6 Beginning Sept 2006 On-Road Diesel Engines must be fitted with exhaust aftertreatment technology: 6 Oxidation & NOx catalytic converters 6 Particulate traps 6 June 1, 2006 The Petroleum Industry must reduce sulfur in diesel fuel by 97% from 500 ppm to a maximum 15 ppm 6 Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel must be in retail locations nationwide by October 15, 2006
Clean Air Act Non-Road Diesel Rule 6 Non-Road Diesel Engines must begin using Low Sulfur Fuel (max 500 ppm) in June 2007 and use Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel by June 2010 6 Non-Road includes: 6 Agriculture, Construction, Mining, etc. 6 Locomotives 6 Marine
Diesel Sulfur Phase-out Timeline
What Are the Regulated Emissions Pollutant Abbrev.
Description
Nitrogen Oxides
Is generated when combustion overheats the air. The natural oxygen and nitrogen combine, creating nitrogen oxides. NO and NO2 are regulated, other oxides of nitrogen are not Caused by poor combustion unburned fuel. Regulated as either total hydrocarbon (THC) or non methane hydrocarbon (NMHC)
NOx
Hydrocarbons HC
What Are the Regulated Emissions Pollutant Abbrev.
Description
Carbon Monoxide
CO
Caused by poor combustion – lack of oxygen. Direct measurement
Particulate Matter
PM
Comprised of – carbon soot from unburned fuel, sulfur compounds to be largely eliminated with ULSF, and particulate ash from engine oil consumption
Smoke
Caused by poor combustion, excessive engine oil consumption and low Cetane. Opacity measured by optical methods
Directly-Emitted Diesel Fine Particle Concentrations by County
Diesel Particulates Are carbon at their core with toxic and carcinogenic substances attached to their surfaces
36 Toxic Air Contaminants in Diesel Exhaust 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
On-Road Heavy Duty Emission Requirements Where Have We Been – Where Are We Going? 12
Emission Requirements for 2006
NOx, g/bhp-hr
10
1988 8
NOx: 0.2 g/bhp-hr
6
Particulates: 0.01 g/bhp-hr
1994 4
1998
1990
1991
2
2002 0 0
0.1
Beginning 2006
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Particulate, g/bhp-hr
0.6
0.7
Emission Levels in Perspective g/bhp-hr (454 grams = 1 pound) 1998 Model 455hp Diesel Engine HC 1.30 x 455 = NOx 4.00 x 455 = PM 0.07 x 455 = Emission Total =
1.3 pounds per hour 4.0 pounds per hour 0.1 pounds per hour 5.4 pounds per hour
2007 Model 455hp Diesel Engine HC 0.14 x 455 = NOx 0.20 x 455 = PM 0.01 x 455 = Emission Total =
0.14 pounds per hour 0.20 pounds per hour 0.01 pounds per hour 0.35 pounds per hour
Equals a 93% Reduction in Emissions
EPA Estimated Reduction of Emissions There are over 13 million Highway and NonRoad Diesel powered vehicles in the USA When new diesel and fuel technologies are fully implemented: 6 Cut harmful pollution by 90% - 3.3 million tons of smog-causing nitrogen oxide emissions per year - 250,000 tons of particulate matter per year
EPA’s Estimated Health Benefits of Clean Fuel & Vehicle Programs
2007 Model Year Diesel Engines Are Re-Designed to Reduce Emissions Ultra Low Sulfur Fuel Is Required for These New Engines & Devices to Work
Cummins, Detroit Diesel, International, Mack, Mercedes Benz, Volvo and Other’s 2007 Engines Next Generation Heavy EGR and VG Turbo Charging PLUS 1. Oxidation Catalyst 2. Diesel Particulate Trap
Next Generation Cooled HEGR The Volume of Exhaust Gas Recirculation in 2007 model engines will probably DOUBLE over the 2004 engine models. Another reason for ULSD to reduce the amount of sulfuric acid returning to the engine via EGR
Source: Cummins
Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT)
Caterpillar 2007 Engines Next Generation Advanced Combustion Emission Reduction Technology ACERT® with Clean Gas Induction & VGT PLUS 1. Oxidation Catalyst 2. Particulate Trap 3. “Clean” EGR?
Oxidation Catalysts 6 Reduces Hydrocarbons (HC) and Particulate Emissions (PM) and some NOx Emissions 6 WILL REQUIRE ULTRA LOW SULFUR FUEL TO WORK 6 Expected cost of “add-on” catalysts systems is about $2,000 to $5,000 6 Honey comb rare earth ceramic with active surface coated with either Platinum, Rhodium, or Palladium
Oxidation Catalysts Dirty Exhaust with Carbon Monoxide & Unburned Hydrocarbons CO2 O2 CO CH2
H2O Carbon Dioxide Gas & Water Vapor
Diesel Particulate Filters or Traps 6 Requires less than 50 PPM sulfur fuel 6 Requires cleaning to remove ash 6 Requires backpressure monitor 6 Requires engines to be maintained for low oil consumption 2.5 million bbl/day 6 90% of the refineries surveyed have designed hydrogen desulfurization units to produce ULSD with 7 – 10 ppm sulfur
Source: US Dept of Energy/American Petroleum Institute
U.S. Distillate Inventory Actual/Projected End of Year With Phased ULSD Implementation
