Vesna Nikčević Regional study of biomass for members of Energy Community – Western Balkan, Ukraine and Moldavia
ENERGY POTENTIAL OF BIOMASS IN MONTENEGRO
Podgorica, January 2010
1
CONTENT 1. SUMMARY 2. INTRODUCTION 3. THE GOAL OF THE STUDY 4. NATIONAL DATA 4.1. Geopolitics 4.2. Energy sector 4.2.1. Generation 4.2.2. Consumption 4.3. Economy – economic parameters 5. ENERGY POLICY 6. SUPPLY – RAW BIOENERGY BASIS 6.1. Forestry 6.1.1. Structure and quantity of wood biomass 6.2. Wood-processing industry 6.2.1. Structure of residual from primary wood-processing 6.2.2. Structure of residual from final wood-processing 6.3. Main indicators of primary production of fast-growing types of trees for energy use 6.3.1. Location, area and generation 6.4. Agriculture 6.4.1. Viticulture 6.4.1.1.
Cutting residual
6.4.2. Husk residual during wine or liquor production 6.4.3. Olive yards 6.5. Synthesis of bioenergy structure 2
7. MARKET 8. SWOT ANALYSIS 9. CONCLUSION 10. REFFERENCES
1. SUMMARY REZIME The study presents the results of researching energy potential of biomass in Montenegro. It represents the potential quantity of biomass presented by the source of biomass used: forestry, wood-processing industry and agriculture. The study accents the possibility of using biomass from viticulture (cutting residual and husk residual during wine or liquor production) and olive yards (residual during production of olive oil). Moreover, the study defines not only the areas that can be used for plantations of fast-growing trees used for energy purposes but also estimates their energy value. On the other hand, study presents the possible difficulties during the development and use of biomass for energy generation in Montenegro. Some of these difficulties include: poorly researched potential, traditions, government regulations, old technology in forestry sector as well as financial difficulties. Finally the study quantifies the possible energy generated from biomass, in the range of 4200 GWh that can be used as a starting point for future development of energy sector based on biomass. Key words: forestry biomass, wood-processing residual, plantations of fast-growing trees, viticulture, cutting residual, husk, olive yards, energy value.
2. INTRODUCTION The goal of energy security is a crucial factor in planning a future of every country. In order to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and import of energy, many countries have started the programs for researching and development of renewable energy sources of energy. It’s a widely known fact that burning fossil fuels, especially coal, oil and natural gas releases into atmosphere significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. This has changed the structure of atmosphere so much that it caused the global warming effect. Although there is no easy solution for challenge that the climate change represents, it is widely believed that the decrease in emissions of CO2 is a key step to lowering the negative effects of global warming. In this regard renewable energy sources are significant since they produce energy with little or no CO2 emissions. Obvious energy requirements of Montenegro stress the importance of measuring the potential of new generation sources including biomass potential. Considering that Montenegro is a small country it has a significant amount of bioenergy resources. The most important bioenergy resources are: forestry residues, fast-growing plantations, wood-processing industry residuals, 3
viticulture (cutting residual, residual during production of liquor), fruit-growing (cutting residuals, residual during production of olive oil, etc.). 3. THE GOAL OF THE STUDY The main goal of the study is to present the transparent estimation of biomass potential in Montenegro. The study is consisted of research based on the source of biomass as well as theoretical and practical-technical approach. Therefore the main focus will be on presenting: forestry generation potential, potential of suitable land for plantations of fast-growing trees used for energy generation, vineyards potential, fruit-trees biomass potential where all of them are presented in their current potential and possible future use. The idea is to represent the ways the theoretical estimations can be turned operational technological reality. Therefore the goal is to quantify the structure of raw biomass and its energy-financial estimation while at the same time presenting the economic and social benefits that the development of biomass represents. In order to estimate the potential of biomass, the following steps have been taken: • collection of data, • processing and analysis of the data, • estimation of biomass potential. However, this prospective and positive scenario for biomass use has to overcome numerous barriers that slow down the wider use of renewable energy sources in Montenegro: • very low prices of traditional energy sources, • lack of financial sources and investors interested in investing in energy generation based on biomass, • lack of regulatory framework needed to support energy sources based on biomass, • lack of public knowledge about advantages of use of renewable energy sources. In near future, the Government of Montenegro should put more effort into creating better conditions for wider use of biomass by providing appropriate support schemes from institutional and financial perspective. National strategy should support research of potential use of biomass as precondition for development of this form of energy generation.
4. NATIONAL DATA 4.1.
Geopolitics
Montenegro became an independent country on July 3rd, 2006 after a referendum held on May 21st, 2006. Montenegro is a south-European and Mediterranean country, that is taken to be one of the most southern countries that also comes out on Adriatic sea. Table 1: General information Geographic location
Montenegro is located in southeastern Europe. On its southeast side it borders Albania. On its south side it is separated from Italy by the Adriatic sea; on the north side with Serbia and on the west side it borders Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
4
Area
13,812 km2
Border length
614 km
Coast length
293.5 km
Climate
Mediterranean, continental and mountain
Terrain
Montenegro is divided into four geographical regions: coastal, field, plateau of deep rocky region and mountain.
Territorial areas
21 municipalities, 1256 populated locations, 40 town/city locations , 368 localized communities
Image 1: Map of Montenegro
4.2.
Energy sector
4.2.1. Generation Main energy generation units are: -
Hydropower plants: Perućica and Piva
-
Thermal power plant Pljevlja
Image 2: Main energy generation structure in Montenegro (HPP Perućica; HPP Piva; TPP Pljevlja)
The energy generation from these sources for the past three years is presented in Table 2. 5
Table 2: Electrical energy generation Energy structure
Units
2006
2007
2008
Hydro energy
GWh
1,749.8
1,283.7
1,538.5
Thermal energy
GWh
1,201.8
860.3
1,289.5
Total
GWh
2,951.6
2,144.0
2,828.0
Source: Annual statistical balance sheet for Montenegro 2009
Montenegro uses only 17% of its estimated hydro potential. 4.2.2. Consumption Table 3: Consumption of electrical energy and fossil fuels Energy structure
Units
2006
2007
2008
Electrical energy
GWh
4,684.8
4,646.7
4,585.0
t
2000
2000
-
Lignite
1000 t
28
27
29
Oil
1000 t
16
14
15
Fuel oil
1000 t
112
110
115
Liquid gas
1000 t
1
3
2
Dark coal
Source: Annual statistical balance sheet for Montenegro 2009, EPCG
Shortfall in 2008 amounted to 2.757 GWh, which is equal to the current electricity generation. This fact is the reason for supporting new energy sources such as biomass.
4.3.
Economy – Economic parameters Table 4: Macroeconomic indicators
Indicators Gross Domestic Product (GDP)market price GDP per citizen
Units
2008
in 1000 €
2,680,467
€
4,262.8
6
Employment
worker
166,221
Annual investment
In 1000 €
861,651
Import (goods and services)
in 1000 €
2,527,151
Export (goods and services)
in 1000 €
433,158
Foreign trade deficit
in 1000 €
2,093,993
Source: Annual statistics for Montenegro 2009.
•
Other economic indicators, such as low national product, significant foreign trade deficit, high unemployment show the need for intensive investment in increase of biomass use in energy production sector.
5. ENERGY POLICY National energy policy of Montenegro specifically accents the importance of energy generation based on renewable energy sources. Biomass as a secure source of energy is gaining on importance. Montenegro has some general estimates of biomass potential that shows wood biomass as the main resource, especially regarding biomass sources such as forestry, woodprocessing industry and agriculture. Their valorization depends on the conditions that are created to support such sources. However basic parameters – motives which are certain are quantity of available biomass from: -
Current forestry residues,
-
Wood-processing industry residues,
-
Potential plantations of fast-growing trees,
-
Residual material from vineyards,
-
Residual material from fruit-growing plantations,
-
Other structures of primary and secondary residuals.
Therefore, for further use of biomass for energy generation certain conditions need to be met: • • • •
Available resources, Existing energy market, Existence of efficient technology, Parties interested for such generation (replacement of import, profit, employmnet, additional effects).
In the context of this section, national policy of Montenegro for rational usage of biomass in energy generation sector can be defined as a path from a raw resource to its economically 7
significant valorization, which includes transfer of the most efficient technologies (measurements, design, finance engineering, cluster organization of businesses, government support, etc.). According to the draft Energy Law (January 2010) and its regulations the tariff for electrical energy produced in biomass plants will be between 0.12 do 0.14 €/KWh. 6. SUPPLY – RAW BIOENERGY BASIS Estimate of energy potential of biomass is focused on the most important resources: forestry, wood-processing industry residual, agriculture. According to this the main biomass potential for generation can be represented with following proportion: - forests and forested land 721,298 or 52.2% from total Montenegro area - agricultural land 516,219 ha or 37.4% from total Montenegro area * excluded from biomass potential 143,683 or 10.4%
10.40%
Forests and foresrted land Agricultural land
37.40%
52.20% Excluded from biomass potential
Image 3: Estimate of energy potential
6.1.
Forestry
Forests and forested land are occupying an area of 721,298 ha and represent 52.2% of total Montenegro area and represent the most significant energy potential for Montenegro.
Image 4: Forests, storage of biomass in industry
8
There were 427 companies registered for wood-processing in the Commercial court in 2007. Forestry sector is especially interesting for the energy systems that use biomass as a fuel. Table 5. Area, wood mass, growth, forest status Ownership
Area
Wood mass m³ bdm
Growth m³ bdm
ha State forests and forested land Private forests and forested land
Total:
Forest status m³ bdm
551,015
62,233,000
1,255,000
942,489
170,283
8,407,000
176,000
176,695
721,298
70,640,000
1,431,000
1,119,184
According to the data in Table 5 it can be concluded that forest status is balanced in the range of 78,20% from annual growth. The most recent estimation of high and sucker government-owned forests shows a high production potential of the most valuable forest lands in Montenegro. Table 6. High and sucker government-owned forest areas, present growth, potential growth Present growth m³ bdm Ownership High government forests Sucker government forests Total:
Area ha
By ha
On total area
Potential growth m³ bdm By ha
On total area
200,571
4.98
998,843
9.03
1,811,156
35,703
2.19
78,189
6.5
232,069
236,274
4.56
1,077,032
8.64
2,043,225
Average weight – 1m³ = 0,7 t
•
The fact that on the most valuable forested land the growth of wood mass is 8.64 m³/yr shows that forests in Montenegro have higher, even double production and energy capacity than they do today. This kind of non proportionality between current status and future potential calls for use of the most efficient forest technologies.
•
Wood biomass useful for energy generation can be estimated as a theoretical value from the forest status presented in Table 5 in case that the whole roundwood is processed in Montenegro, through primary or final processing. 6.1.1. Structure and quantity of wood biomass
Forestry biomass suitable for energy generation is presented in Table 7. 9
Table 7. Forest status, technical roundwood, space roundwood, forest residuals, tree crust
Area
Montenegro
Total energygenerating biomass m³
Gross forest status
Technical roundwo od
Space roundwood
Forest residuals
Tree crust
m³ bdm
m³
m³
m³
m³
m³
t
44,76 7
671,510
402,290
1,119,18 4
447,673
458,865
167,878
Average weight – 1m³ = 0.7 t
Stumps and roots are not accounted for considering orographic conditions of Montenegro forests. 6.2.
Wood-processing industry
Wood-processing industry in Montenegro has 427 registered companies that during their processes generate significant wood biomass. 6.2.1. Structure of residual from primary wood-processing Table 8. Technical roundwood, commercial product, sawdust, large residual and the rest
Area
Technical roundwood
Commercial product
Large residual
m³
m³
m³
m³
107,442
62,674
Montenegro
447,673
246,220
The rest
Sawdust
m³ 31,337
Additional residual (tree crust 14% from technical roundwood)
Total energy potential m³
t
201,453 62,674
Total residual
264,127
158,476
Average weight – 1m³ = 0.7 t
6.2.2.
Structure of residual from final wood-processing
Table 9. Secondary residual, final residual, other residual Area
Montenegro
Cut wood
Commercial product
Secondary residual
Final residual
Other residual
Total
%
m³
m³
m³
m³
m³
t
246,220
86,177
140,345
7,337
12,311
160,043
96,026
Average weight – 1m³ = 0.7 t
10
6.3. Main indicators of primary production of fast-growing types of trees for energy use Montenegro has good land condition for growing plantations of fast-growing trees that can be used for energy generation. The most suitable areas for such growth are: the lowest areas of Niksic flatland (Bara budoška i Slivlje); area on the riverside of river Donja Zeta; area around Skadar lake (from Božaj to Karuča); area on the riverside of river Tara (from Mataševo to river Bistrica in Mojkovac municipality); area on the riverside of river Lim (from Murina to Brodarevo). Table 11. Location, area, generation Growth m³/god Location Nikšić Donja Zeta Skadar lake Tara Lim Total
Area ha
m³/g
Raw wood
Total annual
t per year
1,500
-
-
-
400
-
-
-
10,000
-
-
-
500
-
-
-
1,000
-
-
-
13.400
50
670,000
455,600
Detailed feasibility study would be needed in order to give more information on the possibility of growth of fast-growing plantations for energy use in these areas.
Image 6: Plantation of fast-growing trees
6.4. Agriculture Main bioenergy resources from agriculture are viticulture and fruit-growing. The agricultural land used for farming and growing wheat are not quantified cause they are small and not concentrated in one area. 6.4.1. Viticulture 11
The cutting residuals from vineyards are traditionally burnt. The study shows that one kilogram of residuals from grape trees equals the energy value of one kilogram of fossil fuel. Therefore, the cutting residuals from vineyards can be used for energy generation. 6.4.1.1.
Cutting residual
Table 12. Area, production of cutting residual Subject
Area ha
Number of grape trees
Kg of cutting mass per grape tree
Total t
State-owned
2,310
8,914,298
-
-
Privately owned
3,000
9,252,013
-
-
Total
5,310
18,166,311
1.75
31,791
Source: Annual statistics 2009; Vineyards 13.jul. d.o.o. Podgorica
6.4.1.2.
Husk residual
Husk residual that is left over during production of liquor has a significant energy value. Energy valorization of husk residual can improve general energy efficiency of grape growing and wine making business.
Table 13: Amount of husk from grape trees, energy value Subject
Number of grape trees
Kg of husk per grape tree
Total t/g of husk
Husk residual t/g
Dry husk residual t/g
Privately owned
9,252,013
1.99
16,557
-
-
State-owned
8,914,298
3.21
27,432
-
-
18,166,311
2.61
43,989
35,100
15,795
Total
Source: Annual statistics for Montenegro 2009; own research
12
Image 8: Vineyards of “Plantaze 13. Jul” Podgorica
6.4.1.3. Olive yards Montenegro has a large number of olive trees. From the olive trees, specifically from the process of oil making, a significant amount of mass can be collected that can be used for energy value. Table 14. Amount, energy value Subject
Number of trees
Total t/g product
Kg per tree of product
Husk t/g
Dry husk t/g
Privately owned
429,900
2,401
5.7
2,089
1,044
State-owned
18,500
--
-
-
-
Total
448,400
2,401
5.7
2,089
1,044
Source: Annual statistics fro Montenegro 2009; own research
Image 9: Olives and olive tree, Ulcinj
6.5.
Synthesis of bioenergy structure
Synthesis of bioenergy potential is presented by sectors in Table 15. Table 15: Quantity and energy value by sector Sector
Units
Quantity t
KWh/t
Σ GWh
Energy value
Forestry- 25% moisture
t
470,057
3,085
1,450
Wood-processing industry -12% moisture
t
298,306
4,000
1,193
Forest cultured plantations- 25% moisture
t
455,600
3,000
1,367
Residuals from viticulture -25% moisture
t
31,791
3,000
95
Husk from grape trees -10% moisture
t
15,795
5,500
87
13
Husk from olive trees -10% moisture
t
1,044
5,500
6
Total
t
1,272,593
3,300
4,200
•
Montenegroo bioenergy potential of 4.200 GWh is 1.5 times greater than the current electrical energy production (2.800 GWh) which goes to show that the green energy is the energy of the future.
7. Market Wider use of biomass for energy use currently practically does not exist in Montenegro. Some of the wood-processing industry companies use biomass for production of energy for selfuse. The residual wood from hardwood is traditionally used for heating in households in heaters. Small production of briquettes in some wood-processing companies is used in local markets. Significant use on the local market is expected with the increase in use of biomass for energy generation (pellets, briquettes, electricity). In order for this to happen technology transfer needs to happen first. Considering that the need for energy from biomass from point of view of its price, green energy, sustainability is increasing, the use of biomass energy on the local as well as regional and wider markets in inevitable. This is the main condition for pushing the biomass as energy product in the future. 8. SWОТ Analysis
Advantages - Significant biomass potential, - Accessibility of unused land for growing the fast-growing plantations for energy use, - Decrease in CО₂ emissions, - Support of development of forestry and wood-processing industry, - Generation of significant amount of energy from RES, - Generating energy surplus
Disadvantages - Lack of research of bioenergy resource potential, - Very low prices of traditional energy sources, - Lack of own financial resources, - Lack of program for potential investors, - Lack of adequate regulatory stimulation, - Lack of knowledge and public information about energy potential of biomass
14
Possibilities - Improving energy stability, - Direct replacement for fossil fuels, - Export of energy, - Increase of national product:
Threats - Potential competition - Fossil fuel might be cheaper - Intensive energy generation from: sun, wind or geo potential
- New employment options - Development of local businesses - use of investment from Kyoto protocol
9. CONCLUSION Results show that Montenegro has significant biomass (wood and other) potential that can be used for energy generation. Total estimation of energy value is 4.200 GWh. The largest biomass energy potential is in the forestry sector. Currently forestry production is half of its possible potential, which points out to significant reserves. The growth of fast-growing plantations would be significant improvement in energy potential of biomass. The potential and suitable land exists in Montenegro. The possible energy quantity presented shows that biomass could introduce large economic potential if it was used for energy generation. Energy from biomass is renewable and practically doesn’t have negative effects on environment. Moreover, it represents an improvement for environment since it replaces fossil fuels. Montenegro should focus on technology transfer for biomass technology in order to create conditions for the best use of current potential and future development.
10. REFERENCES Pejović V.(1992). Study of raw material in Montenegro MP for engineering and consulting (in Montenegrin), Inkos ZIR, Titograd Glavonjić B. (2002). Economy of wood-processing industry – practicum (in Montenegrin), University of Belgrade – Forestry faculty, Belgrade
15
Government of Montenegro (2003). Sanitation – development study for wood-industry and forestry in Montenegro, Ministry of Economy, Montenegro REZ, Regional development agency for central region BiH (2006). Feasibility study, Commercial use of wood residuals in BiH, Sarajevo Study (2007). Potential and possibilities for creating briquetts and pallets from biomass residuals on the territory of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Agricultural university, Novi Sad Energy Saving Grop (2007). Feasibility study- Use of wood residuals in Serbia, USAID Krajnc N.(2007). Green electrical energy, Lastnik gazdov, Gozdar institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana Glavonjić B. (2008). Guide to wood biomass: types, characteristics and advantages for heating, Ministry for agriculture, forestry and water of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Forestry faculty Salopek D. (2008). Use of biomass for energy generation, Status of biomass of Croatian forests, Zagreb Vasioljević A. I Glavonjić B. (2008). Effect of consumption on production of pallets in Austria, Magasin of forestry faculty, Belgrade D’APPOLONIJA&DFS inzenjering(2008). Feasibility study, Combined generation plant and pallet production JAVORAK, Genoa, Italy Summary of articles from International conference (2008). Wood biomass – the choice of Serbia for XXI century, Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Forestry faculty Dundovic J.(2008.). Energy use of forestry biomass in Croatia – potential and perspective, Croatian forests, Gospic MONSTAT Montenegro (2009) Annual statistics 2009, Podgorica, Montenegro
xxx
16