean – middle European specie. It is widely distributed and an abundant specie, which is active mostly at night. It is registered at habitats with vegetation (trees, bushes, marsh). Juvenile specimen can be found among grass.
Rana ridibunda (Pallas, 1814) - Marsh Frog Eastern Mediterranean –middle European species. It is a very abundant population in this area and can be found in aquatic accumulations (smaller ponds which represent the reproductive centres of these species). This species is not protected in Montenegro. It is collected without any control since it represents an attractive export article.
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Table 4-3
Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) - European Pond Terrapin
Reptiles in the Investigation Area
Species Testudo hermanni
Emys orbicularis Podarcis muralis (Lacerta muralis) Podarcis melisellensis Lacerta viridis
local/english name sumska kornjaca/ Hermann’s Tortoise barska kornjaca /European Pond Terrapin zidni guster/ Common Wall Lizard kraski guster/ Dalmatian Wall Lizard zelembac/Green Lizard
endem IUCN ic
BRN
EU Dir.
Mn
no
VU
II
II IV
+
no
VU
II
II IV
+
no
LR
II
IV
+
YU e
VU
II
IV
+
no
VU
II
IV
+
Pseudopus apodus (Ophisaurus apodus)
blavor/european Glass Lizard
Be
EN
II
IV
+
Vipera ammodytes
poskok/Nosehorned Snake
Be
VU
II
IV
-
endemic endemic status: B e - Balkan endemic specimen; YU e - Yugoslav endemic specimen; YU se - Yugoslav sub endemic specimen) IUCN Categories according to International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources for nature protection: EN – endangered, VU – vulnerable, LR - low vulnerability rate, LRnt almost vulnerable, R – rare, DD - insufficient data BRN
categories according the Bern Convention for protection of European living nature and habitats (II - strictly protected fauna species, III - protected fauna species)
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EU Dir. directives and legal regulations for protection of amphibians and reptiles in countries of European Union (Herpetofauna Annexes to the proposed EC Habitats Directive I.II.88) (II - Annex II, IV - Annex IV) Mn
Legal regulative of Montenegro (Act on Protection of Rare, Endangered and Threatened Animal and Plant Species (Sluzbeni list RCG, 36/82)
Ecology and habitat requirements of the recorded species are briefly described in the following: FINAL REPORT
27
This species represents the circum-Mediterranean element. In Montenegro it is limited to the narrow coastal belt. In the investigation area numerous populations of this species are registered in quite polluted still waters which is characteristic of this species.
Testudo hermanni (Gmelin 1768) - Hermann’s Tortoise Mostly lives in dry and rocky areas, in flatlands and hilly areas. It can be found in the territories with high summer temperatures und in humid habitats. Often it can be found in cultivated land, as well as in polluted deserted holes. This species prefers locations with vegetation.
Lacerta viridis (Laurenti, 1768) - Green Lizard This is a widely distributed species. In Montenegro it is very abundant species at locations. It is a very quick and movable lizard that is found in dry and sunny places, mostly in locations with bushes and shrubs, along the fences, near roads, woody areas, tree stomps and fallen tree trunks. Most of the day this lizard spends sun bathing, often on the hot road.
Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) - Common Wall Lizard This species is the most abundant and most widespread lizard and it can be found in almost all areas of Montenegro. It is mostly found at rocky places, on walls and building remains, as well as near roads. It favours heat, but it is resistant to cold temperatures. Most of the species are found in urban settlements around houses and fences.
Podarcis melisellensis (Braun 1877) - Dalmatian Wall Lizard This is a Yugoslavian endemic species. It is very abundant in the investigation area and is living in dry places. It can be found on fences and near roads, ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA ERM LAHMEYER INT'L, DECEMBER 2002
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as well as on the beach, in the sand, under rocks and in small bushes. This is very fast animal on land, and is a good climber along fences and low walls. It is often found near human settlements, arable lands, pastures and around hotel complexes
Pseudopodus apodus (Pallas 1775) - European Glass Lizard This species is endemic at Balkan, and is very abundant in the researched area of Velika Plaža. It can be found in bushes and on rocks, near fences and roads in small woods and in meadows. Also it can be seen in cultivated areas, near human settlements. It is a day animal, very fast and it is most active after rain.
Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus 1758) - Nosehorned Snake This is the widely spread poison snake in Montenegro. It lives in dry rocky habitats, exposed to intense sunlight, with very little vegetation. Also, it can often be seen in open woods, rocky walls, near human settlements as well as near fences and roads. It is very slow and is not moving far from its permanent habitat. This speciess is endemic (Balkan).
As far as the reptiles are concerned, the most common are the species of Lacertilia. In the narrow area of the beach along the coast the most numerous is Podarcis melisellensis – which is an endemic species in Yugoslavia. In the pastures, meadows and woodland stripes the following species can be found: Podarcis muralis and Lacerta viridis. In the whole area Pseudoapdus apodus which is Balkan endemic species and Testudo hermanni are common.
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Among the snakes, the most common in all areas is Vipera ammodytes. Evaluation Velika Plaža area represents a region with a unique herpetofauna which is depending on its rather high naturalness and low level of disturbance compared with other Montenegrin beaches. Nevertheless, changes of this area can be observed. The tourism and infrastructure development and the intensive agriculture result in a higher level of disturbance and damage of habitats and individuals. Additional to these problems, some species, such as Testudo hermanni and Rana ridibunda are the target of collectors and hunters. From the tailed amphibians (Caudata) the most important are the newts (Triturus vulgaris and Triturus carnifex). Their habitats are the aquatic ecosystems (ponds with permanent water as well as temporary ponds), but they can be found in the vicinity of these habitats as well. The most important amphibian habitats within the investigation area are the surface waters, e.g. ponds and their surrounding area. These areas should be maintained in the current situation. All in all the investigation area has only little significance for amphibians. From three mentioned species, one (Rana ridibunda) is common and not protected, another is widely distributed and abundant (Hyla arborea). Only the pond in the SE of the investigation are and the adjacent marshland has significant FINAL REPORT
28
importance as it is habitat for the endangered newt species Triturus carnifex and Triturus vulgaris. The most important reptile habitats in the study area are the dunes (lizards) and the still waterbodies (European pond terrapin Emys orbicularis). These habitats should be preserved. Furthermore, nearly all dry and open territories are potential habitats for the mentioned reptiles (cf. Map 3). Altogether the investigation area has a high value for reptiles. Endemic species found are the snake species Vipera ammodytes (Balkan), the lizard Podarcis melisellensis (Yugoslavia) and glass.lizars species Pseudopodus apodus (Balkan). Similar to all lizards mentioned above, these species are very abundant in the investigation area. 4.6.2.2 Mammals (exclusive of Bats) According to data of the public organization Sumsko Gazdinstvo who manages the hunting grounds in Ulcinj (RZZP Gazette 01-505/3) following wildlife mammals can be found in the whole area of Velika Plaža: rabbit Lepus europeus, jackal Canis aureus, fox Vulpes vulpes, weasels Martes martes, Hedgehog Erinaceus europeus, Otter Lutra lutra and Wild hog Sus scrofa. The investigation area has no special importance for mammals. 4.6.2.3 Bats (Chiroptera) Bats represent the group of animals whose abundance in whole Europe is decreasing. They are scarcely investigated in Montenegro, so for ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA ERM LAHMEYER INT'L, DECEMBER 2002
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certain species there is no data available. In Montenegro 15 species are registered so far. Taking into account the specific style of living, the habitat spectra of Chiroptera is categorised: according to openness of microhabitats, according to close contact with the hiding places and according to microhabitats. The research and registration of bat species requires an investigation of five nights minimum. The Ulcinj area has not been investigated in that way, yet. Presently there is only data available concerning bat species investigated in caves. Besides that it is expected to find some other species that prefer open type habitats such as Plecotus auritus and Myotis emarginatus. However such data on habitat and species is not available. In the area of Ulcinj, several important speleologic objects can be found, among which some are recognised as suitable for large colonies of bats. The most important and best investigated caves are the two sea caves Sumporna18 and Josova19, where bat fauna was researched during the 1960s. Detailed data from that period allows the comparison with the current situation. Six species of bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rhinolophus euryale, Myotis
18 “sulphur cave”; located close to hotel "Albatros" at air distance of 1 km from old town and approx. 5 km from the investigation area. 19 Located under hotel “Galeb”, about 0.5 km air distance from old town and approx. 5.5 km from the investigation area.
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blythii, Myotis myotis, Myotis capaccinii, Miniopterus schreibersii) permanently live in the caves Sumporna and Josova. The species Pipistrellus kuhlii lives in the area of Velika Plaža near Donji Stoi (Miric & Paunovic 1994): Table 4-4
Bats in the Velika Plaža Area
Species
local/english name
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Greater horseshoe Bat /veliki potkovicar Mediterrenean Horseshoe Bat /juzni potkovicar Lesser Mouse-eared Bat / ostrouhi ljiljak Greater Mouse-eared Bat / veliki ljiljak Long-fingered Bat / dugonogi ljiljak dugokrili ljiljak/ Common Bentwing Bat Kuhl´s pipistrelle/ Bjelorubi ljiljak
Rhinolophus euryale Myotis blythii Myotis myotis Myotis capaccinii Miniopterus schreibersii Pipistrellus kuhlii
ende IUCN mic
BRN
EU Dir.
Serbian
Mn
-
LR
II
II
P
P
-
LR
II
II
P
P
-
LR
II
II
P
P
-
LR
II
II
P
P
-
LR
II
II
P
P
-
LR
II
II
P
P
-
LR
-
-
-
P
endemic endemic status: B e - Balkan endemic specimen; YU e - Yugoslav endemic specimen; YU se - Yugoslav sub endemic specimen) IUCN Categories according to International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources for nature protection: EN – endangered, VU – vulnerable, LR - low vulnerability rate, LRnt almost vulnerable, R – rare, DD - insufficient data BRN
categories according the Bern Convention for protection of European living nature and habitats (II - strictly protected fauna species, III - protected fauna species) FINAL REPORT
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EU Dir. directives and legal regulations for protection of amphibians and reptiles in countries of European Union (Herpetofauna Annexes to the proposed EC Habitats Directive I.II.88) (II - Annex II, IV - Annex IV) Serbian Protected status in Serbian: P = completely protected Mn
Decision on the Protection of Rare, Endemic and Threatened Plant and Animal Species (1982) proclaims protection of all bat species living on territory of Montenegro (P=protected) (Eurobats 2002)
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Ecology and habitat requirements of the recorded species are briefly described in the following: Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774) This is a widely distributed and common species in Yugoslavia. It can be recorded mostly in natural underground shelters, and much less in artificial shelters – buildings and old mines, respectively. Breeding colonies can be observed in small caves, between rocks or entrances of a larger cave, rarely in buildings. In the winter period it can be found in underground roosts: very often single individuals or groups of 10-15 individuals, but also hibernating colonies of 200500 individuals. Seasonal migrations between the winter and summer roosts were registered (Eurobats 2002). Feeding habitats are deciduous woodlands, scrubs and permanent pastures (Bats UK 2002). The population in Yugoslavia is currently stable (Eurobats 2002).
Rhinolophus euryale (Blasius, 1853) It is a common cave dweller of hilly-mountain karst areas. It constitutes mixed summer and nursery colonies of 100-400 individuals with other cave-dwelling species. It hibernates in caves. Seasonal migrations between the winter and summer roosts were registered. The population in Yugoslavia is currently stable (Eurobats 2002).
Myotis blythii (Tomes, 1857) Mostly inhabits natural underground shelters (caves). The population in Yugoslavia is currently stable (Eurobats 2002).
Myotis myotis (Borkhausen, 1797) It is one of the most abundant and widespread cave-dwelling bat species in Yugoslavia, recorded at about 55 localities. Summer roosts and hibernacula are known to include natural P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
caves, artificial galleries, churches and buildings, respectively. Seasonal migrations between the winter and summer roosts were registered. The population in Yugoslavia is currently stable/decreasing (Eurobats 2002).
and in Montenegro, are disturbance or destruction of habitats, poison (insecticides etc.) and decrease in food supply.
Myotis capaccinii (Bonaparte, 1837)
In the legal framework of Montenegro, all bats are on the Red List of endangered species and law in Montenegro protects all. Due to the fact that old tree populations (potential roosts) and deciduous woodlands, scrubs and permanent pastures (feeding habitats) occur in the investigation area, the area has a potential for bats. In the vicinity of the investigation area different protected bat populations can be found. For this reason, the structures which are important for bats (old trees with roosts, open habitats) should be protected.
It is common cave-dwelling species in Yugoslavia. It inhabits the low karst areas all over the country. Forms colonies in the caves very often together with M. schreibersii. Generally hibernates in big caves whose floor is covered with water. The population in Yugoslavia is currently stable/decreasing (Eurobats 2002).
Miniopterus schreibersii (Kuhl, 1817) This is one of the common and relatively widespread cave-dwelling bat species in Yugoslavia, which forms large colonies. It often shares the same roost with M. myotis, M .blythii, M. capaccinii. Seasonal migrations between the winter and summer roosts (caves, mines and old fortifications) were registered. The population in Yugoslavia is currently stable (Eurobats 2002).
Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817) There are many recent records in the cities and other human settlements of this almost exclusively anthropophilous species in Yugoslavia. About 20 sites are known. All stages of life cycle were observed in large cities of Yugoslavia. In last several years, special attention was paid to research on recorded displacement by this species of previously widely distributed bat Pipistrellus pipistrellus. The population in Yugoslavia is currently increasing (Eurobats 2002).
Present Degree of Disturbance and Impairment of Bat Habitats at Montenegro The key factors of the drastic fall in abundance of these populations in Europe, FINAL REPORT
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Evaluation
4.6.2.4 Insects For the purpose of this report, one day field examination was conducted in the investigation area. Furthermore the investigation was supported by literature research. The investigation area can be divided in three vegetation zones parallel to the coast line, each with accompanying enthemofauna (insects): the zone of sand vegetation, the zone of permanent or temporary flooded meso-hydrophytic vegetation and the zone of hydro-mesothermophytic woods. The zones of hydrophytic vegetation and woods and the accompanying living organisms are more sensitive to human influence, while the sandy vegetation belt and its enthomofauna is less sensitive. In the zone of hydrophytic vegetation of Ulcinj area (including Velika ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY PHASE 2, EIA ERM LAHMEYER INT'L, DECEMBER 2002
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Plaža, Sasko Jezero, the banks of Bojana River and Port Milena channel) the most important and most sensitive species of enthomofauna are registered. There are no papers dealing particularly with the Orthoptera20 fauna of the Ulcinj District. The newest research (field research from Dr. A. Cetkovic, D. Pavicevic and J. Nikcevic) in the Ulcinj area at the characteristic habitats shows the existence of the following species of Orthoptera. The bold type shows the species, which are from international importance (Radovic et. al, 1995); the bold and underline type shows the species which were detected at the investigation area during the field examination.
20
crickets, katydids, grasshoppers etc.
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Table 4-5
Most Important Insects in the Ulcinj Area
Species Acrida ungarica mediterranea Acrometopa serville macropoda Acrotylus insubricus Acrotylus longipes
Acrotylus patruelis Aiolopus thalassinus Anacridium aegyptum Bacillus rossi Barbitistes ocskayi Barbitistes yersini Calliptamus italicus Chorthippus sp.? Conocephalus conocephalus Decticus albifrons Dociostaurus genei Empusa fasciata Eupholidoptera chabrieri Homorocoryphus nitidulus Locusta migratoria Mantis religiosa Oecantus pellucens
Oedipoda coerulescens Oedipoda germanica Paracinema tricolor bisignata Pezotettix giornai Phaneroptera nana Pholidoptera P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
Habitat 1
Habitat 2
+
Habitat 3
Habitat 4
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ -
+ +
- + - +
+ + + +
-
+
+ +
- + + +
-
V
-
+ + + +
+ +
Be Be -
+
+
-
+ + + +
+
+
IUCN
-
+
+ + +
END
+ +
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Species femorata Platicleis albopunctata grisea Platycleis escalerai Poecilimon jonicus Rhacocleis germanica
Habitat 1
Habitat 2
Habitat 3
+
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+ +
END
IUCN
+
-
+ + + +
-
+
-
+
Yu se
R
Yu e
V
-
K
-
K
Yu e
R
Yu se Yu e
R R
Yu e
R
Yu e
R
Yu e
R
Yu se
R
Yu se Yu se
R R
Be
R
Yu e
R
+
Saga pedo Sepiana sepium Tettigonia viridisima Yersinella raymondi Poecilimon komareki Pholidoptera maritima Libelloides macaronius Distoleon tetragrammicus Leistus sutomorensis Molops pareyssi Langelandia callosipennis Langelandia gionovici Langelandia reflexipennis Acallocrates fasciatus Coniocleonus pseudoobliquus Foucartia depilis Otiorhynchus rhacusensis Otiorhynchus rugicollis Otiorhynchus sturanyi
Habitat 4
VU
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Species
Habitat 1
Habitat 2
Otiorhynchus subsulcatus Polydrosus hoppei Ubychia ganglbaueri Ubychia salpigoides Scarodytes savinensis Luciola novaki Onthopagus furcatus Osmoderma eremita Lycaeides argyrognomon Papilio alexanor Zerynthia polyxena Saturnia pyri
Habitat 3
Habitat 4
END
IUCN
Yu se
R
Yu se Yu se
R R
Yu se
R
Yu e
R
Yu e -
V V
-
E
-
R
-
R V E
Habitat 1 - coastal sands, zone of sandy vegetation Habitat 2– still waters, swamp habitats: ditchs through ulcinj field and smaller swamp areas in the examined areas with swamp border vegetation around the ponds including the species Phragmition australis. Habitat 3 – alluvial woods, woods of wilows and poplars with formations of bushes from Salicion albae and Populion albae, as well as the woods along flooding area in the swamps and wetlands consisting of field ash and orient hornbeam from Alno-Quercetum roboris, represented by a belt of trees along the Velika Plaža zone starting from the tourist settlement. Habitat 4- ruderal, disturbed terrains by human interventions that are along the road and at the sides are represented by weed vegetation and ruderal bushes. In these habitats the contradictory phenomenon is seen - the higher abundance and diversity of insects in these areas, but the number of rare and characteristic species is low, these are mostly “ordinary “ species of insects END
endemic status: B e - Balkan endemic specimen; YU e - Yugoslav endemic specimen; YU se Yugoslav subendemic specimen)
IUCN Categories according to International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources for nature protection: EN – endangered, VU – vulnerable, LR - low vulnerability rate, LRnt - almost vulnerable, R – rare, DD - insufficient data
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Present Degree of Disturbance and Impairment of Insect Habitats at Montenegro Considering that the most tourist activities were concentrated at the northwest part of the beach, the largest negative influence was exerted on this area. The area between the road and the thermo-hydrophyte woods is intensively used by agriculture. In this area a higher abundance and diversity of insects can be mentioned, but the number of rare and characteristic species is low. Evaluation The most important areas for insects are the coastal sands and the zone of sandy vegetation (Psammo-Halophyte vegetation), still waters and swamp habitats. Also ditches and smaller swamp areas in the area with swamp border vegetation around the ponds including the species Phragmition australis and woods of willows and poplars with formations of bushes from Salicion albae and Populion albae are important. The area between the road and the thermohydrophytic woods is intensively used by agriculture and therefore is not important for further protection. 4.6.3 Avifauna For the purpose of this report, information gathered for the Phase 1 study was used and substantiated by additional field observation of avifauna.
4.6.3.1 Velika Plaža (whole Area) The beginning of the Velika Plaža at the mouth of Port Milena and the eastern end of the beach at the mouth of Bojana River represent areas of highest ornithological importance. Also Rt21 Đerane, across Port Milena is an important ornithological site because it is the only habitat in Montenegro where Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) can be observed whose habitat is at the cliff several hundreds of meters from the coast in the sea. At Port Milena a gull habitat can be found with Caspian Gull (Larus cachinnans), Black Headed Gull (Larus ridibundus) and Common Gull (Larus canus). On the sandy part of the beach several other species are noticed often such as Little Gull (Larus minutus). In Port Milena, on the wooden poles in the canal, resting and hunting of Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) can be observed. The flocks of Dunlin (Calidris alpina) are found in the sandy part of the beach near Port Milena. The open sandy beach is breeding habitat of the Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) and feeding ground of Stone Curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) and Collared Pratincole (Glareola pratincola). The shoreline is an important resting and feeding location for migratory birds. (Schneider-Jakoby 2002b).
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Cape, Headland
Along whole Velika Plaža migrating ducks and diver can be observed such as Garganey (Anas querquedula), Wigeon (Anas penelope), Pintail (Anas acuta), Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Common Scoter (Melanitta nigra), Smew (Mergus albellus), Great Northern Diver (Gavia immer) and Red Throated Diver (Gavia stellata). Most of these species which are presently migrating use the coastal part of Velika Plaža for overnight rests. The dune-slack behind the primary dune of Velika Plaža is an important breeding and feeding area (Schneider-Jakoby 2002b). Woodlands and Natural Forests with Ash, Oriental Hornbeam, Common Alder, White Poplar, Willow The natural forest represents an ideal breeding habitat for birds. Noteworthy is the intact breeding group of Rollers (Coracias garrulus). Further indicator species are Golden Oriole (Oriolus oriolus), Syrian Woodpecker (Dendrocopus syriacus), Scops Owl (Otus scops), Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus) and Levant Sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes) (Schneider –Jacoby 2002a). Wetland Area behind Velika Plaža The temporary wetland area in the brown dune area is an important feeding habitat for many endangered birds species during breeding period such as Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Squacco Heron (Ardeola ralloides) and Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus). Also
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(Coracias garrulous) (Schneider-Jacoby 2002b). Here, also a Nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus) was observed (Schneider-Jacoby 2002a). Grassland and Agricultural Area (in the Range of Velika Plaža)
endangered migratory birds, e. g. Slenderbilled Curlew (Numenius tenuirostris), Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus), wading birds and raptors (Marsh Harrier, Circus aeruginosus) can be found. Pastures and Meadows
The open grassland and agricultural areas on the elevated terrain at both sites of the road Ulcinj – Ada (Rd. 17) are important habitats for Rollers (Coracias garueus) which have almost disappeared in the area of former Yugoslavia, and Bee–eaters (Merops apiaster). Further a number of bird species such as Hoopoe (Upupa epops), Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus), Levant Sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes), Syrian Woodpecker (Dendrocopos syriacus), Nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus), Scops Owl (Otus scops), and Crested Lark (Galerida cristata were observed in Spring/early Summer 2002 (Schneider-Jacoby 2002b).
The Pastures and Meadows are important breeding habitats of Stone Curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus), Collared Pratincole (Glareola pratincola) and Short-toed Lark (Calandrella brachydactyla). Species with potential appearance in this area, particularly the area affected by saltwater (Agropyretum und marshland vegetation) are Billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica) and Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus). They were observed until 1998. The dry Pastures and Meadows are an important area of the breeding habitat of Bee–eaters (Merops apiaster) and Rollers Table 4-6
Most Important Birds in the Western Part of Velika Plaža
Latin name
English name
Calidris alpina Calidris minuta Circus aeruginosus Emberiza cirlus
Dunlin Little Stint Marsh Harrier Cirl Bunting Yelow legged Gull
Larus cachinnans Larus ridibundus Coracias garrulous Merops apiaster
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Black-hedded Gull Roller Bee-eaters
-
II II II II
Status BirdLife Int. S -
Wild Birds Dir EU An 1 -
-
-
S
-
III II II
S -
Red list IUCN
Status Bern
-
Status Bonn
Status MN
-
P P P P
-
-
P
An 1 -
-
P -
4.6.3.2 Investigation Area In the western part of the Velika Plaža beach, the following bird species have been observed. Red list IUCN - Categories according to International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources for nature protection: EX - extinct, EW extinct in the wild, CR - critically endangered, EN – endangered, VU – vulnerable, LR - low vulnerability rate, R – rare, DD - insufficient data Status Bern - categories according the Bern Convention for protection of European living nature and habitats: II - strictly protected fauna species, III - protected fauna species Status BirdLife Int.: E - endangered, V vulnerable, R - rare, D - declining, L localised, S - secure Wild Birds Dir. EU- categories according to the Wild Bird Directive 79/409/EC: An 1 species mentioned in Annex I, An 2/1 species mentioned in Annex II, An 3/1 species mentioned in Annex III/I, An 3/2 - species mentioned in Annex III/II Status Bonn - Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention): Ap 1 species mentioned in Appendix 1, Ap 2 species mentioned in Appendix II Status MN - Legal regulative of Montenegro (Act on Protection of Rare, Endangered and Threatened Animal and Plant Species (Sluzbeni list RCG, 36/82)
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Within the investigation area, there were no feeding, resting and nesting areas of endangered or protected birds observed during the additional field survey in September 2002. Only four nests of Coracias garrulus could be observed, but outside of this area (500 m from existing tourist resort). During a field excursion (August 2002) Circus aeruginosus (Marsh Harrier) was found next to the pond at the marshland. 4.6.3.3 Present Degree of Disturbance and Impairment of Bird Habitats at Velika Plaža Several studies (e.g. Pusovic, 1994, Saveljić in press, Schneider-Jacoby 2002a, b) indicate that tourism since the 1980s is an increasing disturbance factor for bird life on Velika Plaža and Ada Bojana. Within the study area, on Velika Plaža and Ada Bojana beach habitat species like Collared Pratincole (Glareola pratincola) are disturbed when breeding on the beach. The population of the Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) is declining; this species breeding habitat is the sandy environment of the beach. Important resting and feeding sites e.g. for Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus) such as the smaller Bojana mouth are recently impaired by new constructions. This disturbance affects the habitats of among others, e.g. Little Tern (Sterna albifrons ), Little Gull (Larus minutus), Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucus)
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and Egretta garzetta (Little Egret) (SchneiderJakoby 2002b). 4.6.3.4 Evaluation General Importance of the Ulcinj Area Ulcinj is one of the most prominent areas for birdlife in the adriatic coast of the Balkan region. More than 200 bird species are known in the area. Only a few areas in former Yugoslavia can compare with the concentration of rare bird species which only breed in this particular area or which concentrate important populations there. The coastal setting of Ulcinj is ideal for birdlife due to its landscapes which emerged from natural factors and human activities. The Ulcinj salt-pans (Ulcinjska Solana) together with its surrounding marshy habitats and the vicinity to the sea, are classified as ornithologically the most important area in Montenegro (PuzovićĆ & Grubač 2000). Sasko Lake and the Ulcinj Saltpan as well as numerous small wetlands are designated as Important Bird Areas (IBA). Just across Bojana River in Albania Velipoja is a designated IBA. The daily migration of avifauna between these habitats (e.g. mouth of Bojana and the Solana) is very common, so that almost every flock moves from one habitat to another daily. Ulcinj habitats are of great importance during autumn and spring migrations of birds as well as for winter stay and nesting. In addition, during nesting season the coast
of Ulcinj is passed by a number of rare bird species such as Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia), Sandwich Tern (Sterna sandvicensis) and Billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica). It is very likely that these passing by birds nest in the neighbouring sandy coast areas of Albania (Puzović 1994). Investigation Area In comparison with the surrounding area (area close to Rt Djerane and Port Milena, Solana and eastern part, close to river Bojana and Ada island), the project area has only a low value for birds, except the dune-slack behind the primary dune of Velika Plaža with the temporary wetlands. This area is part of an important breeding and feeding area (Schneider-Jakoby 2002b) and should be protected. Under inclusion of the information about the totally Velika Plaža area, it could be assumed that the area has a high potential for birds, even though the area is under a present degree of disturbance. 4.6.4 Important Ecological Sites This chapter summarises existing information on important ecological sites located in the vicinity of the investigation area. These areas are described because of the potential functional habitat relations between these areas and the investigation area. According to Heath M.F. & Evans (2000) there are three identified Important Bird Areas IBA located in the Ulcinj region. These
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are the Ulcinj Saltpans (1,350 ha), which are in close vicinity to the investigation area, the Lake Sasko (350 ha) and Skadarsko Lake (also named Skadar or Scutari) with a total area of 40,000 ha, which is a very important site for breeding, wintering and passage waterbirds. Both are located further south of the investigation area. Internationally important (after the Ramsar Convention) are the estuary area and the lagoon of the Bojana River in Montenegro. Important national wetland ecosystems between Lake Skadar and the Adriatic Sea are the Bojana River and Ada Island. Due to the increasing environmental impact the ecological value has decreased during the last decade (Schneider-Jacoby 2002). It is notable, that the estuary and the Ada Island are declared as important sites on the Albanian side, whereas the Montenegrin side has not declared the areas to Important Bird Areas. The identified Important Bird Area Velipoja in Albania has suffered from negative trends during the last years and the bird colony in the coastal area has transferred to the Ada Island in Montenegro. Currently, it is uncertain on which side of the border the colonies have shifted. For Montenegro the Ulcinj Saltpans form an important breeding site especially for rare birds and over 10 000 roosting birds. The Lake Sasko area has generated colonisation for Spoonbills, herons and Pygmy Cormorants since 1989. Along the border P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
area of the Bojana River 2000 pairs of Pygmy Cormorants have been referenced prior to 1990. Ramsar sites in Montenegro are the Lake Sasko, the Ulcinj Saltpans and in addition the national park Lake Skadar, which is an important bird protection site as well. The wetland of international importance in Albania, which satisfies the criteria of the Ramsar Convention, is the Velipolja Lagoon. However, neither the Velipolja Lagoon nor the Albanian side of Lake Skadar have been notified so far. 4.7
HUMAN ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS
4.7.1 Cultural Heritage In the area of Velika Plaža there are no registered cultural monuments. The closest monument is the Old Town of Ulcinj. Near Rt Djerane several sites on the sea bottom are known where amphorae of the first century BC can be found. In the vicinity of Velika Plaža the shipwreck of the Austrian steamboat "Goritia” of the first World War was discovered. These underwater locations can be very attractive for sports or tourist scuba divers. Additional information on cultural heritage in that area are described in Phase 1 (ERM LAHMEYER 2002). 4.7.2 Settlements For the study on hand no actual maps or data on the settlement structure were
available. Consequently, field investigations were carried out to map land use structure and buildings in the investigation area based on the 1:5,000 topographic base maps from the 1980ies. The study area is situated approx. 5 km east of Ulcinj town, south of the settlement Donji Stoj, between the regional road R17 and the sea. The buildings can be divided into private residential houses, holiday resort facilities, beach facilities and deserted barracks and trailers. The location of the buildings is given in Map 1, photos of almost all buildings are depicted in Annex B. Most of the residential houses in the study area are scattered in the northern meadows strip close to the regional road (cf. Photo 12 & 15). Barracks and deserted trailers are found on the southern strip of meadows. In the deciduous forest in the west, two camp resorts are located. The western camp is called “Bratstvo Jedinstvo” and consists of several small bungalows (cf. Photo 6, building 6a) and a three story apartment house which is located at the border on the southern meadows (cf. Photo 7, building 6b) which is also called “Odmaraliste”. East of this holiday resort a former scout camp of wooden barracks on wooden stilts is situated. The barracks lie scattered between old trees and are presently inhabited by refugees (cf. Photos 10 & 11). The camp is sometimes named after its owners “Ulcinj Riviera” resort.
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In the pine forest close to the beach, no residential houses are found. However, three beach facilities exist in this area: Bukaria Ulcinit in the west of the Study area (Photo 1), Safari Beach in the middle (Photo 3) and Tropicana Beach in the east (Photo 4). All beach facilities have regulated carparking. 4.7.3 Road Traffic For the present study no traffic data was available. The information presented here relies on interviews with the municipality of Ulcinj and own evalutations. During the last ten years a great increase in motor vehicles was registered in the municipality of Ulcinj as well as in entire Montenegro. This is caused by the liberalization of the import of used cars which allowed people to obtain vehicles for relatively low cost. In 1998, 5,425 cars were registered which averages to 210 cars per 1,000 inhabitants. According to the municipal advisor for traffic in Ulcinj presently 8,000 cars are registered in Ulcinj. Tourist cars are not included. The basic traffic network is consisting of a main road which passes near the town of Ulcinj and branches off several regional directions such as Velika Plaža and Ada Bojana as well as Vladimir and Ostros close to Skadar Lake. The regional road that passes the bridge over Port Milena channel and goes through Lower (Donji) and Upper (Gornji) Stoj, is basically classified as a town street. Usually a traffic jam forms at the P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
bridge over Port Milena near hotel “Otrant” during tourist season due to the narrow street profile and a lot of parked cars in front of cafes and shops. Right after 250 m at the crossroad near hotel "Lido", the situation improves because the road becomes wide enough to allow normal traffic. The construction of a new bridge to connect the new bypass, so-called “Magistrale”, with the city is planned. The earthworks to prepare the terrain have already been carried out. Currently the clarification of land tenure is in process. The Bypass was made by upgrading an existing road to two lanes. Parts of the road have already been constructed, however the bridge as the most expensive part of the investment has not been built, yet as a Municipal equipment yard and a filling station are in the way of the envisaged alignment to a new bridge across the Port Milena channel. The increased number of motor vehicles in general also causes a noticeably increased number of vehicles during tourist season. There is a great imbalance between tourist season with an estimated total of 30,000 cars and out of season time with only the cars of the local people. Most of the guests arrive by cars that they park in the vicinity of the hotel complexes. Additionaly there is a great number of daily guests in the area of Velika Plaža who park their vehicles at improvisational parking lots. The visitors of the coastal zone usually rent parking spaces. The Agency who is leasing beachmanagement concessions
("Morsko dobro") does not have information about the number of parked vehicles in those areas. The public transportation within the county and to near city traffic is organised, so that passengers are transported to Bar by minibuses and vans, where they can take busses and trains to other destinations. There is one public transport enterprise owning about 20 busses, three private operators owning about 5 busses each and approximately 170 private taxi operators with 100 cars and 70 combis. The Spatial Plan of Ulcinj municipality from the year 2,000 suggests regulative measures for traffic, rather than construction of new roads. Mostly these measures suggest the enhancement of the public transportation system by busses, minibusses, vans etc. and the development of local sea transport along the coast. For fuel supply, two filling stations are available, one at the entrance into the city (along the road M 2.4) and one at the road towards Velika Plaža. 4.7.4 Infrastructure 4.7.4.1 Water Supply The municipal water utility system of Ulcinj supplies the urban area of Ulcinj and the surrounding settlements. 82% of the households receive their water from the municipal water supply system which is fed by 7 springs. The springs differ very much in water quality and extraction rates. This
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results in a complicated operation of the supply system. The water of one spring requires purification, the other springs show bacterial pollution. According to the regional water supply company the existing water abstraction rates are adequate to satisfy the current needs, even during summer season. However, it will not be sufficient for further urban or tourism development. A new reservoir is planned in order to serve the increasing needs during high season. The water pressure in the pipeline system is varying especially in the lower zone of the water supply area i.e. in Velika Plaža, Donji and Gornji Stoj. The water losses of the pipeline system are extremely high and area estimated up to 60%. The water supply system in Ulcinj municipality needs comprehensive modernization. A reduction of the water losses from the pipeline system as well as an adequate sanitary protection of the springs is necessary. 4.7.4.2 Wastewater Discharge The municipality of Ulcinj has mixed wastewater sewerage. Due to the poor existing infrastructure and incomplete sewage system wastewaters are discharged often directly into the coastal water near attractive beaches. The existing sewage system collects the wastewater from the city area. Up to date the main gravitational collector drain P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
reaches up to the pumping station of Pristan close to Mala Plaža22. The primary treatment facility was built at this location but is currently not in function because the underwater outlet (radius 350 mm, length 1,500 m) has not been built, yet. The other part of the main collector transports the wastewater to the pumping station near the mouth of Port Milena channel. This sewerage system is damaged and waste water is leaking into the channel. The tourist complexes at Velika Plaža and Ada Bojana as well as all the settlements in the hinterland are not connected to the wastewater sewerage. The wastewater of that area is disposed in septic tanks with overflow, which goes directly into drainage fields, Bratica River, Port Milena or other rivers and channels. Six wastewater systems and five underwater outlets are planned in Ulcinj municipality. In the region of Velika Plaža it is planned to build three separate wastewater sewerage systems, which are briefly described in the following.
pumping station and the sewerage system of 5.5 km are already constructed. The wastewater collector for the Kodre settlement is not constructed yet as well as the wastewater collector for the part Đerane and the tourist complex “Safari Camp” at Velika Plaža. Wastewater System Velika Plaža- East The length of Velika Plaža and the distance of the tourist complexes from the wastewater system Novi Ulcinj Velika Plaža make it necessary to plan a new, separate system for this area. No part of this system is constructed yet. Wastewater System Ada A wastewater treatment using natural processes is planned for the area of Ada Island. The location of the wastewater system should be defined so that the discharge of the settlements goes directly into the wastewater treatment and not into the aerobic Laguna in the wetland of Ada.
Wastewater Sewerage System Novi Ulcinj – Velika Plaža This sewage system with underwater outlet is planned for future demands. It will collect the wastewater of Novi Ulcinj (from the top of Pazar to Kodra, towards the sea up to Port Milena) as well as the western part of Velika Plaža. The underwater outlet, the
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Table 4-7
Planned Wastewater Sewerage System Novi Ulcinj – Velika Plaža and Velika Plaža - East Wastewater sewerage system Novi Ulcinj – Velika Plaža
total service area
Wastewater sewerage system Velika Plaža- East
9.96 km²
25.17 km²
total number of users
18,200
10,700
planned number of inhabitants
4,500
1,600
planned number of tourists
13,700
9,100
maximal amount of wastewater per day
4,770 m³
3,230 m³
4.7.4.3 Solid Waste Treatment The solid waste management on the Montenegrin coast is done by the municipal solid waste companies, which are responsible for the collection and deposition of solid waste. In all six coastal municipalities the solid waste is treated by deposition on waste dumps. In each municipality a site for waste deposition was made available to these companies without consideration of environmental pollution or human health hazards. No air and water quality monitoring is conducted at these sites. Most of the dump sites continuously produce methane gas by anaerobic decomposition and other toxic gases (e.g. by open air burning). At none of the waste dump gas formation or leaching is managed. P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
There is no separation of waste according to hazardous level. Industrial and medical waste is deposited on the same dump like other solid waste. The municipality of Ulcinj is using open waste dumps with open burning. The ground is not covered except in the zones where trucks are driving. The discharge of solid waste from the trucks is visible from the road Bar - Ulcinj. The waste dump is located in the vicinity of agricultural land, settlements and Bratica River. The estimated yearly amount of waste in Ulcinj municipality is about 10,000 t/year. Due to the number of tourists in peak season, the average daily amount of solid waste can increase up to 9 times during summer and can amount up to 32 t/day.
A great problem represents the wild dump sites often placed close to main roads or accessing roads e.g. near Bojana River at the location “Spatula”. By the composition of waste it can be concluded that it is deposited by nearby restaurants. Also in the Module 2 investigation area at numerous places waste and litter are found, sometimes 4.7.4.4 Power Supply The area of Ulcinj municipality is supplied by the 110 kV power line Bar - Ulcinj via the 110/35 kV transformer station at Kodre. This station is the only source of power supply in Ulcinj for high voltage. It was designed for a maximum capacity of 3 x 31.5 MVA; the present transformer installed has a capacity of 20 MVA. Four 35 KV power lines distribute electricity from the transformer station. The area within the General Urban Plan Ulcinj (which includes Velika Plaža and Ada Bojana) is supplied from four 35/10 kV transformation stations. The area of Velika Plaža is supplied by via the transformation station "Velika Plaža 1" with the capacity of 2 x 4 MVA, an additional station of the same capacity is planned. The present power supply satisfies the demand . Due to the possibility of upgrading the existing TS-a 35/10kV, it can be concluded that these stations are covering future electric power needs in the area of Ulcinj.
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5
IMPACT ASSESSMENT, MITIGATION AND COMPENSATION MEASURES
5.1
GENERAL
The general concept of development of Velika Plaža and details of the layout of Module 2 aim at avoiding adverse environmental impacts by considering the sensitivities of the existing landscape, natural conditions and ecological values and functions. An optimisation of the siting of the main components and buildings was carried out by AS&P based on the environmental baseline and flora habitat maps in order to avoid unnecessary losses of valuable vegetation. This refers in particular to the location of the buildings in the vicinity of the deciduous woodland in order to preserve the most old trees as possible. Consequently, built-up areas are mainly planned on pastures and meadows of low ecological relevance. The planned greenspaces between the development modules are designed to preserve the natural vegetation of the wetlands, dry pastures and woodland in order to protect the present habitat functions for animals and plants. Parts of pastures and meadows with structural elements such as hedges and fences are preserved in the green corridors between the modules. The ecological relevant deciduous forest with Skadar Oak is preserved to a great extent between the built-up areas as well as in the green corridors between the modules. The P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
greatest part of the forest will be unchanged, only a pedestrian path system will be developed.
The impact assessment and the mitigation and compensation measures are divided into
The Regional Road will be developed with green verges and trees to create parking space or lane for turning on parking places. Within the Module 2 area a connection between regional road and beach facilities shall be established via public shuttle service with small vehicles or horse coaches since distances are too long to walk.
•
impact assessment and corresponding measures in the context of the general layout of the development of the facility;
•
impact assessment and measures during construction; and
•
impact assessment and measures during operation of the facility.
The sand dune zone with halophyte vegetation is completely kept free from buildings because of its high ecological relevance. It is protected against trampling by visitor guidance through wooden boardwalks. The Psammo-Halophypte vegetation should be marked by wooden piles with wire as area with restricted access. Awareness of beach visitors should be created through information boards.
While the development of the holiday facility and its operation will cause permanent impacts, construction phase is limited and will cause mainly temporary impacts.
Beach facilities like e.g. Volleyball courts will be located outside the dunes with the Psammo-Halophyte vegetation.
A main issue of the planned holiday resort is the landtake for the development. In Map 3 the planned built-up structure according to the Urban Design Plan by AS&P as well as the ecological sensitive areas are depicted.
In the following potential environmental impacts of the planned holiday resort development on the environment as well as general corresponding mitigation and compensation measures are described. A detailed description of how mitigation and compensation measures can be translated into action, is given in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in Chapter 6.
5.2
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FACILITY
5.2.1 Landtake and Sealing of Surface Impact Assessment
According to the general concept as described in Chapter 2.2 in the northern part of the planned holiday resort smaller building used as apartment houses, small hotels and service personnel’s residence will be developed. Larger buildings, such as bigger hotels and space taking sport facilities are placed into the existing open grasslands. Closer to the beach, plots which
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are suitable for club/resort hotels will be developed. In Map 4 the preservation, the loss and the planting of new deciduous and coniferous forest are depicted. More than the half (12.3 ha) of the existing deciduous forest with Skadar Oak will be preserved. About one quarter of the existing forest (4.8 ha) will be lost through construction of buildings or surfaced paths. The coniferous forest in the south will be preserved almost completely (9.5 ha) and only 2.0 ha will be lost.
Following areas are affected by the landtake of the Project development, however, this does not result in a relevant ecological impact: •
pastures and meadows close to the regional road in the north as well as pastures and meadows south of the presently used refugee camp will be built on almost completely; however, since this type of biotope is only of low ecological relevance the impact is negligible;
•
hedges close to the regional road will be cleared; according to their function as habitat for species (no protected and endangered species are mentioned) they have only a low ecological value;
The drainage ditch west of the “Building under old trees” (refugee camp) will get lost completely. In particular following significant impacts for Flora and Fauna are to be expected: •
•
complete loss of parts of natural deciduous forest with old trees north of the presently used refugee camp; partly loss of the open natural forests which will be affected by the construction of holiday apartments and small hotels near the main access road and the building of sport facilities, roads and paths;
•
loss of the drainage ditch west of refugee camp which inherits loss of the habitat of Emys orbicularis (European pond terrapin); and
•
loss of Skadar Oaks due to cutting.
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•
arable land as well as plantation will be lost which are of low ecological value;
•
the seminatural pine forest will be used partly by Module 2 development; the rest will be preserved as green space of the development;
•
some bushes and a part of the grassland will be lost completely. Because of the low ecological value and the good restoration possibility the impact will be low;
•
the landtake will impact insects due to habitat loss and fragmentation. However, in the surrounding area convenient habitats for insects are available. The most important habitats the dunes and surface waters- will not
be affected, except the ditch and the marshland; •
the area usage will impact amphibians and reptiles, because of habitat (feeding areas, sunbathing places, reproduction areas, migration routes) loss and fragmentation. In the surrounding area convenient habitats for reptiles are available. Furthermore reptiles, which are living often near human settlements, will find new habitats and the most important habitats - the dunes and surface waters- will not be affected, except the ditch and the marshland;
•
natural soils will be removed or sealed. For this impact no mitigation is feasible since they are of low bonity classes or they are not protected by the Agricultural law, the impact is negligible;
Besides the habitat areas influenced by the development of Module 2 also several residential houses as well as a former scout camp presently inhabited by refugees are affected. The residential houses are located close to the regional road R17, where the northern built-up area is planned. It should be ensured that the local residents are included into further planing procedures in order to preserve their properties by integration into the planned built-up area or agreement on compensations. Concerning the refugees no information by the municipality regarding future development of the refugee camp were
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available. According to a local newspaper it is planned to close the refugee camp until the end of 2002. In case refugees are still living in the camp in later planning stages of the Project an adequate solution has to be developed. Mitigation and Compensation Measures Following measures should be adopted in order to mitigate or compensate the impacts caused by the landtake of the development: •
•
•
In the scope of the Open Space Concept several areas are foreseen for replanting of trees in order to compensate loss of trees due to development of the facilities. Following from this, the loss of deciduous woodlands of 4.8 ha will be compensated be planting of trees on an area of approx. 7 ha. The loss of 2 ha coniferous forest will be compensated by re-planting on an area of approx. 3 ha; the areas for replanting are selected that existing gaps between smaller woodlands will be closed and connected in order to establish larger areas of forest; However, the overall target should be to preserve as much of the old trees as possible. planting of appropriate native tree species in the areas foreseen for restoration; also grassland areas should be seeded with seeds from species-rich grassland in the survey area; and establishment of a new drainage ditch as a habitat of Emys orbicularis (European pond terrapin) north east of Brijeg Mora
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in order to compensate the loss of the drainage ditch west of refugee camp; whereas this ditch would be hard to preserve during construction, the establishment of a new ditch ensures the preservation of a habitat of Emys orbicularis in that area. 5.2.2 Visual Intrusion of the Landscape Impact Assessment The type of buildings in the northern part of the study area will be relative small and low with two to three stories. This resembles the building dimension of the already existing settlement of Donji Stoj north of the regional road. The southern part of the study area will be covered with hotel buildings of up to four stories. Due to the preserved forests north and south of hotels they will not significantly stick out. Therefore the visual impact is only small. Mitigation and Compensation Measures The Open Greenspace concept, with planting of tree (cf. Map 3) will help to integrate the new facilities in the landscape and feather contrast of built-up and natural landscape. 5.2.3 Consistency with Planning Policy Context The development of the Module 2 holiday resort complies with planning policies on the national, regional and local levels, i.e. the Coastal Area Spatial Plan, the Spatial
Plan of Ulcinj Municipality as well as the General Urban Plan. The present new Pre-Master Plan of AS&P has largely adapted the original recommendations of the 1985 General Urban Plan. It also complies with the Nature Protection Status concerning Velika Plaža. The ecological relevant areas of halophytes and marshland within in the protected area at the sea line are completely not affected by the Pre-Masterplan development. More over further protection measures for the Halophyte belt will be implemented. Only some parts of the Module 2 development are situated in the protection zone. These are the southern most hotel facilities which are located at the northern border of the protection zone in the seminatural pine forest. However, the pine forest is only of low ecological relevance and potential visual intrusion by the hotel facilities is avoided by planting of further trees. Therefore no relevant impact or disturbance can be stated, and the protection aims of the area are fully achieved. 5.3
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FACILITIES
This section reports on the anticipated short term environmental impacts associated with the construction of the holiday facilities. The following issues have been considered in the assessment of construction impacts: Disturbance or damage to adjacent habitat not required for the proposed development, through construction activities (movements of vehicles and personnel, artificial lighting,
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dust, spillage of fuels and chemicals, emissions and noise) and disturbance to or displacement of species as a result of construction activities. During the construction phase following potential impacts are likely to occur. Since currently it is not known how construction phase will be conducted in detail, only general considerations can be carried out. 5.3.1 Landtake Impact Assessment Besides the area which is occupied by the facility further area is used during time of construction. These areas are: •
areas of operation;
•
building site equipment laydown areas; and
•
temporary construction roads. However, as the area is already well accessible through paved and unpaved roads and path system, no additional roads will be needed most likely.
By the usage of area during construction flora and fauna habitats can be destroyed at least temporarily. It is possible that single valuable old trees are cut. Soil compression caused by construction machines could lead to altered plant growth conditions. The assessment of the destruction of trees and habitats is depending on amounts of the areas used, the time and duration of usage, the location of that areas and the question if the original state of the areas can be reP1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
established (restoration of biotopes, repopulation by fauna and flora). These issues are not known at current stage of the project. However, they should be integrated into the concept of construction planning in order to reduce possible impacts. Mitigation and Compensation Measures Regarding the space requirements of the construction site following mitigation measures should be practiced: •
•
•
construction site landtake is to be minimised and materials stockpiled away from ditches and potential habitats; site location and construction activities should seek to minimise the loss of vegetation, in particular single old trees; and disturbance to adjacent habitats is minimised through perimeter fencing and delineation of working areas and haul routes.
Supposing that the designated mitigation measures are adopted, the potential impact of the landtake during construction would be small and would only be temporary.
surrounding areas as well as fauna living in the surrounding habitats. Animals sensitive to disturbance can be driven away not only by noise but also through accompanying vibrations and visual irritations. In case of construction works during night-time lighting of the construction sites is necessary. This can cause disturbance to light sensitive nocturnal animals (e.g. bats, nocturnal butterflies). Dust emissions during construction activities may arise from: •
on-site earth moving for excavations, road construction, landscaping and foundation work;
•
general on-site vehicle movements;
•
spillage and wind-blow from vehicles importing material to the construction site or exporting spoil from the site; and
•
wind-blow from bare patches of ground or stock piled earth.
The magnitude of dust emissions is very dependent on the suppression measures employed during the construction activities.
5.3.2 Noise and Vibration, Dust and Light Emission Impact Assessment Noise and dust may be a concern at the construction site, for the construction workers, people living and working in the FINAL REPORT
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Possible impacts of noise, vibration, dust or light emission are described below: •
•
since reptiles often live in urban settlements and cultivated areas, the disturbance of individuals because of noise, vibrations, dust and light during construction is considered negligible; potential impacts on insects are negligible, too because they are able to stay away such disturbing areas and migrate temporary to an other habitat;
•
birds within the investigation area especially during breeding time - may become disturbed because of noise; and
•
because of the great distance between the construction area and the important bird habitats (e.g. Solana and Ada Bojana) no impacts on these areas by construction are expected.
Mitigation and Compensation Measures Noise protection on the construction site have to be integrated into the building permit for the Project. In order to reduce noise emissions during construction mitigation measures should aim at: •
minimising noise emissions regarding equipment and vehicles;
•
restricting potentially high noise generating activities (e.g. piling) to acceptable times (daytime, weekday, outside of bird migration);
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To minimise the nuisance caused by construction dust, particularly to receptors close or within the area (such as residents), a series of good practice measures for management of the construction site should be adopted. Those measures comprise water spraying, sheeting of lorries, careful handling of friable materials and are described in the EMP in detail. •
To minimise the nuisance caused by lighting, it is recommended to avoid lighting to the extent as far as possible.
Assuming that the appropriate mitigation measures are in place, the potential for noise, vibration, dust or light nuisance would be small and would only arise for short durations.
hydraulic fluids etc.) which can cause harm in case of improper disposal. Mitigation and Compensation Measures Mitigation measures to minimise impacts by construction waste should include: •
construction waste as well as general refuse should be deposited properly in designated waste dumps under the responsibility of the local waste management company;
•
organic waste separation;
•
proper handling of construction waste on-site (segregation of waste, avoidance of windblown litter);
•
storage, handling, transport and disposal of chemical waste, such as fuels, oils, lubricants, should be arranged in accordance with the local environmental regulations and good practise;
•
construction conduction should aim at minimising the amount of generated waste (e.g. carefully planning of purchasing of construction materials); and
•
training should be provided to workers on the concepts of site cleanliness and on appropriate waste management procedures, including waste reduction, reuse and recycling.
5.3.3 Construction Waste Impact Assessment During the construction phase, the main activities which will potentially result in waste generation involve mainly foundation works and site clearance, with soil material/sand as well as vegetation such as trees as associated waste. In addition general refuse is produced on the construction site. No adverse environmental impacts from the disposal of soil material or site clearance waste is expected. In case of demolition of existing buildings also demolition waste can accrue. This may include hazardous waste depending on the former usage of the demolished buildings (e.g. scrap batteries, used paint, engine oils,
Provided that this occurs, the potential environmental impacts arising from the handling, storage and disposal of waste
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comply with guidelines laid down by the responsible Environmental Agency; and
generated from the construction activities will be negligible. 5.3.4 Impacts on Surface and Ground Water 5.3.4.1 Pollution of Surface Waters Impact Assessment Where construction activities are being carried out in the vicinity of surface waters (drainage ditch, ponds), inappropriate handling and storage of materials (concrete, asphalt, lubricants, fuels, solvents) may pose risk of water contamination. This could result in an decrease of water quality and habitat quality. Sewage will arise from the construction workforce, site office’s sanitary facilities and sanitary waste from chemical toilets. If not properly managed, these materials could cause odour and potential health risks to the workforce. Mitigation and Compensation Measures Mitigation measures to prevent impacts on surface and ground water during construction should aim at the following: •
adoption of good engineering and working practices during the construction to avoid impacting both surface and groundwater;
•
collection of contaminated water on-site and proper disposal;
•
storage of chemicals, such as fuel and oil, or other potential pollutants to
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•
connection to an appropriate waste water treatment facility should be ensured; or an adequate numbers of portable toilets should be provided for the number of workers.
5.3.4.2 Impacts on Groundwater Level Impact Assessment During foundation works, lowering of groundwater table will most likely not become necessary assuming no basements are built. Groundwater level is lower than 2 m during summer, however it is high in winter. During construction of Hotel Otranz at Velika Plaža no lowering of groundwater table was necessary. Depending on point of time and duration as well as amount of lowering of groundwater table impairments of flora and fauna habitats are possible. Potentially affected habitats are small still water bodies with amphibian or reptile habitats. In addition old trees may be affected as they are not able to grow again roots in deeper areas. A changing of the water regime (flooding time, flooding frequency, flooded areas) because of the construction can be expected. This may results in habitat losses or damage for amphibians and birds and plants. Mitigation and compensation measures Lowering of groundwater table should be avoided or if this is not possible - the
lowering of groundwater table should be keep as small as possible 5.3.5 Construction Traffic and Transport of Building Materials Impact Assessment The construction of the facilities will increase traffic on roads. More over it will cause heavy load traffic. Mitigation and Compensation Measures Appropriate mitigation measures should be put in place to ensure that construction traffic impacts are minimised. Measures should aim at: •
scheduling of traffic to avoid the peak hours of the local road network;
•
agreement on prescribed roads for any abnormal load movements;
•
attention required regarding nuisances for the residential areas along main access roads.
5.4
OPERATION OF THE FACILITIES
During operation of the facility following potential impacts are likely to occur. The accompanying measures aim at mitigation of the impacts. It should be considered that tourist season at the Montenegrin Coast currently lasts about 150 days per year. However, due to the favourable climatic conditions and potential attractive activities (e.g. golfing, bird watching, nature program, saltsole bathing etc. ) the season might be
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extended much longer once the facilities are in operation.
5.4.1 Water Consumption and Sewage water Generation Impact Assessment The project implementation will increase water consumption and accompanying sewage water generation. Also the amount of municipal waste will raise. These effects will be notable in particular during high season. In order to estimate the amount of water consumption and sewage water, present average figures of hotel capacities in Montenegro as well as investigation results from tourism resorts in Slovenia and Germany are given in
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The Public Enterprise of Water Supply in Budva kindly made available the present average figures of water consumption for first class hotel capacities in the coastal area of Montenegro. In addition recent figures from Slovenia (verbal communication Mr. Igor Jurincic, Faculty of Humanities, Koper, Slovenia) for hotels located at the Adriatic Sea are given as a reference for comparison. The Hotels belong to the two –three and four – five star category. The amounts of water consumption include supply of drinking water and irrigation of green spaces. For comparison, the values for the touristic supply in Germany are taken from a report of the German Federal Government on the Conception of Environmental Protection and Tourism, 2002. The amounts of water consumption according to the Montenegrin average values of 200 to 350 liter per guest per day (l/g/d) are lower than the given figures for tourism in Slovenia (420 to 430 l/g/d) which might be caused by the inclusion of irrigation water in Slovenia. The average water usage in tourism sector in Germany is with 92 to 180 l/g/d significantly lower. This might originate from the implementation of water saving techniques, the relative low water loss of the pipeline system and the different characteristic of the touristic target areas in Germany (different climate, only partly beach regions).
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The amounts of sewage water generation in all investigations equals water consumption. Based on these values, the amount of daily water consumption/waste water generation for a number of tourists of 6,000 in Module 2 can be estimated to 1,200 to 2,100 m³ for a high season peak scenario with 100% bed utilization. Including irrigation of green plots, the daily water consumption/wastewater generation could raise up to almost 2,600 m³, considering the Slovenian reference figures. The new sewerage systems Novi Ulcinj – Velika Plaža and Velika Plaža East which are planned by the Municipality of Ulcinj will be designed for maximal wastewater amounts of 4,770 and 3,230 m³ per day with a total number of users (local inhabitants and tourists) of 18,200 and 10,700, respectively. Breaking these figures down, a daily wastewater production of 262 and 302 l per person is assumed in these plans which is lower than the upper average Montenegrin values as well as of the Slovenian Tourism. These considerations show that it should be ensured that the capacity of the planned sewerage system will be sufficient for the planned tourist accommodations. This could be achieved through implementation of water saving techniques (see below) and restriction or reduction of green plot irrigation. Also the water usage of the planned swimming pools should be taken under consideration. FINAL REPORT
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Table 5-1
Comparison of Estimations of Water Consumption and Wastewater Generation in Tourism Sector in Montenegro, Slovenia and Germany
Montenegro (4-5 stars) Slovenia Tourism (Adriatic Sea 2-3 and 4-5 stars) Slovenia Local Population Germany (Tourism average)
Water consumption and waste water generation [l/guest/day]
Water consumption and waste water generation estimated for 6000 guests [m³/day]
200-350
1,200-2,100
410-430*
2,460-2,580
180
1,080
92-180**
552-1,080
* including irrigation of green plots ** depending on equipment of accommodation
Mitigation and Compensation Measures
Development of Wastewater Treatment
In general, drinking water resources should be responsibly managed. Presently, the pipe distribution system network in the Ulcinj service area has 60 % losses, this should clearly be improved.
Currently the tourist complexes at Velika Plaža and Ada Bojana as well as all the settlements in the hinterland are not connected to the wastewater sewerage. The wastewater of that area is disposed in septic tanks with overflow, which goes directly into drainage fields, or other rivers and channels. Often wastewaters are discharged directly into the coastal water near the beach. A development of adequate wastewater treatment is a prerequisite for further tourist development.
In a typical tourist operation the main sources of water use are bathing; housekeeping; cooking; laundry, gardens, swimming pools. Water saving measures should considered for each of these sectors.
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Presently three options for wastewater treatment of the planned Modules are under discussion: •
each of the bigger hotels establish an own wastewater treatment, which is feasible concerning costs and space; however, wastewater from the northern area with small building south of the regional road will not have sewerage system;
•
for each of the five Modules a wastewater treatment could be developed; soak away could be set up in the green corridors between the Modules; however, the surrounding areas of Modules would still dispose off untreated waste water into the sea; and
•
a municipal wastewater treatment would supply not only the planned holiday Modules but also the whole town of Ulcinj, so that the facility could be used during the whole year (not only tourist season). This solution would be recommended since it would ensure that the whole area of Velika Plaža will be connected to the system and no untreated sewerage is discharged into the sea. This would guarantee a longtime preservation of sea water quality. However, this solution is depending on the municipal planning and presently it is not sure when the treatment facility will be developed.
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5.4.2 Waste Generation Impact Assessment The Project will increase the amount of municipal waste in particular during high season. The amount of solid waste generation in Montenegro (according to figures given by the Public Enterprise of Water Supply in Budva for first class hotel capacities in the coastal area of Montenegro) is with 0.9 to 1.2 kg per guest per day (kg/g/d) lower than the figures in Slovenian tourism with 1 to 2 kg/g/d (according to Faculty of Humanities, Koper, Slovenia). The quantity of solid waste created by Slovenian local population is even higher (2.5 kg/g/d). In Germany the values are given for residual waste and range from 0.8 to 1.9 l/g/d which can be equated approximately to 0.16 to 0.38 kg/g/d. The quantity of residual waste is depending on the quota of waste separation into plastics/packaging, glass, paper, organic waste and residual waste. Based on these values the amount of daily solid waste generation of 6,000 tourists can be estimated to a range of 7 to 12 t. The currently peak quantities of daily solid waste during tourist season can raise up to 32 t/day (cf. Chapter 4.7.4.3). Through the planned holiday resort this amount is increased by approx. 20 to 40%. An appropriate collection and deposition of the waste quantities has to be ensured.
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Table 5-2
Comparison of Estimations of Waste Generation in Montenegro, Slovenia and Germany Solid waste [kg/guest/day]
Solid Waste estimated for 6000 guests [t/day]
Montenegro (4-5 stars) 0.9-1.2 5.4-7.2 Slovenia Tourism (Adriatic Sea 2-3 and 4-5 stars) 1-2 6-12 Slovenia Local Population 2.5 15 Germany (Tourism average) 0.8-1.9 l* 4.8-11.4 m³ * volume of residual waste depending on quota of waste separation into plastics/packaging, glass, paper, organic waste (some areas only), residual waste
Mitigation and Compensation Measures It is recommended to develop a waste management concept which can be an effective tool to reduce waste amounts and enhancing the use of more environmental friendly products and encourage recycling of residues in the tourist resort facilities as well as in Ulcinj municipality. This waste management system should aim at waste reduction, re-use and recycling as well as appropriate waste disposal and is described in detail in the EMP.
5.4.3 Energy Consumption Impact Assessment Tourist accommodations can have large energy requirements which are expensive to run if measures are not taken to minimise energy use. This large range of energy requirements is partly due to energy intensive activities such as air conditioning but it also reflects high wastage of energy in some cases. Mitigation and Compensation Measures The new development should demonstrate energy saving by a good building design as well as appropriate equipment and handling (e.g. lighting). More over implementing solar heating (hot water etc.) as well as photovoltaics could reduce consumption of non-renewable energy. 5.4.4 Noise and Light Emission Impact Assessment Noise may be a concern for the fauna living in the surrounding habitats. Animals sensitive to disturbance can be driven away not only by noise but also through accompanying vibrations (such as birds, reptiles, insects). Disturbance (noise and visual irritation) could also occur through increased numbers of beach visitors in the eastern parts of Velika Plaža, which is less disturbed. This could be an issue for birds especially during nesting and breeding season.
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Light emission by the hotel and apartment facilities are not expected to exceed the common extend of lighting of smaller human settlements. Entertainment facilities with associated illumination, such as sky beamers, are not foreseen for the Module 2 area. No adverse impact on fauna from potential light emission is expected.
•
stimulating going on foot by convenient public footpaths;
•
reducing individual car traffic by establishing public transportation; and
•
providing attractive vehicles for public transportation such as open busses of carriages.
Mitigation and Compensation Measures
5.5
Guiding visitors by boardwalks, creating awareness of visitors by signs and protecting ecological sensitive areas by wooden piles with wires as it is envisaged in the Module 2 Planning Concept will significantly reduce negative impacts of disturbance by noise.
It can be assumed that a touristic development will create positive socioeconomic impulses. The touristic development in the planned order of magnitude will affect existing community. New work places, esp. in the services sector, will be created as well as during the construction phase jobs will be created.
5.4.5 Traffic Generation Impact Assessment The Project will generate further traffic. 6,000 tourists need to get to and leave the resort almost every weekend. In addition the guests want to move in the area during their stay, e.g. getting around during the day (beach, trips in the area) as well as getting to entertainment facilities during night. The service personnel, delivery of food and other supplies will also cause further traffic. Mitigation and Compensation Measures The existing Concept for Development of Module 2 considers measures to reduce traffic in the Project area (cf. Chapter 2.2):
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5.6
SOCIO ECONOMIC EFFECTS
CONCLUSION
This EIA concludes that no unacceptable environmental impacts will result from the construction and operation of the Module 2 development. Several mitigation measures are already integrated into the Planning Concept. Further mitigation and compensation measures are recommended to reduce potential impacts on the environment. In order to ensure environmental sound construction and operation phase an Environmental Management Plan should be implemented as described in the following.
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6
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
6.1
PURPOSE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
This section describes the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the Project. The main objective of the EMP is to ensure the acceptability of design, construction practices and operation with respect to the identified impacts and the realisation of mitigation measures as described before. More over a monitoring program is developed to verify compliance with the recommended mitigation measures to monitor for unanticipated impacts that might arise. The EMP therefore points out procedures and practices which should be implemented during development activities, construction and the future operation of the Module 2 facilities. As at the present stage of planning no developer or operator model is yet defined, this EMP can at this stage only provide recommendations and an outline of the actions which should be taken by a or the future developer(s) and / or operator(s). It should become the obligation of a future developer(s) and/or operator(s) to further develop this outline to ensure compliance with both Montenegrin and local level legislative and regulatory requirements, as well as additional requirements and conditions which will come out of a future P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
building permit for the facilities. Compliance should be supervised by an Environmental Inspector.
section describes how planting of trees should be carried out efficiently.
6.2
Tree species selected for re-planting should be typical for the region, i. e. belong to the association of flooded maritime forests, Robureto-Carpinetum orientalis (Jankovic, M. et Bogojevic, R. (1965)) which is characteristic at Velika Plaža (cf. Chapter 4.6.1).
DESIGN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
During the process of designing several issues are defined which influence later construction and operation of the facilities. In order to ensure an environmental sound development following mitigation measures should be considered already during design process. In addition monitoring should be carried out to guarantee successful implementation of the measures.
Mitigation Measures
The general concept of development of Velika Plaža and details of the layout of Module 2 aim at avoiding adverse environmental impacts by considering the sensitivities of the existing landscape, natural conditions and ecological values and functions. 6.2.1 Re-planting of Trees An optimisation of the siting of the main components and buildings was carried out by AS&P based on the environmental baseline and flora habitat maps in order to avoid unnecessary losses of valuable vegetation. This refers in particular to the location of the buildings in the vicinity of the deciduous woodland in order to preserve as most old trees as possible. Nevertheless cutting of trees is not preventable. As a compensation measure, new trees will be planted. The following FINAL REPORT
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Table 6-1
Tree and Shrub Species of Maritime Forest Association suitable for Re-planting
Latin name
English name
approx. height (in metres)
Quercus robur spp. scutariensis
Skadar Oak
30-40
Carpinus orientalis
Oriental Hornbeam
5-9
Populus alba
Silver-leaf Poplar
18-30
Fraxinus angustifolia
Field Ash
25
Alnus glutinosus
Common Alder
20-25
Salix alba
White Willow
15-20
Ulmus sp.
Elm
10-40
Vitex agnus-castus L Chaste-Tree Mirtus communis L
Mirta
4
Tamarix africana
Tamarisk
5-6
For the development and the improvement of natural forest and forest edges it is recommended to use planting material taken out of woodland areas which cannot be preserved by the Project. Before clearing of those areas, small trees and shrubs (max. 2.5 m in height, 2 cm in diameter) should be identified, taken out and replanted at the compensation area under expert control. P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
Thus, unnecessary loss of trees, in particular Skadar Oaks during construction is avoided. In addition, it is ensured that only autochthonous trees will be used. This method is a very cost effective measure, since no purchasing of new trees is necessary. Most likely those trees will grow better than trees nursed in other regions, because they are already adapted to the specific environmental conditions. However, it should be mentioned that trees should not be taken from forests which will not be impacted by the project. As the number of existing small trees suitable for re-plantation will not be sufficient for the whole compensation scheme, trees from tree nurseries have to be used as well23. The horticultural arrangement should be done as a so called “simulation of natural vegetation” using the listed species which already is practiced at other places in Montenegro. Skadar Oak should be prioritised with subordinate Oriental Hornbeam in combination with other species listed. Planting of Silver-leaf Poplar and White Willow should be limited even though they are typical. The details of the tree planting have to be specified at later project stages (e.g. in tender for landscaping works). Along the roads and parking sites as well as within the hotel resorts only autochthonous tree species, e.g. Oriental Hornbeam 23 According to a preliminary investigation two public tree nurseries in Podgorica and Bar as well as two private nurseries in Podgorica and Niksic are able to grow Skadar Oak.
(Carpinus orientalis) or Skadar Oak (Quercus robur ssp. scutariensis), Pomegranate (Punica granatum var. nana or foetida) or Laurel (Laurus nobilis) should be planted. The Oriental Hornbeam (5-9 m high) has small and shiny green leaves, an impressive habitus and an interesting winter aspect due to its twisted branches and stems. Oriental Hornbeam is drought tolerant. It is an appropriate tree for the area between the hotels and along small streets as it looks very nice and it is not too high. Skadar Oak (30-40 m high) is suitable for parks (as successfully is demonstrated by an example in Podgorica) and also as solitaire tree. The Pomegranate is only 0.5-1 m high and is known for its glossy foliage that turns from bronze to green to golden during autumn. Tolerant with heat, wind, drought, and alkaline soil, and resistant to many diseases, it is a good choice for a variety of landscaping needs. The plant can be used as a hedge, screen, windbreak or feature plant. The Laurel is an evergreen tree with dark, glossy, oval leaves. It can reach a height of 12-18 m. Following issues should be observed regarding planting of trees: •
re-plantation of trees taken from the existing forest patches as well as plantation of new trees should be carried out only in winter, except oaks, they should be planted in spring; and
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•
plant density for afforestation should amount to about 5,000 specimen per ha with a height of 30 - 50 cm.
To facilitate initial growth success following should be applied during planting: •
•
a small amount of forest soil should be added during planting in order to ensure the availability of functioning mycorrhiza24 which is normally not present in other soils than forest soil ; and it is recommended to clip branches and roots of the trees before planting (branches: one third; very long roots: one half).
Monitoring The selecting of already existing trees and the planting process should be carried out under control of a botanic or forest expert. In order to ensure a successful planting, monitoring has to be carried out. During the first three to five years it is necessary to pay attention that the planted trees dot not get overgrown by grass and shrubs. In addition afforested areas as well as single trees should be protected through fences against biting of young shoots by animals. After ten years it should be checked whether the planting was successful. If more than 70% of the planted trees have died, further plantings will become necessary. symbiotic association between plant root and certain funghi which is essential for optimum growth and development of the tree. 24
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During the improvement of the existing forest fragments, the new planted specimen should be protected against damage. After three to four years, when it is sure, that the planted trees will survive, natural succession should be allowed. Monitoring and evaluation should be carried out by forest experts.
infectious, corrosive, explosive or flammable; •
improve of accuracy in calculating quantities of materials needed;
•
specifying use of renewable, reusable, or recycled materials; and
•
consider using pre-fabricated materials, for example, timber frames and trussing, as this will reduce on-site waste.
6.2.2 Visual Intrusion of the Landscape Visual intrusion of the landscape is significantly reduced by planting of trees around the hotel facilities. In addition construction materials that adopt local colours and textures should be selected for the development. 6.2.3 Waste Management Mitigation Measures An appropriate design of the planned holiday facilities enables efficient waste reduction during construction. Following issues should be considered during design process: •
using of standard material sizes;
•
design of a building so that it can be easily deconstructed and materials reused at the end of the building's immediate use;
•
reduction or avoidance of the use of environmentally unfriendly products, such as chlorofluorocarbons, asbestos, pesticides and substances that are toxic,
6.2.4 Health and Safety Aspects Health and safety aspects of the development should include the installation of fire escapes, fire doors and emergency sprinkler systems. 6.2.5 Competent Surveying Environmental Agency Monitoring At the current stage of the Project it is not clear whether the Developers of the hotel facilities will also care for the implementation of the Open Space Concept. Therefore it is recommended that a Public Agency, e.g. Morsko Dobro, monitors the implementation of the Concept since it is a prerequisite for an environmental sound development of the Module. 6.3
CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Mitigation and monitoring activities should run parallel to the physical activities. They should commence at the time workers,
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equipment and/or materials are moved to the site, and will end when the job is completed and all workers, equipment and/or materials are removed from the site and the work in a particular location is complete. 6.3.1 Integrated Health & Safety and Environmental Management System The Environmental Management Plan for construction phase should be implemented in the scope of the setting-up of an integrated Health & Safety and Environmental Management System. The Management System should be established in accordance with EN ISO 14001 and contain but not be limited to the issues described in the following. The Management System should ensure the compliance of the construction with the Communal Code of Conduct (Odluka o Komunalnom Redu) of the Municipality of Ulcinj. A Health & Safety and Environmental Coordinator should be designated to ensure compliance with legislation and targets of the Management System. Within the Management System all construction equipment should be licensed and permitted in accordance with Montenegrin requirements (i.e. with respect to electrical and mechanical safety, noise and pollutant emission). In addition, it is recommended that such equipment should be certified to meet European Union standards or equal. Following EU directives should be observed: P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
•
2000/14 (noise of machinery used outdoors)
•
89/106 (construction material) and decisions 2001/671, 2000/553, 2000/147
•
76/464 (discharge of i.e. oil into surface water)
•
76/769 (handling of hazardous substances)
•
2000/39. 89/391 (occupational health)
•
91/383 (safety and health at work of temporary workers – occupational health)
•
91/155 (MSDS - material safety data sheets)
•
89/686 (PPE- personal protection equipment)
•
98/37 (machinery; CE-logo)
Construction Developers involved in the Project should comply with conditions of all permits necessary for the Project, including but not limited to, providing agency notifications, facilitating agency inspections of the job site and complying with specific construction requirements. The Developer should bind the EMP into all contracts and commit subcontractors to making the EMP part of any works subcontracted. 6.3.2 Mitigation Measures The following section explains how the mitigation measures described above should be implemented in order to mitigate
potential adverse impacts and to ensure an environmental sound execution of the construction activities. 6.3.2.1 Landtake and Clearing The mitigation measures regarding landtake during construction should aim at minimising the area of landtake, the loss of vegetation (in particular single old trees) as well as the disturbance to adjacent habitats. This should be achieved through following measures: •
areas of low ecological relevance should be used mainly; sensitive habitats should be flagged out and fenced of before site development works begin. particular attention should be given to the pond and marshland adjacent to the east of the Module 2 development area and the dune strip and beach;
•
clearing boundaries should be flagged at the construction site prior to commencement of clearing operations; clearing operations should remain outside of designated zones to protect key habitats, such as wetlands and pine wood behind the dunes and woodlands with Skadar Oak;
•
trees that will not be affected by clearing should be protected during construction by temporary fencing;
•
cutting of old tree growth should be avoided to the maximum extend possible, in particular Skadar Oak should be preserved;
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•
the removal of shrubs and trees should be carried out in winter;
•
in case habitat areas of middle or high ecological relevance are used during construction, the habitats have to be reestablished after usage;
•
long term soil deposits and spoil areas are to be seeded with seeds from native plant species to minimise run-off and erosion;
•
organic debris and topsoil should be stockpiled for use during site restoration where required; such stockpiles should be located outside of the regular flooding area and covered;
•
•
disturbance to adjacent habitats should be minimised through perimeter fencing and delineation of working areas and haul routes, including limiting storage of soils and excavation material to the construction site and away from ditches and potential habitats; and any merchantable timber should be stacked and removed for subsequent sale in accordance with the forest permit from the competent forest administration if necessary for any tree clearing.
6.3.2.2 Noise, Vibration, Dust and Light emission In order to reduce noise emissions during construction, the following mitigation measures should be adopted: P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
•
•
•
using equipment and vehicles in an appropriate manner with respect to minimising noise emissions, including selection of inherently quiet equipment, regular maintenance and noise mufflers; restricting potentially high noise generating activities (e.g. piling) to daytime only (0700-1900 hours Monday to Friday, and 0700-1300 hours on Saturday) and avoiding Sundays, and scheduling construction activities in order to minimise noise; and restricting piling and other potentially high noise generating activities to time outside of migration periods, resting and nesting periods of birds, particularly if noise would affect important bird habitats such as Solana;
To minimise the nuisance caused by construction dust, particularly to receptors close or within the area (such as residents), a series of good practice measures for management of the construction site should be adopted. Such measures should include: •
the adoption of construction equipment designed to minimise dust generation;
•
water spray dampening of soils to prevent dust blow during hot, dry weather condition;
•
careful management of stockpiles of soil and similar materials;
•
mixing of large quantities of concrete undertaken in enclosed or shielded areas;
•
careful maintenance of site machinery, and machinery turned off when not in use;
•
sheeting of lorries during transportation of friable construction materials and spoil;
•
minimising drop heights for material transfer activities such as unloading of friable materials; and
•
cleaning of surfaced roads and stabilisation of unsurfaced roads to reduce off-site transport of soils and to avoid dust generation.
To minimise the nuisance caused by lighting, it is recommended to avoid lighting to the extent as far as possible. However, if illumination is needed for safety reasons, sodium-vapour- high- pressure lamps (NaHPL) should be installed since they reduce insect attraction. 6.3.2.3 Construction Waste Mitigation measures to minimise impacts by construction waste should include: •
construction waste should be deposited properly in designated waste dumps under the responsibility of the local waste management company. The materials should be transported and disposed of in accordance with safe
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environmental practices, or reused to the extent feasible; •
storage, handling, transport and disposal of chemical waste, such as fuels, oils, lubricants, should be arranged in accordance with the local environmental regulations and good practise;
• •
•
precovery and recycling, thus avoiding disposal (although reprocessing may be required); and treatment and disposal, according to relevant law, guidelines and good practice;
training should be provided to workers on the concepts of site cleanliness and on appropriate waste management procedures, including waste reduction, reuse and recycling at the beginning of the Project;
•
designation of areas for the segregation and temporary storage of reusable and recyclable materials;
•
storage facilities should be designed to minimise potential risk from earthquakes;
•
minimise adverse impacts, including windblown litter and dust from the construction site;
purchasing of construction materials should be carefully planned in order to avoid over ordering and wastage;
•
encouraging suppliers not to over package materials - for example, plastic wrapped around bricks pallets; and
•
requesting delivery of goods closer to actual time of use to reduce the need for protective packaging such as plastic.
•
•
•
•
any uncontaminated soil should be reused on site as far as possible, e.g. for landscape works, in order to minimise the amount to be disposed offsite; foundation works should aim at minimising the amount of excavated material to be generated;
Concerning general refuse generated on-site following recommendations should be adopted:
implementation of a waste management hierarchy:
•
• •
avoidance and minimisation, that is, not generating waste through changing or improving practices; reuse of materials, thus avoiding disposal (generally with only limited reprocessing);
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•
storage of general refuse generated onsite in enclosed bins or compaction units separately from construction and chemical wastes; littering on the job site will be prohibited, and measures should be implemented to prevent and control it; employment of a reputable waste collector by the Developer to remove
general refuse from the site, separately from construction and chemical wastes, on a frequent (such as daily) basis to minimise odour, pest and litter impacts; •
reduction of office wastes through the recycling of paper if volumes are large enough to warrant collection. Participation in a local collection scheme should be considered if one is available;
•
provision of waste separation facilities for paper, aluminium cans, plastic bottles etc;
•
burning of slash, construction refuse, including but not restricted to nonmerchantable timber, branches, waste wood, or construction materials and packaging, should only be undertaken in accordance with the conditions and requirements of a burning permit if required; and
•
all workers should be familiar with and should comply with fire fighting responsibilities and obligations.
6.3.2.4 Impacts on Surface and Ground Water Mitigation measures to prevent impacts on surface and ground water during construction should include the following: •
adoption of good engineering and working practices during the construction to avoid impacting both surface and groundwater. General good
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housekeeping of construction sites will minimise the risk of contamination; •
•
•
•
collected by licensed collectors regularly; and
should include, but not be limited to, the following:
lowering of groundwater table should be avoided or if this is not possible - the lowering of groundwater table should be keep as small as possible.
•
identification of operations with high potential for spills;
•
identification of volumes and frequencies of hazardous materials used, stored, and transported to and from the site;
•
methods of containment of facilities with high potential for spills;
•
development of a spill response contingency plan;
•
storage and maintenance of equipment and materials for use in spill containment and cleanup;
•
establishment of a spill reporting process; and
•
training of staff in spill containment and cleanup.
there should be no discharge of contaminated water from the site into groundwater or surface water including the sea, either direct or by soak away; contaminated water has to be collected on-site and disposed off properly;
•
storage of chemicals, such as fuel and oil, or other potential pollutants to comply with guidelines laid down by the responsible Environmental Agency;
Appropriate mitigation measures should be put in place to ensure that construction traffic impacts are minimised. Measures should include:
presently it is not clear whether the new tourist resort development and consequently also the construction site will be connected to a possible future municipal wastewater treatment plant. It is assumed that the basic infrastructure installations will be constructed by the Ulcinj municipality. For the case that no common effluent treatment concept will be developed, it is recommended to construct appropriate wastewater treatment facilities early enough, which can effectively treat not only the effluents from the tourism complex but already from the construction site;
•
adequate numbers of portable toilets should be provided for the number of workers. The portable toilets should be maintained in a state which will not deter the workers from utilizing these portable toilets. Night soil should be
It should be ensured that a Spill Emergency Response Plan is in place in event of an accidental spill or leak of fuel, oil, chemicals, or other water endangering hazardous substances. An overall contingency plan should be prepared by the Developer, and
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6.3.2.5 Construction Traffic
•
•
scheduling of traffic to avoid the peak hours of the local road network such as tourist season and week-ends; any abnormal load movements will adhere to prescribed routes to be agreed with the local authority at the municipality of Ulcinj and the traffic police – this will be scheduled to avoid peak hours on local roads and published well in advance to minimise possible disruption; and attention required regarding nuisances for the residential areas along main access roads.
6.3.2.6 Fuel, Oil and Chemicals Handling:
Spill contingency plans and the spill reporting process should be in compliance with with applicable waste, groundwater and health and safety regulations. The spill contingency plan should be submitted to the Uljinc municipal administration and other interest authorities. The plan should be submitted in a timely manner before commencement of construction works. Fuel storage areas will be located in consultation with the Environmental Coordinator and should be regularly
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inspected and fuel containers monitored by the Developer for unexplained losses. All leaks or spills should be isolated, contained and cleaned up. Spills should be reported immediately to the federal and provincial agencies as required by the applicable legislation. Fuel and hazardous substance storage sites should be used only for storage of these substances or contaminated equipment. Storage of waste oil and other special wastes should be in accordance with site-specific criteria set by the applicable regulations ( Code of Conduct). Storage of fuel and other flammable materials should be in accordance with sitespecific standards.
removed, placed in drums and disposed of in compliance with the applicable Waste Management regulations incl Special Waste. Removed soil should be replaced.
6.3.2.8 Site Rehabilitation and Reclamation
6.3.2.7 Fuelling of Construction Vehicles and Machinery
Areas cleared for access to the construction sites, including but not limited to, equipment laydown areas, office trailer or container sites, and settling ponds should be cleaned up.
Fuelling or servicing of mobile construction equipment or vehicle within 100 m of a water body will be prohibited unless sitespecific conditions allow for complete containment of fuel losses. If not fuelled at existing filling stations in Ulcinj, trucks and other machinery should be fuelled in a designated areas which has been prepared for this purpose (e.g. concrete surface with retention basin).
Dangerous goods or materials whose release into the environment could cause adverse effects should be handled in a manner which gives due regard to the security and safety of both the material and the personnel working with them.
Fuel dispensing should be in compliance with applicable fire regulations.
The transportation and handling of all dangerous goods and special wastes should be carried out in compliance with sitespecific standards set by the applicable regulation (Code of Conduct).
Disposal and storage of materials such as rags and sorbent pads, containing oils, filters, chemicals, liquid fuels, lubricating oils, or other potentially hazardous materials should be in a manner satisfactory to the Environmental Monitor and in accordance with applicable Waste Management Regulations.
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The Developer should be responsible for ensuring containment of all fuel losses experienced during fuelling or servicing of equipment.
All disturbed areas should be cleaned up by the Developer.
Any clean up should be to the satisfaction of the Environmental Coordinator. Cleanup and site restoration, including revegetation, should be to the satisfaction of the Environmental Coordinator. Removal of storage tanks for flammable or combustible liquids should be in compliance with the provisions of applicable fire Code Regulations. Any oil spills should be cleaned up. 6.3.3 Construction Monitoring Plan To ensure the effective implementation of these criteria and specifications, the Developer(s) should be committed to undertaking a program of Environmental construction supervision and monitoring during construction of all aspects of the Project. These services should be provided by an independent environmental Coordinator. Such experts should provide technical expertise to ensure by on-site overseeing of construction measures and activities that environmental specifications and commitments are implemented on the ground and are in compliance with legal
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and permitting requirements, thus minimizing adverse biophysical and social impacts and resulting liabilities. Environmental supervision by qualified personnel will reduce the likelihood of activities, whether accidental or intentional, which contravene environmental legislation and regulations. Most of the activities involve site observation and inspection by the construction coordinator, verifying the permits and licenses to ensure that materials are sourced from licensed facilities and solid wastes are disposed of at approved sites, monitoring of noise and dust during construction. Waste Management Plan It is recommended that audit of each waste stream should be periodically carried out during the construction phase to determine if wastes are being managed in accordance with the Waste Management Plan. The audits should look at all aspects of waste management including waste generation, storage, recycling, transport and disposal. An appropriate audit programme should be undertaken: a first audit at the commencement of the construction works and then quarterly audits, thereafter. Spill Management Plan In addition, the Developer should provide an overall spill management plan that each Developer would commit to.
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Re-establishment of the Site As part of the environmental monitoring responsibilities outlined here, the environmental Coordinator should also ensure compliance by all Developers and subcontractors with the EMP until disturbed sites have been re-stabilised or re-vegetated to a self-maintaining state or re-instated to their original destination if third party land. Roles and Responsibilities The Environmental Coordinator will serve a pivotal role throughout all phases of the Project, by providing input on matters related to detailed engineering design, inspecting construction activities, and monitoring the success of mitigative measures. The Environmental Monitor will review and comment on the Developer's plans to ensure that adverse environmental impacts are minimised. During construction, the Environmental Coordinators's key responsibility will be to ensure that the environmental management measures, controls, and specifications are properly implemented as per the terms and conditions of the approvals and permits. Other responsibilities will include: •
liaising regularly with municipal and other regulatory agencies as required;
•
delivering environmental education and awareness programs to construction staff prior to and during on-site works;
•
inspecting all activities during construction to ensure compliance with
terms and conditions of approvals and permits, and adherence to the habitats and vegetation protection plan; •
documenting construction activities (see below);
•
and preparing reports at regular frequencies which summarize activities and actions taken, and submitting these reports to the appropriate agencies; and
•
providing technical assistance on environmental matters to construction staff and government surveillance officers;
The knowledge of the project staff, as well as the cooperation of the management staff, engineering personnel, and Developers' personnel complying with environmental procedures and government regulations will assure the success of environmental protection during construction. The Environmental Coordinator will identify and resolve potential problems through meetings with the Project Manager and the regulatory agencies. The Environmental Coordinator will be professionally obliged to advise both regulatory agencies and the Project Manager when Developer performance does not fully comply with the terms of the contract. Documentation and Reporting Comprehensive and accurate reporting of the events, actions, conversations, and construction progress is critical. The Environmental Coordinator will record
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daily field notes, and regularly take photographs/video to record the time, location, geological, climatic, and hydrologic conditions encountered before, during, and after construction, particularly at sensitive sites. The Environmental Coordinator's field notes will include an accounting of such items as: •
names of contacts and details of discussions with regulatory agencies, Developer personnel, and engineering staff;
•
nature of construction activities;
•
specific actions taken to meet mitigative requirements as stipulated in environmental specifications;
•
•
•
Reports will also be made available to other concerned government agencies. In accordance with these regulations, the Developer is responsible for:
Developer compliance with environmental specifications, including reference to the specific clauses of the specifications; actions recommended and taken by the Environmental Coordinator in the event of non-compliance by the Developer; and emergency responses to unforeseen environmental problems.
The content of these field notes will form the basis of environmental progress reports which will be forwarded to the Developer and the designated Agency(ies) contact. P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
•
designating an individual trained in emergency response procedures to be responsible for coordinating the response to hazardous material spills and for training spill response team members, reporting spill occurrences to government agencies, ensuring that spill response equipment is accessible, in good repair, and in good supply;
•
storing, dispensing, and maintaining flammable and combustible materials in accordance with the Fire regulations to prevent a spill from occurring; and
•
6.4
removing and disposing of contaminated and hazardous wastes from the project site. OPERATION MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING
6.4.1 Environmental Management System An Environmental Management System such as EN ISO 14000ff. is recommended to be implemented for the operation of the facility. The Management System should contain but not be limited to the issues described in the following. An Environmental Coordinator should be designated to ensure compliance with legislation and the targets of the Management System. Targets of the Management System are sustainable use of resources, water and energy saving, avoidance of waste, health of employees, hygiene, Health & Safety check of equipment (electrical, mechanical). 6.4.2 Mitigation Measures 6.4.2.1 Water Consumption and Wastewater generation Following measure should be undertaken in order to minimise water consumption and accompanying wastewater generation: •
installation of water-efficient appliances,e.g. dual-flush toilets (allowing a partial flush), use of grey water for toilets, aerators and low-flow devices which can reduce the amount of water used in sinks and showers by up to 70% without affecting guest comfort; they also provide significant energy savings by reducing the volume of hot water consumed;
•
installation of water meters and isolation valves throughout the
A Code of Environmental Conduct as tool for developing and implementing a sound environmental program for operating the planned holiday facilities should be developed. This Code of Conduct should include the following issues:
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development, which will allow maintenance crews to quickly identify breaks in pipes and repair them;
well as in Ulcinj municipality. This waste management system should regard the following:
•
balancing water flows throughout the development by installing devices to balance water pressure, so that a uniform flow of water will come out of every tap, which can achieve savings of 20 to 30%;
•
•
development of the landscaping by plants suited to the local environment to reduce the need to water gardens; and
•
water reducing irrgation methods such as sprinklers with efficient watering patterns, droplet sizes encouraging soil penetration, timers and moisture meters or sensors to avoid overwatering, drip irrigation or subsurface soaker hoses which leak water at very low pressure and eliminate runoff and evaporation, use of soil conditioners to encourage water infiltration and plant absorption.
Wastewater •
encouraging guests to re-use towels, sheets, and so on, so that linen does not need to be laundered daily.
•
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re-use of waste: using refillable dispensers rather than individually bottled soaps, shampoos and conditioners; asking employees to re-use coffee mugs instead of using disposable cups; re-using torn or soiled sheets and towels as drop-cloths or rags;
•
recycling of waste: glass, paper, steel food, coffee, oil, paint and aerosol cans, aluminium soft drink and beer cans;
•
encourage 'waste awareness' among employees and subcontractors: work agreements and contracts can contain clauses requiring waste-minimisation practices to be observed;
•
composting: very cost effective because it converts kitchen and garden waste into a substance that can enrich soil and
6.4.2.2 Waste Generation It is recommended to develop a waste management concept which can be an effective tool to reduce waste amounts and enhancing the use of more environmental friendly products and encourage recycling of residues in the tourist resort facilities as
reduction of waste: buying food and materials in bulk, avoiding overpackaged items, providing dispensers for shampoo, coffee, sugar, and so on, rather than packaged single serves, implementing appropriate maintenance programs that prolong the life of equipment, developing catering practices that minimise food wastage through portion control, self-service, appropriate food storage, post-mixing of drinks, and pre-ordering of meals;
reduce erosion and water loss; money saving on potting mixes and fertilisers; •
waste auditing: knowing what type and volume of waste is being produced by an accommodation, the cost of waste can be calculated and the economies of better waste management can be argued with some force;
•
involving staff: keeping personnel informed about intentions of waste management and integration of their suggestions and ideas;
•
order only re-useable or natural materials encouraging suppliers to come up with suitable alternatives. Re-using of food containers; using of cloth or canvas bags for laundry; use of the thriving second-hand market to dispose of unwanted furnishings;
•
keeping of a register of all hazardous chemicals and teach staff how to dispose of them safely or replacing of these materials with less hazardous or nontoxic materials; and
•
investigating benefits of better waste management, potential raise of marketing value, given staff a new sense of involvement, creation of links with the local community.
6.4.2.3 Energy consumption Tourist accommodation can have large energy requirements which are expensive to run if measures are not taken to minimise
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energy use. This large range of energy requirements is partly due to energy intensive activities such as air conditioning but it also reflects high wastage of energy in some cases. The energy supply will usually include electricity, typically about half the total energy supplied, with gas or oil making up the balance. Good building design can maximise the use of passive solar energy for heating and cooling. The combination of passive solar heating, thermal mass for heat storage, and good insulation can greatly reduce or eliminate the need for supplementary heating. During summer correct use of shading, and draughts induced by solar 'chimneys' can make conditions comfortable without the use of air-conditioning. If the building envelope is well insulated comfortable conditions inside can be maintained easily, irrespective of outside conditions. The reduction of use of hot water through aeration and water saving supplies will also reduce energy costs. The re-use of heated wastewater to warm cold water supply as well as pipe insulation will decrease energy consumption, too. Also lighting should aim at low energy costs, it typically accounts for approximately 25 per cent of energy use. Using a guest's key tag in a master switch for the room or unit to ensure all lights and other small appliances are switched off P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
and roads and do not off-road biking (e.g. in the dune area); and
when the room is unoccupied can save substantial amounts of energy. •
6.4.2.4 Traffic The existing Concept for Development of Module 2 considers measures to reduce traffic in the Project area (cf. Chapter 2.2): •
in every development module at least one public footpath leads from the development areas close to the main road to the beach;
•
within the green spaces between the modules public communication pathways and parking spots for day visitors will be established;
•
a public transport system will connect the modules with Ulcinj town;
•
private individual car traffic within the modules will be restricted by means of road layout, parking regulations etc;
•
a shuttle service between the Regional road and the facilities at the beach and the Green Corridors will be established, as distances are not attractive for walking. It is planned to use small, open vehicles or curricles with horses. Maybe also the use of electric driven vehicles would be an option to reduce noise and emission in the Module area; in addition the facilities could provide bicycles for the guests; cycling could serve as a further holiday activity, however, it has to be ensured that visitors stay on paths
a public pedestrian-/bicycle pathway will connect the modules. This will be available for emergency access (e.g. fire brigade) and could also be used for public transportation.
6.4.3 Operation Environmental Monitoring Plan The designated Environmental Coordinator should ensure that the above mentioned mitigation measures concerning not only operation of the planned hotel facilities are carried out successfully. His main tasks include: •
environmental reporting; and
•
maintenance of mitigation and compensation measures.
An environmental performance report should be composed every year and should be presented to the competent local Environmental Agency (cf. Chapter 5.2.3) and all other interested agencies and interest groups. This performance report should comprise an evaluation of mitigation and compensation measures carried out during operation of the facilities, including: •
effectiveness of re-planting measures as outlined in the scope of the Project design as well as evaluation of preserved woodlands and single old trees;
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•
over all protection of vegetation, in particular halophyte vegetation zone, such as control of boardwalk and information boards;
•
updating and ensuring compliance with the implemented Environmental Management System;
•
information and awareness creation of tourists as well as service personnel and local inhabitants not only through information boards but also through further measures (flyers, organisation of guided tours, etc.);
•
ensuring that traffic restrictions are adhered with (no private traffic within in the Module, no “wild” parking etc.);
•
compliance with resources saving target (water, energy); and
•
compliance with targets of waste management plan.
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7
REFERENCES
ERM Lahmeyer International (2002): Environmental Assessment of Urban and Tourism Development Plan Ulcinj, Montenegro. Phase 1, Environmental Screening and Initial Assessment. LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Busković, V. and Ražnatović, V. (1997): Environmental Management in Montenegro. Public Document. Podgorica, Ministry of Environmental Protection. Ivanovic, A. (1997): Development of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Through the International Legal Framework, and its application to Yugoslavian Environmental Policy. Master of Science Degree Dissertation. Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy Central European University, Budapest. Milićević, G. (1995): Ustavno-pravni i zakonodavni aspekti zaštite i očuvanja biodiverziteta u Saveznoj Republici Jugoslaviji. [Constitutional and legal aspects concerning the protection of biodiversity in Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]. In: Stevanović, V. and Vasić, V., eds. (1995) Biodiverzitet Jugoslavie (Biodiversity of Yugoslavia). Beograd, Ecolibri i Biološki Fakultet. ABIOTIC CHARACTERISTICS P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
Djurovic and Djurdjic (eds) (1999): Prirodne karakteristike. (Nature Characteristics). Basic study CO1 for the Coastal Area Spatial Plan. RZUP, Podgorica and MonteCEP, Kotor. Puzovic, S. (1994): Ulcinjsko primorje: Tu sle}u utva i flamingo. Novi Sad: Trag 12: 2829. (German Translation ERM LI: Jagdzeitschrift "Fährte" (Trag Lovacki Magazin), Montenegro,1994, Nr.12, V. Jahrgang, Hier landen Brandgans und Flamingo, Artikel von Slobodan Puzovic). FLORA AND VEGETATION OF COASTAL LAND Baldacci, A. (1910): Appunti sulla flora invernale di Dulcingno nel Montenegro. Mem. Accad. Sci. (Bologna) 119 – 122 1910. Besic, Z. & Vuckovic, M. (1978): Plaze na Crnogorskom primorju. Zastita covjekove sredine u Crnoj Gori. CANU. Naucni skupovi, knj. 4, 321-329. Podgorica. Blecic, V. & Lakusic, R. (1976): Prodromus biljnih zajednica Crne Gore. Glasn. Rep. Zav. Zas. Prir. - Prir. Muz. 9: 57-98, Titograd. Council of Europe (1994): Apendices to the Convention on the Conservation of European wildlife and natural Habitats /Bern 1979/. Conference document. Council of Europe, Strasbourg. European Commission (1996): The Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats - Version EUR15, compiled by
Carlos Romão (DGXI.D.2), and adopted by the Habitats Committee on 25 April 1996. Horvat I., Glavac V. & Ellenberg, H. (1974): Vegetation Südosteuropas, 1-170, Stuttgart. Jankovic, M. & Bogojevic, R. (1965): Robureto – Carpinetum orientalis, nova asocijacija plavnih primorskih suma kod Ulcinja. Arh. Biol. Nauka, Beograd, 17 (3): 15-16. Kosovic, D. (1950): Rezultati ispitivanja hrasta od Stoja – Ulcinj. (Les recherches morphologiques consernant le chene de Stoj - Ulcinj). Glasn. Prir. Muz. Srpske Zemlje (Beograd) B (3-4): 229-232. Louis, O. (1979): Multiplication and Reintroduction of Threatened Species of the Littoral Dunes in Mediterranean France. In: Survival or Extinction. Proceedings of a conference held at the Royal Botanical Garden, Kew. Bentham-Moxton Trust, RBG, Kew. Matvejev, S. & Puncer, I.J. (1989): Karta bioma - Predeli Jugoslavije i njihova zastita. Pos. Izd. Prir. Muz., knj. 36: 1-76, Beograd. Mijovic, A. (1994): Kserohalofitne psamofitske biljne zajednice Velike Ulcinjske plaze (The xerohalophytic sand communities of the Velika Ulcinjska Plaža). Glasnik Instituta za botaniku Botanicke baste Univerziteta u Beogradu, Tom XXVIII, 147-157, Beograd. Pulevic, V. (1973,1974): Prilog flori Crne Gore. Glasn. Republ. Zav. Zas. Prir. - Prir. Muz., 6: 77-83, Titograd.
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Pulevic, V. (1976): Neke nove i rijetke biljke u flori Crne Gore. Republ. Zav. Zas. Prir. Prir. Muz., 9: 99 - 102, Titograd. Pulevic, V. (1980): Bibliografija o flori i vegetaciji Crne Gore. CANU, Bibliografija 1, 1-235, Titograd. Pulevic, V. (1982): Zastita flore i vegetacije u Crnoj Gori. MANU, Odjelj. Biol. Med. Nauka, Prilozi (3)1:109-124. Skopje. Pulevic, V. (1983): Zasticene biljne vrste u SR Crnoj Gori. Glasn. Republ. Zav. Zas. Prir. Prir. Muz., 16: 33-54. Titograd. Pulevic, V. (1985): Dopuna bibliografiji o flori i vegetaciji Crne Gore. Glasnik Republickog zavoda za zastitu prirode, Titograd, 18: 5 - 94. Rohlena, J. (1942): Conspectus florae montenegrinae, XX-XXI: 1-506, Preslia, Praha. Sluzbeni list SRCG (Official Gazette) (1982): Rjesenje o stavljanju pod zastitu rijetkih, prorijedjenih, endemic. SR Montenegro, (1982): Act on Protection of Rare, Endangered and Threatened Animal and Plant Species (Rjesenje o stavljanju pod zastitu rijetkih, prorijedjenih, endemicnih i ugrozenih biljnih i zivotinjskih vrsta). Official Gazette of SR Montenegro, Nr.36/82, Podgorica 1982. Trinajstic, I. (1989): Prilog poznavanju vegetacije priobalnih pjescanih sprudova razreda Ammophiletea Br.-Bl. Et T. 1943 u Crnogorskom primorju (Beitrag zur P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
Kenntnis der Sanddünenvegetation der Klasse Ammophiletea Br.-Bl. et T. 1943 des Montenegrinischen Küstenlandes), The Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, Bulletin of the Section of Natural Sciences, Nr. 7, 1989, Titograd (Podgorica). HERPETOFAUNA Arnold, E. and Burton, J. (1978): Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe. Collins, London. Djukic, G. (1995): Diverzitet vodozemaca i gmizavaca Jugoslavije, sa pregledom vrsta od medjunarodnog znacaja - Biodiverzitet Jugoslavije. Bioloski fakultet & Ekolibri, Beograd. Kalezic, M.L. and Djukic, G. (1990): Evidence for paedomorphosis in the Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus complex) from Yugoslavia. Bulletin of Natural History Mueseum, Belgrade B 45: 127-132. AVIFAUNA BirdLife International (2001): Important Bird Areas and potential Ramsar Sites in Europe. BirdLife Conservation Series. Vol 2 (8) Cambridge. Grimmett, R. & Jones, T.A. (1989): Important Bird Areas in Europe. ICBP Technical Publications (9). Heath M.F. & Evans, M.I (2000): Important Bird Areas- Priority sites for conservation.
Puzovic, S.,Vasic, V.,Ham, I. (1992) : Progradacioni procesi u ornitofauni Ulcinjskih solana. Glasnik Republi~kog zavoda za za{titu prirode - Prirodnja~kog muzeja Podorica, 25,63-75. Puzovic, S. (1994): Ulcinjsko primorje: Tu sle}u utva i flamingo. Novi Sad: Trag 12: 2829. Puzovic, S., Grubac, B. (2000): Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Pp. 725-745 in M.F. Heath and M.I. Evans, eds. Important Bird Areas in Europe:Priority sites for conservation.2: Southern Europe. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife. Saveljic, D. (2000): Srebrnasti galeb, Larus cachinnans (Larus argentatus Michahellis Nauman, 1840) gnijezdi u bazenima Ulcinjske solane. In press. Saveljic, D. (2000): Zimsko prebrojavanje ptica na [askom jezeru, Fraskanjelu, Solani i Brijegu od mora realizovano 18-19.12.2000. Republicki zavod za zastitu prirode. Dopis JP Sumskom gazdinstvu od 22.12.200. Saveljic, D. (2002): Distribvucija ptica po bazenima Ulcinjske solane u zavisnosti od saliniteta vode. Specijalisticki rad. Univerzitet u Beogradu (in press). Saveljic, D. (2002): Changes in the population size of some shorebirds breeding at Ulcinj salt pans (Montenegro) (Acrocephalus, Slovenia, in press). Schneider-Jacoby, M. (2002a): Euronatur, Short international assessment of the ecological importance of the Ulcinj area
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including the Bojana estuary and the Velipoja Lagoon/AL (internal paper). Schneider-Jacoby, M. (2002b): Euronatur, personal communication. Schneider-Jacoby, M. (2002c): Assessment of protected area development connected with the tourism development plan Ulcinj - with special emphasis on attractive species as Dalmatian Pelican and Flamingo (Draft Mission Report - shortened version). BATS Bats UK (2002) : http://www.bats.org.uk Djulic, B. (1971): Mammals of Dinaric karst and their ecological properties. Simp. zast.prir. u nas. krsu, JAZU Od.prir.nau.,213-237, Zagreb. Eurobats (2002): http://www.eurobats.org/PartyReports/Y ugoslavia2002.htm Gaisler, J. (1979): Ecology of Bats. In: Stoddart (ed.): Ecology of Small Mammals. Kongs College, Univ. of London, 1-386, London. Hadzi, J. (1926a): Zoogeografija Jugoslavije prema kopnenoj fauni. U: Narodna enciklopedijasrpsko-hrvatsko-slovenacka,I, 822-834. Biblogradski zavod d.d., Zagreb. Matvejev, S.D. (1961): Biogeografija Jugoslavije-Osnovni principi. Monogr. Biol. Inst. 9, Beograd.
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Matvejev, S. D., Puncer, I. J. (1989): Karta bioma, predeli Jugoslavije i njihova zastita. Glasn. Prir. muz., Pos. izd., knj. 36: 1-76, Beograd.
Jankovic M., Bogojevic R. (1965): Robureto Carpinetum orientalis a new association of innundable litoral forest near Ulcinj, Arh. Biol. nauka 17 (3)" 15P - 16 P.
Miric, Dj., Paunovic, M. (1994): Distribution of Bats in Serbia and Montenegro (Yugoslavia) Symp. On Curr. and Status of Bats in central and Eastern Europe, Abstracts, Bonn.
Pravci razvoja Crne Gore ekoloske drzave, Elaborat, vropski centar za mir i razvoj, beograd, 1997.
Paunovic, M. (1995a): An anlysis of the vertical distribution of bats in Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro). EURECO 95, Abs., p. 66. Budapest. Petrovic, P. (1985) : Novi podaci o rasprostranjenju retkih vrsta slepih miseva (Chiroptera) u Jugoslaviji. - I kongres na biosistematicarite na Jugoslavija, Popova Sapka (rezime). Savic, I et all. (1995): Diverzitet faune sisara (Mammalia) Jugoslavije, sa pregledom vrsta od medjunarodnog znacaja 517-555. Biodiverzitet Jugoslavije, Ecolibri, Bioloski fakultet, Beograd. Vizi, O. (1985): Zasticene zivotinjske vrste u Crnoj Gori. Glas. Republickog zavoda za zastitu prirode i Prirodnjackog muzeja, Titograd, 17, 1984, 69-108.
Predlog zastite entomofaune ulcinjskog podrucja RZZP Crne Gore: Dr Aleksandar Cetkovic, Dragan Pavicevic, i Jelena Nikcevic. Prostorni plan posebnog podrucja morskog dobra (deo za floru i vegetaciju): Mr Z. Bulic i Dr Vukic Pulevic. Radovic et. al, 1995: "Biodiversity of Yugoslavia" – diversity of entomophauna of Yugoslavia, authors I. Radovic, G Mesaros, Dragan Pavicevic, Lj. Protic, and A, Cetkovic, Bioloski fakultet u Beogradu, Ecolibri, 1995. Radovic I., Mesaros G., Pavicevic D., Mihajlovic Lj., Protic Lj., Cetkovic A.: Diverzitet entomofaune (Insecta) Jugoslavije sa pregledom vrsta od medjunarodnog znacaja, Biodiverzitet Jugoslavije, Ecolibri, Beograd, 1995. MARINE FLORA AND FAUNA
ENTOMOFAUNA Adamovic (1968): The Maroccan locust and the migratory locust in Ulcinj District, Montenegro, Glasnik Prirodnjackog muzeja , Beograd, Serija B, Knjiga 23.
Bender, A., Benović, A. (1986): Meduze otvorenih voda Jadranskog mora 1974-1976. Studia Marina 17-18.
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Dobrosavljević, M. (1983): Regresivne transformacije u planktonskim fitocenozama Južnog Jadrana. Studia Marina 13-14. Jovanović, R., Stjepčević, B. (1982): Učešće nekih ekonomski važnih vrsta riba u kočarskim lovinama na području Južnog Jadrana. Studia Marina 11-12. Mandić, S. (1984): Cephalopoda Južnog Jadrana. Studia Marina 15-16. Mandić, S. (1999): Ekološke karakteristike i kapaciteti “Morskog dobra” Ulcinjskog područja. Studija Bioekološki potencijali akvatorijuma Morskog dobra” RCG. Mandić, S. (2001): Bioekološki potencijali priobalnog mora Crne Gore (zoobentos, fitobentosi nalazišta riblje mlađi). Studija Institut za biologiju mora Kotor. Milojević, S. (1986): Fauna Asteroidea (Echinodermata) u otvorenom litoralnom području Južnog Jadrana. Studia Marina 1718. Peres, J-M., Gamulin-Brida, H. (1973): Biološka oceanografija, Bentos, Bentoska bionomija Jadranskog mora. Školska knjiga. Zagreb. Požar-Domac, A. (1983): Polychaeta u bentoskim biocenozama Južnog Jadrana. Studia Marina 13-14. Regner, D., Vuksanović, N., StjepČević, B., Dutina, M. and Joksimović, D. (2002): Seawater quality and the level of eutrophication in the Montenegrin costal sea. Studia Marina (in print). P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
Regner, D., Vuksanović, N., Stjepčević, B., i Dutina, M. (2001): Ekološka istraživanja priobalnog mora Crnogorskog primorja kroz ljeto 2000. Zaštita Voda 2001. Regner, S., Joksimović, A. (2002): Estimate of demersal biomass of the Montenegrin shelf (South Adriatic). Studia Marina 2002 (in print). Sokač, A. (1975): Mikrofauna sedimenta morskog dna iz Crnogorskog primorja. Studia Marina 8. Stjepčević, B., Ivanović, A. (2001): Neki pokazatelji zagađenja priobalnog mora u opštini Ulcinj. Zaštita Voda 2001. RIVER FLORA AND FAUNA Dhora, D., Bequiraj, S (2001): Report on Biodiversity of River Buna. Publication of the project “Restoration of regional fauna/forming role of transbaundery river Buna. Compiled nad Published by Association for Protection of Aquatic Wildlife of Albania and Ecological Association “Kalimera”, Montenegro. Financed by REC, Hungary. Shoqata, M. (2002): Buna Bojana; Tirana. Tekke, R.M.H. (1996): Management of Coastal Lagoons in Albania EUCC, Leiden, NL.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Djurovic, and Djurdjic (eds) (1999): Zastita i Unapredjenje Zivotne sredine. (Environmental Protection and Improvement). Basic study CO3 for the Coastal Zone Spatial Plan. RZUP, Podogorica and MonteCEP, Kotor. Coastal Zone Managanemt Agency (2001): Annual Report. Unpublished document Hydrometeorological Institute. 2001. Annual Report of Wate Quality Monitoring in Montenegro. Unpublished document. Institute for Marine Biolgy (2001-2002): Reports on bathing water analysis in Montnengro. Unpublished documents. JU Center for Ecotoxicological Research (2001): Annual Report of Water Quality Monitoring in Montenegro. Unpublished document. JU Center for Ecotoxicological Research (2001a): Annual Report of Air Quality Monitoring in Montenegro. Unpublished document. JU Center for Ecotoxicological Research (2001b): Annual Report of Soil Quality Monitoring in Montenegro. Unpublished document. Stjepcevic, B., Ivanovic A. (2001): Some characteristics of the coastal water pollution of the Bay of Ulcinj. "Water pollution control 2001" Conference Proceedings. The 30th Annual conference of Yugoslav Water Pollution Control Society.
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HUMAN ENVIRONMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Environmental Guidelines Hotels (and other lodging places).
Karajovic, S. (eds) (1999): Stvorene vrijednosti (Menmade resources). Basic study CO2 for the Coastal Area Spatial Plan. RZUP, Podgorica and MonteCEP, Kotor.
Worldbank (2001): Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook – Part III, Tourism and Hospitality Development.
2001. Prostorni plan podrucja posebne namjene za Morsko dobro – nacrt plana (Coastal area spatial plan – draft version). RZUP, Podgorica and MonteCEP, Kotor. Feasibilty Study Dealing with Establishing a Marina in Ulcinj; Prof. Dr. Sava Petkovic & Ljubomir Vujosevic, 2000. Study commissioned by AS&P. Vijesti (Montenegrin Newspaper) (27/07/2002): Izbjeglice napuštaju “Safari” (Refugees are leaving “Safari”). Federal Government of Germany (2002): Konzeption der Bundesregierung für den Bereich “Umweltschutz und Tourismus” available at: http://www.bmu.de/download/b_tourism usbericht.php (in German) Consulted Experts concerning water consumption and waste generation: Faculty of Humanities, Koper, Slovenia; Mr. Igor Jurincic. Public Enterprise for Water Supply, Budva; Mr. Predag Bjelobrkovic. TOURISM AND ENVIRONMENT European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (no year): Sub-sectoral P1452, DEG PHASE2_EIA.DOC
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Annex A: Maps B: Photo Documentation
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A: Maps Map 1:Present Landuse and Infrastructure Map 2:Flora and Fauna Map 3:Ecological Relevant Areas and Urban Design Plan Map 4:Preservation, Loss and Planting of Forest
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B: Photo Documentation
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Photo 1: Bukaria Ulcinit Beach facilities (Bldg. 1)
Photo 4: Tropicana Beach Club (Bldg. 3)
Photo 7: Apartment House Tourist Resort “Bratstvo Jedinstvo” (Bldg. 6b)
4
5
Photo 2: Looking east: Beach access Bukaria Ulcinit
Photo 5: Left Tropicana Beach Club (Bldg. 3), right
(Bldg. 4 & 5
afari Beach facilities (Bldg. 2)
Photo 3: Safari Beach facilities (Bldg. 2)
Photo 6: Tourist Resort “Bratstvo Jedinstvo” (Bldg.
Photo 9: Open forest characterised by degraded light
6a)
open woodland with only a few old trees remaining
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Photo 8: Ruin west of the Safari Camp (Bldg. 7)
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22 27 11 9
26 12
10
13
14
Photo 10: Aerial view Safari Camp, presently used as Refugee Camp
Photo 14: Farm Houses (Bldg. 16)
27 24 22
Photo 12: Building 9 to 14 and 22, 26, 27; View to the North, from front to back: seminatural pine forest, pastures and meadows, forest with Safari Camp, Regional Road R17, Donji Stoj, Solana.
19 18
26
25 23
21 20
17
Photo 15: Residential Houses (Bldg. 17 to 27)
Photo 11: Safari Camp with wooden barracks and old trees, presently used as refugee camp Photo 13:Macadam Road near Bldg. 15
Photo 16: Residential Houses (Bldg. 18 & 19)
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Photo 17: House (Bldg. 24)
Photo 20: Construction Material Yard (Bldg. 27)
Photo 23: Electrical Transformation Station (Bldg. 31)
29 & 30
Photo 18: Residential Houses (Bldg. 25)
Photo 21: Residential Houses (Bldg. 29 & 30)
Photo 24: Psammo-Halophyte Vegetation
Photo 19: New Apartment Houses (Bldg. 26)
Photo 22: Residential House (Bldg. 30)
Photo 25: Psammo-Halophyte Vegetation
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Photo 28: Aerial View Marshland
Photo 26: Ruin of Barn with Old Trees (Bldg. 34)
Photo 27: Pancratium maritimum (Sand Lily)
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