Scales and Tools to Assess Social and Emotional Functioning March 26, 2014
Outline ! Importance of social/emotional functioning ! Measurement !
Empathy
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Emotion reactivity and regulation
! Putting these measures online ! Considerations in measurement
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What is Social/Emotional Functioning?
What is Social/Emotional Functioning? ! Traits and abilities involving positive and negative aspects of social and emotional life, e.g. Empathy for others Interpreting emotions Speed and intensity of emotion generation Efficacy of coping with negative emotions Others Social Cognition
“If your emotional abilities aren’t in hand, if you don’t have self-awareness, if you are not able to manage your distressing emotions, if you can’t have empathy and have effective relationships, then no matter how smart you are, you are not going to get very far… ”
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-Daniel Goleman © 2014
Social/Emotional Functioning in Clinical Disorders ! At the core of a number of clinical diagnoses !
Autism, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, PTSD
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Prevalence and Perseverance ! Parents report social/emotional problems in ! !
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10% of 1-2 year olds 10-15% of 2-3 year olds (Carter et al., 2004)
! Early problems tend to be persistent !
! Highly associated with most other clinical diagnoses
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Risk factor for behavior problems and psychopathology (Cicchetti & Cohen, 1995)
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37% of 18 month olds with extreme emotional problems maintained them at 30 months (Mathiesen & Sanson, 2000)
SPD, ADHD, dyslexia, GDD
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Intervention ! Improving social/emotional development aids: ! ! !
Later competencies (Houck, 1999) Current problem behaviors Reduced the chance of developing new maladaptive behaviors (Carter et al., 2002;2004)
Benefits of Assessing Social/Emotional Functioning ! Evaluation of how other problem behaviors may be associated with social/emotional functioning ! Testing change before and after treatment ! Can also be strengths-based ! !
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Difficulties in Assessing Social/Emotional Functioning
The Solution? ! Self/parent report !
! Time consuming
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For clinician administering For parent To input data and calculate results
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Parents are good at describing and differentiating SE problems (Carter et al., 2003) Longitudinal stability in reports (Briggs-Gowan & Carter, 1998)
! Public domain tests !
Free!
! Online administration
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Social Cognition “When we survey our lives and endeavours, we soon observe that almost the whole of our actions and desires is bound up with the existence of other human beings”
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! Tests are often expensive
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Minimizing parental bias Designing interventions that capitalize on strengths
Social Cognition ! Different aspects of social cognition ! Scales to measure social cognition ! ! !
Reading the Mind in the Eyes Empathy Quotient Other scale examples
Albert Einstein
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Social cognition Behavior
Emotional Cognitive
Emotion recognition
Emotion Recognition: Reading the Mind in the Eyes
Affective empathy Cognitive empathy
Social skills
Unkind Cross
Prosocial behavior
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Mind in the Eyes ! Performance measure ! !
Children 6-13 years (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) Teens and adults 14 years + (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, & Hill, 2001)
! Differentiates autism from typically developing children and adults !
Surprised Sad
Correlates with autism quotient scale, little correlation with IQ
! Challenging enough that there are no ceiling effects in the general population © 2014
Mind in the Eyes ! Child version: !
28 Items, 4 emotion choices per item
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A score of 9 or above is ‘above chance’
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HFA/ Asperger’s average score: 12.6 (8-14 years)
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Typical average score: 18-21 (8-12 year olds)
! Adult version: !
36 items, 4 emotion choices per item
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HFA/ Asperger’s average score: 21.9
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Typical average score: 26-30
! Validity check: gender attribution ! Emotional affect (Harkness et al., 2005) © 2014
Mind in the Eyes Face Voice Films
Triangles Task
autismresearchcentre.com/arc_tests
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Castelli et al., 2002 Sarah White @ UCL
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Empathy Quotient ! Self/parent report, 4 point Likert !
www.autismresearchcentre.com/arc_tests
Empathy Quotient ! Child version: Ages 4-11 years ! !
Part of the Empathizing/Systemizing scale, but can be administered alone 28 items
! Adult version: 18+ ! !
40 items Includes 3 factors (see Laurence et al., 2004) ! ! !
Social skills Emotional reactivity Cognitive empathy
Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004; Auyeung et al., 2009
Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004; Auyeung et al., 2009
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Empathy Quotient
Other Empathy Scales ! Children !
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! Child version: ! !
HFA/Asperger’s average: 13.97 Typical average: 37.7
! Adult version: ! !
Sociability subscale of the Rothbart Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (Parentreport, 18-36 months Griffith Empathy Measure (Parent-report, 4-16 years) !
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Affective and Cognitive factor structure
Bryant’s Index of Empathy (Child/Adolescent selfreport)
HFA/Asperger’s average: 20.4 Typical average: 42.1 Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004; Auyeung et al., 2009 © 2014
Other Empathy Scales ! Adults !
Emotion Reactivity and Regulation
Dziobek’s Multifaceted Empathy Test ! ! !
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Computerized Includes performance and self-report components Affective and cognitive empathy subscales
Davis’s Interpersonal Reactivity Index ! !
Most widely used in research Perspective taking, empathic concern, personal distress, fantasy subscales
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“…a man who is master of himself can end a sorrow as easily as he can invent a pleasure” Oscar Wilde
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Emotion reactivity and regulation Early Emotional Processes Orienting response, attentional processes Early low-level appraisal of emotional stimuli
Emotional Reactivity ! Bottom-up ! Contains components of: ! !
Emotional Response Transient and automatic response, Expression through behavior and body systems
Affective intensity Emotion valence
! Often specifically ‘negative emotionality’ or ‘neuroticism’
Cognitive Regulation E.g. Reappraisal, inhibition of behavior, suppression of emotional expression © 2014
Wessa & Linke, 2013
Emotion Regulation ! Top-down ! “Processes responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and modifying emotional reactions…to accomplish one’s goals” (Thompson,1994) ! Occurs at ! ! !
Sensory receptors (input regulation) Central levels (central regulation, including attention) Response selection (output regulation; behavioral regulation) © 2014
Reactivity and Regulation in the Temperament Literature ! Temperament: !
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“Individual differences in reactivity and selfregulation assumed to have a constitutional basis” (Rothbart & Derryberry, 1981). Mainly innate but develops across time Almost synonymous with personality by adulthood Affects intervention strategies, interacts with sensory features
Eisenberg et al., 2001
Rothbart’s Temperament Scales ! Infant Behavior Questionniare: 3-12 months ! Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire:18-36 months ! Children’s Behavior Questionnaire: 3-7 years ! Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire: 7-10 years ! Early Adolescence Temperament Questionnaire: 9-15 years ! Adult Temperament Questionnaire: 18+
Eisenberg et al., 2001
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Rothbart’s Temperament Scales ! Children’s Behavior Questionnaire ! ‘Big Three’ Factors: ! ! !
Negative affectivity (similar to emotional reactivity) Effortful control (similar to emotion regulation) Surgency (similar to extraversion; not to be confused with social scales however)
http://www.bowdoin.edu/~sputnam/rothbart-temperament-questionnaires/request-forms/ © 2014
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(Rothbart & Derryberry, 2008)
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Rothbart’s Temperament Scales ! Many versions, ranging from 36-195 items ! All use a 7-point Likert scale ! Means by age for typical children available in Rothbart et al., 2001
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Emotion Regulation Questionnaire ! More specific to emotion regulation, used most frequently in social neuroscience ! Differentiates between reappraisal and suppression techniques of regulation
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Alternative Social/Emotional Measures for Younger Children !"#$%&'#(%& %/012&"34153665�:;& #
