Energy

Solar Thermal - Market, Policy and Industry Trends in Germany Jan Knaack Project Manager Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft e.V. Stralauer Platz 34 10243 Berlin [email protected]

German Solar Industry Association TASK To represent the German solar industry in the solar thermal energy and photovoltaics sectors VISION A global sustainable energy supply provided by solar energy ACTIVITIES Lobbying, political advice, public relations, market observation, standardization EXPERIENCE Active in the solar energy sector since 30 years MEMBERS More than 800 solar producers, suppliers, wholesalers, installers and other companies active in the solar business HEADQUARTERS Berlin

Status of the Use of Solar Thermal Energy Mainly in

use: Solar domestic hot water systems Growing

share of combined systems for DHW and room heating support in Central Europe (Austria, Germany, France) Plastic absorber

for swimming pools

 Collective

systems for multi family houses, hotels, hospitals etc. is growing 

Solar district heating systems with and without seasonal storage 

Plants for process heating



Solar thermal assisted cooling

Domestic Hot Water Production Market share in Germany: 35% Typical data for Germany (4-person household)  Forced circulation  5-6m² collector area  300-400 l. solar storage tank Image: Schüco Image: Paradigma Flat-plate or vacuum tube collector Solar station with controls and circulation pump

Water storage tank Cold water inlet

Condensing boiler oli, gas new: wood pellets rarely: elec. power

High quality thermosiphon systems from Germany for hot & moderate climate zones

Solar fluid Protective glass Selective Absorber

Insulation material

Source: Schüco

Double coating DHW-storage

Electric support heater

Water Hot water exit Cold water entry Features: •150 – 300 l storage tank •2 – 5 m² collector area •ground or roof mounted installation •Intelligent design to prevent stagnation & overheating •Easy to install & high efficiency Flowback tube

Solar Thermal Combined System Image: Roto Frank

Market share in Germany: 65%

Solar station with controls and circulation pump Flat-plate or vacuum tube collector

Combined solar thermal system for DHW and auxiliary room heating  8-15 m² collector area  500-1,000 litres combined storage  Forced circulation system

Dom. hot water storage

Boiler Heating circuits

Buffer storage

Cold water inlet

Market Data Solar Thermal in Germany 2010*

2400

Newly installed collector area 1.150 Mio sqm Total installed collector area 14.0 Mio sqm Growth 2009/2010 -26% No. of total systems installed 1.5 Million Turnover 2010* ca. € 1.0 bn Employees* 20,000 (Source: BSW-Solar)* Preliminary figures

2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200

1000 800 600 400 200 0

Annually installed collector area [1 000 sqm]

Development of the German ST market

© BSWSolar Flat plate © BSW-Solar

Evacuated tube

Trend 16% growth

Main Instrument: Market Incentive Programme (MAP)

Market Incentive Programme (MAP) – Grants and Loans:  Federal support for solar heat (< 40 m² + some exexptions), bio mass, heat pumps  Aims at heating systems  Support only for combined systems in existing buildings under the condition High efficiency pump grade „A“  Hydraulic balance of system compulsory from 1. Sept. 2011 

Budget is approx. 310 Million € in 2011 + up to 40 Mio. € from climate fund  Annual adaption of support programme 



Main problem: „Stop-and-Go“

MAP-Programme for refurbishments in the building stock

Basic support per m² collecor surface (CS) for combined systems DHW & space heating 120€/m²

(90€ /m²*)

4800 € + 45 € / m² for syst. ≥ 40 m² 1 & 2 family houses 

Efficiency boni € / m² for well insulated € 1 & 2 family buildings **(45 / m²*) 2400 € (1800 €*) + 22,5 € / m² ≥ 40 m² for well insulated multi fam. / others 50 € / pumps 60

45 € / m² for extension of exist. Systems 

€ / m² for multi family houses (20 – 40 m²) 180

*1. Jan. 2012 ** 30 % above 2009 EnEV (Energy efficiency regulation)

Boni for repalcements of old oil and gas boilers by renewable technologies or modern condensing boilers in combination with solar thermal 600 Euro (500 €*).

Renewable energy heat obligation (since 2009) 

Obligation for the use of renewable energies to cover a certain share of heat demand in building  Concerns only new buildings  National aim: Provide 14% of renewable heat by 2020 (from: 6% in 2008)  Problem: Implementation of the law is not effectively regulated

Bild: Wagner und Co.

Details concerning the renewable energy heat obligation

Provision of heat demand in new buildings by alternatively:  At least 15% by solarthermal systems,  At least 50% biomass (e.g. wood pellets), liquid biomass or natural heat (heat pump) or  At least 30% by biogas with combines heat and power systems

Fulfillment of obligation for solar thermal:  One / tow family buildings: min.: 0.04 m² collector surface per square metre used space  Multifamily buildings: min 0.03 m² collector surface per square metre used space Combinations of different technologies are possible

1

Aperturfläche, 2 Nutzfläche gemäß § 2 Nr.15 EnEV

Other support instruments



KfW programme for solar systems > 40 m² providing a grant that covers 30 % of system costs  Additional programmes in several federal states (e.g. Hamburg, Saxonia, etc.)

4 strategies needed to develop the full potential of ST

1.

The number of solar thermal systems has to be sharply increased

2.

The share of solar thermal energy per building has to be increased step-by-step up to 100%

3.

ST has to be introduced in new market segments like public buildings and the commercial sector

4.

New ST applications have to be developed like solar assisted cooling, district and process heating

Challenges for the industry research

Technology for collectors New materials, Integration Process air

lower costs

into the building envelope

heat collectors, Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) and

collectors

Storage technologies Seasonal High

storage (big and very huge)

energy density (Latent- and chemical storage)

Active solar house System

technology, Cost reduction

Process heat Solar Cooling Industrial Processe

© Wagner & Co

Key technology: collector manufacturing

© GreenOneT ec

© Bluetec

Ultrasonic or laser welding

© Wagner & Co

Sputtered selective absorber

Collector design

Growing automation in production

Key components: Collectors Flat plate collector Hybrid Collector Attractive (PV/ST)

Evacuated tube collector

/ high efficiency collectors

Image: Paradigma Image: Paradigma

Image: Wagner & Co

Image: SolarHybrid

Air collector

Image: Grammer

Innovative Components in the Solar Circuit Integrated tubes for the solar circuit: solar supply and return with sensor line within a UV resistant thermal insulation Examples with copper pipes and stainless steel flexible tubes

© Solarflex

© Aeroline tube systems

Improved pump for the solar circuit: 80% reduction of electricity consumption Integration of additional functions: pressure sensor etc.

© Wilo

Innovative Solar Controller Technology Controllers play an important role for providing high solar yields. German manufacturers have a long experience in producing matured and reliable controllers

Heat meter (left) Flow meter (right)

© Resol

Connection diagram

Innovative Solar Heating Technology: Oil/Gas-Burner integrated in the storage tank Stratified storage tank with solar heat exchanger at the bottom and oil/gas-burner at the top

burner standpipe solar collector and circuit

solar heat exchanger schematic drawing

sectional drawing

© Solvisl

Attractive applications for small systems: Roof integrated collector

© Viessmann

Attractive components for large systems: Facade integration

© Schüco

© Schüco

Residential sector: From DHC-system to the Solar Active Home Domestic Hot Water 10%-20%

Combined Hot Water / Heating System 20%-30%

„Solar home 50+“ Building heated mainly with solar energy 50% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100%

Source: G. Stryi-Hipp Percentage of heat production of heating need of the building

New developments: Concept of the „Solar home“

Solarcollectors 30m² - 60m² Seasonal heat storage – 10 m³ Solar coverage of DHW and space heating: 60% - 70%

Solar house with collectors, PV and heat pump

New business fields: Large scale solar thermal systems Large solar thermal systems for multi family houses, hotels, hospitals, nursing homes etc. German companies have a lot of experience and offer matured systems

Image: Solvis

Image: Wagner & Co

Source: Paradigma

Solar thermal technology for industrial processes / cooling

1330 m² evvacuated tube collectors at Festo, Esslingen

Industrial heat demand by temperature level and industrial sector 100%

80%

60%

40% Above 400°C 20%

100 - 400°C Below 100°C

0% t r y s ls o al en al er ta pe ic r cc e n a m a i e m p p M in ch ob & ui he ic a M u T q C s p l Q M c d E d lli Ba rt Pu an a t o an d e p oo -M ns ng i F a n in Tr No M in ry ar

g

Source: ECOHEATCOOL

he Ot

rs

Processes and Temperature Levels

Industrial Sector

Process

Temperature Level [°C]

Food and Beverages

Drying Washing Pasteurizing Boiling Sterilizing Heat Treatment

30 - 90 40 – 80 80 – 110 95 – 105 140 – 150 40 – 60

Textile Industry

Washing Bleaching Dyeing

40 –80 60 – 100 100 – 160

Chemical Industry

Boiling Distilling Various chem. Processes

95 – 105 110 – 300 120 - 180

All Sectors

Pre-heating of Boiler Feedwater Heating of Factory Buildings

30 – 100 30 – 80

ST Process Heat Applications

Space heating of industrial buildings

Low- and medium temperature heat for industrial processes

Water treatment (e.g. Sea water desalination)

Refrigeration and cooling

Process Heat Collectors: Advanced Flat Plate Collectors

Source: Schüco

Double-glazed, flat-plate collector with anti-reflective glass. The space between the glass panes is filled with an inert gas to reduce the heat conductivity. Source: IEA SHC Task 33

Process Heat Collectors: CPC Collectors

Source: ZAE Bayern

1.00 Air 1 bar Air 0,01 bar Krypton 0,01bar

0.90 0.80

Efficiency n

0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00

Concentration: 1,8x

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Temperature difference T_Coll_mid - T_Amb [K]

LoCo EvaCo (Low concentrating evacuated flat collector), ZAE Bayern

140

Solar car wash plant, Köflach, Austria

Installed capacity: 30 kWth (43 m² flat plate collector) Source: AEE Intec

Beverage Industry – Bottle Washing

Bavarian brewery Lammsbräu Drying of

malt



Continuous heat demand during the whole year  Temperatures up to 60 °C provided by the covered air collectors  72.5 m2 collector area

Source: Grammer

Source: Lambsbräu

Drying of green forage in Italy 

Storage of the forage bales is easier  Higher quality of the forage  Improvement of proteine in the forage  Collector area: 40 m2

Seawater Desalination – Gran Canaria, Spain

Membrane Distillation 70 kWth anti-reflective double glazed flat plate collector Annual useful solar heat: 89 MWh/a Anual specific useful solar heat: 1271 kWh/kW*a Solar fraction: 100%

Fraunhofer ISE, Germany

El NASR Pharmaceutical Chemicals, Egypt

Installed Capacity: 1,33 MWth (1900 m² Parabolic Trough Collectors) Steam: 1,3 t/hr / 170°C, 7,5 bar

Source: FICHTNER SOLAR GmbH

Solar cooling & Air conditioning Solar Radiation and required Cooling Load





Coincidence of radiation & cooling load demand Solar coolers are Peak-shavers!

Total installed Solar Cooling Systems in Europe / World





 

Solar cooling is a sustainable alternative to conventional electrically driven split-units (compressor chillers) Solar collectors are combined with sorption chillers that use environmentally friendly refrigerants (ammonium/water) Low power demand and operation costs, Low CO2 Yearly Growth 40-70%

Solare Kühlung

Solar driven cooling machines

Source: Ago

Source: Phönix

Source: EAW

Source: Climatewell

Source: Henning, Nuñez, Fraunhofer ISE

Solar Cooling: Fresnel Collector Mirroxx GmbHGermany

Aperture area: 88 m² Working temperature: max. 200°C

Conclusions

 

  

German solar policy has led to a stop-andgo market German solar companies can look back on a long experience in solar thermal technology development and applications Domestic hot water production & space heating are mature technologies Process heat and solar cooling are very promissing technologies Solar thermal is an innovative technology, but still has to be improved

Source: Solvis

Source: ITW

Thank you very much for your attention!