NYS Dairy Farm Survey Dairy Farm Energy Use

Energy Efficient Lighting for Agricultural Buildings

Milk cooling 19%

Feeding Eq Manure Eq 3% 2% Misc 1%

Lighting 18%

Scott Sanford Senior Outreach Specialist Biological Systems Engineering

Vacuum Pump 13%

Water heating 28%

Ventilation 16%

Source: Dairy Farm Energy Audit Summary, NYSERDA, July 2003 2

What is Light? Electromagnetic Radiation

Sensitivity of an average humans eye

Color Temperature • • • •

Skylight (clear blue sky) Daylight Cool white / Bright White Warm White / Soft White

12-20,000K 5000 - 6500K 3500 - 4100K 2700 - 3000K

• • • •

High pressure sodium lamp Mercury Vapor Incandescent Match or candle flame

2100K 5700K 2500 - 2900K 1700 - 1900K

°

°

°

273 K = 0 C = 32 F 5

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Light Quality Color Rendering Index

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7 Source: http://www.neon-lighting.com/articles/Types%20of%20Lamps.htm

Low Pressure Sodium

How is light measured? Lumen, Foot Candle, Lux?

Color of an object depends on sensitivity of the eye and the wavelengths (colors) produced by light source.

Source: The Light Measurement Handbook – Alex Ryer, International Light Technologies; http://files.intl-light.com/ILT-Light-Measurement-Handbook.pdf

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Incandescent Phase-Out

Incandescent Phase-Out • Benefits

• Period: 2012 to 2014

• Per Household (Typical 18% lights)

• Lights emitting 310 to 2600 lumens • • • • • • •

• 1295 kWh – 1737 lbs. CO2 per year • ~ $160/year savings

Increased efficiency by 27% ~ 25 watt to 50°F

• Starting temperatures down to 0 F (Depends on ballast) • -20

• 17

°F for High Output version

18

3

T5 vs T8 Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps T-12 • T-5 Fluorescent lamps (5/8” dia)

T-8

T-5

• •

• Efficiency ~ same to 5% more than T8 *** • 20-30,000 hrs life • Std – 2900 L

° Average temperature in WI 47°F (8°C) Lamp Output @ 50°F (10°C) • T8 – 72% of full output • T5 – 42% of full output

• Mean Output for 45.2” lamp

°

°

• T5 rated at 95 F vs T8 rated at 75 F

HO – 4600 L

• 0 F start temperatures • Electronic ballasts

°

T-5 lamp fixtures with cover holds heat in which increase efficiency

• High output version
-20 F start temperatures • Different base and lengths (21.6”, 33.4”, 45.2”, 57.1”) • Lamps not as readily available in Retail stores • Lamps cost more

20 19

Cold Weather Fluorescents

Retrofits T-12 to T-8 • T8 & T12 lamps • Same length lamps • same bases / fixtures • Single Pin (Fa8) – 8 foot lamps • Medium Bipin (G13) – 4 foot lamps • Recessed Double contact (R17d) - High Output lamps

• Fixture in good condition and correct type • Must change Ballast & lamps • Conversion cost - $30-$50 for parts.

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Electrical Code for Ag Buildings

Other Energy Policy Changes • Mercury Vapor lamps

• If housing animals • Considered damp/wet & corrosive

• No new ballasts can be Mfg or imported • No Sales after Jan 2008

• Fixtures • Rated for damp/wet Location • Non-corrosive materials • Stainless Steel / Plastic • Cover with gasket • Surface wiring in conduit • Wet-rated switch

• Metal Halide Probe-Start Lamps • No new ballasts can be Mfg or imported • No Sales after Jan 2009 • Replace with Pulse-Start Metal Halide • 25% energy savings

•Utility Re-wiring Programs!!! 23

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High Intensity Discharge Lamps

Full Cut-off Reflector

• Mercury Vapor Lamps (discontinued)

More light in target area

• Efficiency – 35 Lumens / watt

= Lower wattage needs

Replaced by

Standard HID Fixture with Refractor

• High Pressure Sodium • 150% more efficient

30% of light goes up

• 2.5 watts MV = 1 watt HPS • 175 w MV
70w HPS • 90 Lumens / watt

• Yellow/orange light • CRI similar to Mercury Vapor lamps

• Pulse-Start Metal Halide • Uses 50% less energy

Hubbell SkyCap

• 2 watts MV = 1 watt PSMH • 70 lumens / watt

GE Sky-Guard

• Good color rendering characteristics • Free stall barns

RAB Down Blaster 25

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What does it cost to operate a 175 watt MV yard light per year? • • • • •

$40 $60 $80 $100 $120

• Assumption $ 0.12/kWh, 4380 hrs/yr Courteous of Outdoor Lighting Associates, Inc – Ames IA

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Does it need to be on all night?

What does it cost to operate a 175 watt MV yard light per year?

Outdoor Lighting Controls • Control with Clock / timer

• • • • •

$40 $60 $80 $100 $120

• Photo / Motion Sensor • Not with HID lamps

$104

• Half-Night photo sensor/ Photo sensor w/ timer • Measures night length daily and turns on light 1st half of night or has a time clock • Replaces standard photo sensor • Cost ~ $30 - $50 • Brands (many others) • Intermatic K4536SST • Mid-Night Tracker • Ripley Lighting Controls

• Assumption $ 0.12/kWh, 4380 hrs/yr 29

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New Tech: Induction Lamps

Induction Lamps

• Type of Fluorescent • No Electrodes

• Long Life – 100,000 hours • 22 years at 12 hour/day

• CRI – 80-90 • CCT – 3000-5000K • Maintain 85% output

°

• -30 to 130 F

• Efficiency

• 70-80 L/watt

• Higher Capital Cost • Lower Maintenance • Lamp replacements

32

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Temperature Impacts on an LED

New Tech - LED • LED (Light Emitting Diode) • • • • • • • • • •

Long life 25 to >100,000 hrs Efficient - 60 -100 L/watt Sensitive to heat not cold Contains lead, chromium and arsenic but no mercury Recyclable (95%) – Contains Aluminum Driver (similar to ballast) Very directional light Life not shorten by switching Dimmable to 10% of full output Lamp Depreciation - < 10% 33

Buy Lumens not watts

Lighting Upgrade Example • Dairy Barn – 200 x 34 ft (~ 100 cows)

Energy use for different lighting Technologies* Lumens

Incandescent

Halogen

CFL

LED

• 100 watt Incandescent every 10 ft – 3 rows

465-600

40

28

9

8

750-940

60

43

13

10-12

• 30 lights – 3000 watts – 1530 Lumens/each • Life 750 hrs

1050-1170

75

53

18

14-17

1490-1675

100

72

23

23

2680-2800

150

42

26

• Upgrade lighting while maintaining the same light level or increase

* General purpose – Omnidirectional lamps

35

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Comparison of Lamp Technologies

Replacement Options • • • •

Type

Halogen – 72 w – 1000 hrs – 1490 L CFL – 26 watt – 10,000 hrs – 1550 L LED – 23 watt – 25,000 hrs – 1700 L T8 Fluorescent • 68 watt / 2 lamp & ballast • 2800 L/lamp – 20,000 hrs • Typically 2 lamp fixtures

Watts

Life

Lumens Lamp Annual Savings / lamp $/ea $* $ 1530 $1.20 $1191 XXX

Incand

100

750

Halogen

72

1000

1490

1.50

888

$303

CFL

26

12,000

1550

5.50

354&

838

LED

23

25,000

1700

50.00

417

774

T8#

32

20,000

2750

3.50

373

819

* 8 hours/day @ $0.12/kWh, 30 lamp unless noted, included cost of lamp replacement; # 15 fixtures (80% more lumens); Fixtures ~ $125 installed – 2.5 yr payback; & de-rated life to 5000 hrs.

Comparison of Lamp Types Lumens/watt

Disposal of Fluorescent & HID Lamps

Lamp type Incandescent

• All contain Mercury

• High Pressure Sodium, Metal Halide, Mercury Vapor • T-5, T-8, T-10, T-12, Compact Fluorescent, Induction

• WI State law requires • All businesses to recycle • or dispose as Hazardous waste • Distill mercury, smelt metals, glass reused

• Contact: • Town or County recycling Coordinator

• RecycleABulb.com • CFL recycling – Free in most locations • 5 mg Hg per CFL bulb 39

Color White

CRI 100

CT (K)

1000

Halogen

12-21

2-6000

White

100

3000

Mercury Vapor

26-39

24,000

White Bluish

15-50

38005700

2800

Starting Temp. (F)

Instant On

°F >- 40°F -22°F -20°F or 0°F >- 40

Contain Mercury

Yes

No

Yes

No

No *

Recycling Require

Yes

Recycling Require

Compact Fluorescent

45-55

6000 to 10,000

White

82

2700

Light Emitting Diodes - LED

55-100

25,000 – 100,000

White

68-92

varies

-30 to -20 F

Yes

No

70

9000 – 12,000

White

52-90

3000 – 5000

-20

Yes

Recycling Require

T-12 HO Fluorescent

• Recycling

Average life (hrs)

7-20

Metal Halide

41-79

10,000 20,000

Bluish

65-70

30004300

Pulse Start Metal Halide

60-74

15,000 32,000

Bluish

62-75

32004000

T-12 (1.5”) Fluorescent

62-80

9000 to 12,000

White

52-90

30005000

T-8 HO Fluorescent

104

18,000

White

75

30005000

High Pressure Sodium

66-97

24,000

Yelloworange

22-70

19002100

T-8 (1.0”) Fluorescent

83-93

15,000 40,000

White

60-86

30006500

T-5 (5/8”) Fluorescent

95

20,000 – 30,000

White

85

30006500

° °F -22°F °F 50°F -20°F -40°F 0°F 0°F -40

No *

Recycling Require

No *

Recycling Require

Yes

Recycling Require

Yes

Recycling Require

No *

Recycling Require

Yes

Recycling Require

Yes

Recycling 40 Require

* Requires warm-up to reach full output

References

Thank You

• Lighting Research Center at RPI www.lrc.rpi.edu

• Energy-Efficient Agricultural Lighting extension bulletin http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/A3784-14.pdf

• Lighting system for Dairy Freestall barns and milking centers http://www.uwex.edu/ces/dairymod/cowhousing/documents/Ligh

Scott Sanford M.Eng.

tingDairyFacilities.pdf

Sr. Outreach Specialist

• Dairy Lighting Systems for barns http://www.milkproduction.com/Library/?q=hidden:meta:category:Housi ng;Illumination 41

[email protected] 608-262-5062

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