Electronic Supplementary Information for:

Title: Geographically comprehensive assessment of salt-meadow vegetation-elevation relations using LiDAR

Journal: Wetlands

Authors: Jesper Erenskjold Moeslund1,2,3, Lars Arge2, Peder Klith Bøcher1, Bettina Nygaard4, JensChristian Svenning1

Affiliations: 1Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected]; 2MADALGO - Center for Massive Data Algorithmics, Aarhus University, IT-parken, Aabogade 34, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; 3Faculty of Agricultural Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé, Postbox 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; 4Department of Wildlife Ecology and Biodiversity, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Grenaavej 14, 8410 Roende, Denmark

Ve s

Bog

Ne d

S v a

Ny k

Oe r

F a n

As t

Vi n

Ma r

Fig. S1 Contemporary and predicted future vegetation patterns under the five 2100 AD sea-level rise scenarios (parentheses indicate predicted sea-level rise in metres): a: IPCC A2 (0.37), b: IPCC A1FI (0.43), c: Horton A2 (0.77), d: Grinsted A2 (1.15), e: Grinsted A1FI (1.35). Location abbreviations: Age: Agerø, Ast: Åstrup, Bal: Ballum, Bog: Bognæs, Dok: Dokkedal, Emt: Emtekær Nor, End: Endelave, Esk: Eskør, Fan: Fanø, Glu: Glud, Hoe: Højris, Man: Mandø, Mar: Mårsø, Mon: Monnet, Mun: Munkholm, Ned: Neder Dråby, Nyk: Nykøbing Mors, Oer: Ørding, Ree: Reersø, Ska: Skallingen, Sod: Soddeklint, Sva: Søvang, Ves: Vester Kippinge Mader, Vin: Vindeby (see location details in Fig. 1). Arrows indicate the flooding direction

Table S1 Specifications of the Digital Elevation Models employed in this study. Resolutions of the aggregated elevation models used in the study of spatial scale effects are also listed. Technology

Native resolution (m)

Vertical accuracy (m)

Aggregated resolutions (m)

DK-DEM1

LiDAR5

1.6

0.10 – 0.15

9.6, 20.8, 49.6, 99.2, 200, 500

DDH2

LiDAR5

2

~0.10

10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500

DNSC3

Interpolation 10 of traditional geological surveys

1.5 – 2.0

20, 50, 100, 200, 500

SRTM4 Radar 90 ~6.2 180, 540 1 2 Danmarks Højdemodel (Denmark’s elevation model), Danmarks Digitale Højdemodel (Denmark’s digital elevation model), 3Danish National Survey and Cadastre, 4Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. 5Light Detection and Ranging. 

Table S2 Complete modelling results for average salt tolerance. r2, F-Ratio, degree of significance, and parameter estimates are given for each fine resolution linear or quadratic model. DK-DEM Salt meadow location

Age Ast Bal Bar Bog Dok Egh Emt End Esk Fan Glu Hoe Man Mar Mon Mun Ned Nyk Oer Ree Sdr Ska Sod Sva Ves Vin

Linear model results

Quadratic model results

r2

F-ratio

Intercept

Slope (βSalt)

r2

F-ratio

Intercept

Slope

Quadratic term

0.534 0.287 0.248 0.483 0.687 0.387 0.687 0.361 0.663 0.236 0.594 -0.013 0.151 0.661 0.290 0.795 0.675 0.650 0.454 0.009 0.387 0.526 0.502 0.706 0.454 0.267 0.412

44.47*** 13.51*** 14.51*** 30.02*** 86.46*** 37.55*** 82.07*** 21.90*** 119.07*** 13.08*** 43.48*** 0.64 7.59** 71.17*** 10.38** 221.52*** 117.48*** 49.38*** 34.25*** 1.35 37.55*** 35.46*** 50.41*** 82.60*** 33.48*** 9.00** 24.09***

8.76 6.70 8.20 13.46 7.03 8.45 9.38 4.91 10.24 5.86 11.36 3.70 7.05 9.90 5.80 7.24 10.23 9.11 8.12 6.05 8.45 9.54 11.26 9.88 6.93 7.88 5.98

-4.37 -5.01 -2.23 -14.06 -4.64 -5.72 -7.43 -2.00 -6.11 -3.42 -4.16 -0.85 -2.15 -2.96 -2.23 -3.72 -7.44 -7.56 -4.96 -1.14 -5.72 -6.76 -4.08 -3.36 -4.60 -3.82 -4.81

0.524 0.268 0.268 0.471 0.679 0.470 0.740 0.367 0.657 0.238 0.729 -0.050 0.526 0.653 0.393 0.807 0.672 0.647 0.440 -0.018 0.486 0.599 0.579 0.697 0.440 0.244 0.415

21.88*** 6.68** 8.49*** 14.78*** 42.20*** 26.74*** 53.77*** 11.72*** 58.54*** 7.10** 40.03*** 0.34 21.50*** 34.89*** 8.46** 120.29*** 58.46*** 24.80*** 16.74*** 0.66 22.78*** 24.18*** 34.67*** 40.12*** 16.32*** 4.56* 12.72***

8.80 6.83 8.21 13.96 7.05 8.40 9.76 5.24 10.24 5.77 10.74 3.70 6.01 9.86 6.60 7.36 10.31 9.31 8.16 6.11 9.94 9.86 11.87 9.86 6.92 7.38 5.98

-4.36 -5.50 -2.14 -15.23 -4.60 -4.99 -9.12 -2.68 -6.13 -3.01 -4.30 -0.80 -0.50 -2.91 -3.56 -4.00 -7.72 -8.18 -4.98 -1.20 -7.99 -7.57 -4.54 -3.34 -4.56 -3.03 -5.09

-1.33 4.82 -1.33 9.88 -0.45 -9.48 6.52 0.82 0.23 -3.80 4.24 -0.65 -11.13 -0.20 1.82 0.79 1.64 4.31 -0.82 -0.26 6.93 11.25 -4.20 -0.16 -0.46 -3.50 3.66

DDH Salt meadow location

Age Ast Bal Bar Bog Dok Egh Emt End Esk Fan Glu Hoe Man

Linear model results

Quadratic model results

r2

F-ratio

Intercept

Slope (βSalt)

r2

F-ratio

Intercept

Slope

Quadratic term

0.538 0.336 0.272 0.071 0.462 0.400 0.588 0.557 0.605 0.248 0.550 0.006 0.049 0.590

45.16*** 16.70*** 16.35*** 3.38 34.49*** 39.72*** 53.71*** 47.45*** 93.06*** 13.85*** 36.45*** 1.18 2.89 52.74***

8.48 6.68 8.84 10.06 7.96 8.12 8.99 5.43 9.22 5.17 12.38 4.06 6.62 9.67

-3.72 -3.55 -2.49 -6.38 -5.72 -5.28 -7.46 -2.44 -6.01 -2.03 -4.51 -1.23 -1.63 -2.97

0.537 0.442 0.269 0.180 0.448 0.414 0.648 0.680 0.600 0.304 0.664 0.015 0.084 0.579

23.00*** 13.27*** 8.54*** 4.40* 16.85*** 21.45*** 35.07*** 40.39*** 46.03*** 9.51*** 29.63*** 1.21 2.70 25.72***

8.65 7.98 8.64 8.60 7.88 7.99 9.44 6.07 9.23 6.16 11.96 4.37 6.08 9.62

-3.85 -5.67 -2.29 -2.33 -5.53 -4.64 -9.51 -3.73 -6.12 -3.65 -4.65 -1.89 -0.80 -2.92

-2.21 5.59 -1.08 -105.29 -1.16 -4.04 7.31 2.00 1.39 1.44 4.32 4.54 -7.13 -0.18

Mar 0.302 10.94** 5.95 Mon 0.818 256.49*** 7.44 Mun 0.621 92.68*** 10.25 Ned 0.628 44.88*** 8.88 Nyk 0.364 23.87*** 8.08 Oer -0.005 0.79 5.77 Ree 0.400 39.72*** 8.12 Sdr 0.407 22.29*** 8.43 Ska 0.432 38.33*** 10.76 Sod 0.679 73.06*** 9.80 Sva -0.025 0.04 5.11 Ves 0.215 7.04* 7.31 Vin 0.316 16.27*** 5.11 ***: P < 0.001, **: P < 0.01, *: P < 0.05 

-2.44 -3.80 -7.46 -7.33 -4.44 -0.90 -5.28 -5.47 -3.65 -3.29 -0.61 -3.57 -2.36

0.436 0.821 0.614 0.629 0.350 -0.033 0.289 0.514 0.563 0.677 -0.026 0.226 0.494

9.90*** 131.41*** 45.51*** 23.06*** 11.79*** 0.38 10.34*** 17.37*** 32.51*** 36.55*** 0.51 4.22* 17.09***

7.14 7.49 10.24 9.26 8.01 5.79 8.76 9.03 12.05 9.79 6.33 6.63 4.41

-4.34 -3.96 -7.43 -8.37 -4.44 -0.91 -6.31 -6.94 -4.75 -3.23 -2.31 -2.24 -2.29

2.50 0.57 -0.26 5.62 1.74 -0.04 1.73 11.59 -4.95 -0.67 26.29 -7.23 4.91

Table S3 Complete linear modelling results for species richness. r2, F-Ratio, degree of significance, and parameter estimates are given for each fine resolution model. DK-DEM Salt meadow location

r2

DDH F-ratio

Intercept

Age 0.351 21.57*** 7.50 Ast -0.030 0.09 10.08 Bal 0.460 35.91*** -2.05 Bar 0.046 2.50 4.99 Bog 0.530 44.89*** 9.34 Dok 0.162 12.19*** 10.33 Egh 0.300 16.87*** 5.42 Emt 0.125 6.28* 13.81 End 0.112 8.55** 10.80 Esk 0.184 9.82** 11.77 Fan 0.204 8.42** 8.36 Glu 0.012 1.34 18.94 Hoe 0.162 8.14** 0.44 Man 0.332 18.91*** 2.07 Mar 0.013 1.30 12.46 Mon 0.294 24.79*** 17.15 Mun 0.275 22.20*** 8.17 Ned 0.596 39.39*** 1.14 Nyk 0.032 2.30 10.45 Oer 0.004 1.17 17.11 Ree 0.162 12.19*** 10.33 Sdr -0.016 0.52 12.98 Ska 0.560 63.32*** -1.97 Sod 0.281 14.30*** 7.63 Sva 0.140 7.32* 8.97 Ves 0.427 17.42*** 0.10 Vin -0.018 0.42 8.92 ***: P < 0.001, **: P < 0.01, *: P < 0.05 

Slope (βRich)

r2

F-ratio

Intercept

Slope (βRich)

11.63 1.48 11.06 9.21 31.31 8.96 12.99 8.91 11.81 20.23 4.43 -6.64 14.75 10.30 2.51 12.79 9.34 48.01 3.65 -4.15 8.96 -2.94 14.13 6.00 18.50 29.71 2.75

0.316 0.076 0.458 -0.025 0.445 0.172 0.237 -0.011 0.115 -0.013 0.115 -0.036 0.023 0.380 0.012 0.293 0.216 0.599 0.025 0.003 0.172 -0.023 0.450 0.234 -0.019 0.420 0.055

18.55*** 3.54 35.67*** 0.24 32.24*** 13.03*** 12.48** 0.61 8.82** 0.52 4.75* 0.04 1.86 23.07*** 1.27 24.64*** 16.43*** 39.86*** 2.03 1.13 13.03*** 0.31 41.13*** 11.38** 0.29 16.94*** 2.94

8.52 15.71 -4.42 7.88 0.07 10.80 6.27 17.79 12.37 26.83 8.94 14.93 5.42 0.92 12.36 16.67 8.50 2.12 10.39 16.95 10.80 12.33 0.15 8.33 26.70 2.87 13.39

9.40 -5.91 11.79 2.97 42.99 8.36 12.63 2.97 12.31 -3.01 3.94 -1.22 8.79 11.63 2.66 12.86 8.71 47.4 3.41 -4.17 8.36 -2.10 12.21 5.50 -10.66 30.14 -3.86

Table S4 Differences between linear and quadratic modelling of the dominance of average salt tolerance for both fine resolution Digital Elevation Models. 1

DK-DEM 1.6 m

2

DDM 2 m

Average Δr2 (Std. dev.)

0.03 (0.08)

0.04 (0.06)

Median Δr2

-0.003

0.180

No. of models with insignificant quadratic terms

19

18

No. of models with significant quadratic terms but unexpected curvature

5

7

No. of models with significant quadratic terms and expected curvature

3

2

1

Danmarks Højdemodel (Denmark’s elevation model) in 1.6 m resolution. 2Danmarks Digitale Højdemodel

(Denmark’s digital elevation model) in 2 m resolution. 

Table S5 Danish vascular plant species found predominantly on salt-meadows (Vestergaard, 2000). Species are divided up into those associated with the lower (1), middle (2), upper (3) and coastal grassland (4) zones based on Vestergaard (2000) and Ellenberg et al. (2001). Species Salicornia europaea L. Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard Spartina x townsendii Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl. Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. Tripolium vulgare Besler ex Nees Triglochin maritimum L. Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult. Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen Halimione pedunculata (L.) Aellen Juncus maritimus Lam. Limonium vulgare Mill. Limonium humile Mill. Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. Puccinellia capillaris (Lilj.) Jansen Carex extensa Gooden. Parapholis strigosa (Dumort.) C. E. Hubb. Tetragonolobus maritimus (L.) Roth. Blysmus rufus (Huds.) Link Elytrigia atherica (Link) Kerguélen ex Carreras Mart. Trifolium fragiferum L. Lotus tenuis Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd. Carex distans L. Melilotus dentatus (Waldst. & Kit.) Pers. Juncus gerardii Loisel. Chenopodium glaucum L. Chenopodium rubrum L. Apium graveolens L. Centaurium littorale (Turner) Gilmour Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce Bupleurum tenuissimum L. Hordeum secalinum Schreb. Lepidium latifolium L. Carex otrubae Podp. Inula britannica L. Iris spuria L. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla Total

 

Salt-meadow zone 1 2 3 4 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 7 15 18 16