Electronic Supplementary Information for:
Title: Geographically comprehensive assessment of salt-meadow vegetation-elevation relations using LiDAR
Journal: Wetlands
Authors: Jesper Erenskjold Moeslund1,2,3, Lars Arge2, Peder Klith Bøcher1, Bettina Nygaard4, JensChristian Svenning1
Affiliations: 1Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. E-mail:
[email protected]; 2MADALGO - Center for Massive Data Algorithmics, Aarhus University, IT-parken, Aabogade 34, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; 3Faculty of Agricultural Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé, Postbox 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; 4Department of Wildlife Ecology and Biodiversity, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Grenaavej 14, 8410 Roende, Denmark
Ve s
Bog
Ne d
S v a
Ny k
Oe r
F a n
As t
Vi n
Ma r
Fig. S1 Contemporary and predicted future vegetation patterns under the five 2100 AD sea-level rise scenarios (parentheses indicate predicted sea-level rise in metres): a: IPCC A2 (0.37), b: IPCC A1FI (0.43), c: Horton A2 (0.77), d: Grinsted A2 (1.15), e: Grinsted A1FI (1.35). Location abbreviations: Age: Agerø, Ast: Åstrup, Bal: Ballum, Bog: Bognæs, Dok: Dokkedal, Emt: Emtekær Nor, End: Endelave, Esk: Eskør, Fan: Fanø, Glu: Glud, Hoe: Højris, Man: Mandø, Mar: Mårsø, Mon: Monnet, Mun: Munkholm, Ned: Neder Dråby, Nyk: Nykøbing Mors, Oer: Ørding, Ree: Reersø, Ska: Skallingen, Sod: Soddeklint, Sva: Søvang, Ves: Vester Kippinge Mader, Vin: Vindeby (see location details in Fig. 1). Arrows indicate the flooding direction
Table S1 Specifications of the Digital Elevation Models employed in this study. Resolutions of the aggregated elevation models used in the study of spatial scale effects are also listed. Technology
Native resolution (m)
Vertical accuracy (m)
Aggregated resolutions (m)
DK-DEM1
LiDAR5
1.6
0.10 – 0.15
9.6, 20.8, 49.6, 99.2, 200, 500
DDH2
LiDAR5
2
~0.10
10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500
DNSC3
Interpolation 10 of traditional geological surveys
1.5 – 2.0
20, 50, 100, 200, 500
SRTM4 Radar 90 ~6.2 180, 540 1 2 Danmarks Højdemodel (Denmark’s elevation model), Danmarks Digitale Højdemodel (Denmark’s digital elevation model), 3Danish National Survey and Cadastre, 4Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. 5Light Detection and Ranging.
Table S2 Complete modelling results for average salt tolerance. r2, F-Ratio, degree of significance, and parameter estimates are given for each fine resolution linear or quadratic model. DK-DEM Salt meadow location
Age Ast Bal Bar Bog Dok Egh Emt End Esk Fan Glu Hoe Man Mar Mon Mun Ned Nyk Oer Ree Sdr Ska Sod Sva Ves Vin
Linear model results
Quadratic model results
r2
F-ratio
Intercept
Slope (βSalt)
r2
F-ratio
Intercept
Slope
Quadratic term
0.534 0.287 0.248 0.483 0.687 0.387 0.687 0.361 0.663 0.236 0.594 -0.013 0.151 0.661 0.290 0.795 0.675 0.650 0.454 0.009 0.387 0.526 0.502 0.706 0.454 0.267 0.412
44.47*** 13.51*** 14.51*** 30.02*** 86.46*** 37.55*** 82.07*** 21.90*** 119.07*** 13.08*** 43.48*** 0.64 7.59** 71.17*** 10.38** 221.52*** 117.48*** 49.38*** 34.25*** 1.35 37.55*** 35.46*** 50.41*** 82.60*** 33.48*** 9.00** 24.09***
8.76 6.70 8.20 13.46 7.03 8.45 9.38 4.91 10.24 5.86 11.36 3.70 7.05 9.90 5.80 7.24 10.23 9.11 8.12 6.05 8.45 9.54 11.26 9.88 6.93 7.88 5.98
-4.37 -5.01 -2.23 -14.06 -4.64 -5.72 -7.43 -2.00 -6.11 -3.42 -4.16 -0.85 -2.15 -2.96 -2.23 -3.72 -7.44 -7.56 -4.96 -1.14 -5.72 -6.76 -4.08 -3.36 -4.60 -3.82 -4.81
0.524 0.268 0.268 0.471 0.679 0.470 0.740 0.367 0.657 0.238 0.729 -0.050 0.526 0.653 0.393 0.807 0.672 0.647 0.440 -0.018 0.486 0.599 0.579 0.697 0.440 0.244 0.415
21.88*** 6.68** 8.49*** 14.78*** 42.20*** 26.74*** 53.77*** 11.72*** 58.54*** 7.10** 40.03*** 0.34 21.50*** 34.89*** 8.46** 120.29*** 58.46*** 24.80*** 16.74*** 0.66 22.78*** 24.18*** 34.67*** 40.12*** 16.32*** 4.56* 12.72***
8.80 6.83 8.21 13.96 7.05 8.40 9.76 5.24 10.24 5.77 10.74 3.70 6.01 9.86 6.60 7.36 10.31 9.31 8.16 6.11 9.94 9.86 11.87 9.86 6.92 7.38 5.98
-4.36 -5.50 -2.14 -15.23 -4.60 -4.99 -9.12 -2.68 -6.13 -3.01 -4.30 -0.80 -0.50 -2.91 -3.56 -4.00 -7.72 -8.18 -4.98 -1.20 -7.99 -7.57 -4.54 -3.34 -4.56 -3.03 -5.09
-1.33 4.82 -1.33 9.88 -0.45 -9.48 6.52 0.82 0.23 -3.80 4.24 -0.65 -11.13 -0.20 1.82 0.79 1.64 4.31 -0.82 -0.26 6.93 11.25 -4.20 -0.16 -0.46 -3.50 3.66
DDH Salt meadow location
Age Ast Bal Bar Bog Dok Egh Emt End Esk Fan Glu Hoe Man
Linear model results
Quadratic model results
r2
F-ratio
Intercept
Slope (βSalt)
r2
F-ratio
Intercept
Slope
Quadratic term
0.538 0.336 0.272 0.071 0.462 0.400 0.588 0.557 0.605 0.248 0.550 0.006 0.049 0.590
45.16*** 16.70*** 16.35*** 3.38 34.49*** 39.72*** 53.71*** 47.45*** 93.06*** 13.85*** 36.45*** 1.18 2.89 52.74***
8.48 6.68 8.84 10.06 7.96 8.12 8.99 5.43 9.22 5.17 12.38 4.06 6.62 9.67
-3.72 -3.55 -2.49 -6.38 -5.72 -5.28 -7.46 -2.44 -6.01 -2.03 -4.51 -1.23 -1.63 -2.97
0.537 0.442 0.269 0.180 0.448 0.414 0.648 0.680 0.600 0.304 0.664 0.015 0.084 0.579
23.00*** 13.27*** 8.54*** 4.40* 16.85*** 21.45*** 35.07*** 40.39*** 46.03*** 9.51*** 29.63*** 1.21 2.70 25.72***
8.65 7.98 8.64 8.60 7.88 7.99 9.44 6.07 9.23 6.16 11.96 4.37 6.08 9.62
-3.85 -5.67 -2.29 -2.33 -5.53 -4.64 -9.51 -3.73 -6.12 -3.65 -4.65 -1.89 -0.80 -2.92
-2.21 5.59 -1.08 -105.29 -1.16 -4.04 7.31 2.00 1.39 1.44 4.32 4.54 -7.13 -0.18
Mar 0.302 10.94** 5.95 Mon 0.818 256.49*** 7.44 Mun 0.621 92.68*** 10.25 Ned 0.628 44.88*** 8.88 Nyk 0.364 23.87*** 8.08 Oer -0.005 0.79 5.77 Ree 0.400 39.72*** 8.12 Sdr 0.407 22.29*** 8.43 Ska 0.432 38.33*** 10.76 Sod 0.679 73.06*** 9.80 Sva -0.025 0.04 5.11 Ves 0.215 7.04* 7.31 Vin 0.316 16.27*** 5.11 ***: P < 0.001, **: P < 0.01, *: P < 0.05
-2.44 -3.80 -7.46 -7.33 -4.44 -0.90 -5.28 -5.47 -3.65 -3.29 -0.61 -3.57 -2.36
0.436 0.821 0.614 0.629 0.350 -0.033 0.289 0.514 0.563 0.677 -0.026 0.226 0.494
9.90*** 131.41*** 45.51*** 23.06*** 11.79*** 0.38 10.34*** 17.37*** 32.51*** 36.55*** 0.51 4.22* 17.09***
7.14 7.49 10.24 9.26 8.01 5.79 8.76 9.03 12.05 9.79 6.33 6.63 4.41
-4.34 -3.96 -7.43 -8.37 -4.44 -0.91 -6.31 -6.94 -4.75 -3.23 -2.31 -2.24 -2.29
2.50 0.57 -0.26 5.62 1.74 -0.04 1.73 11.59 -4.95 -0.67 26.29 -7.23 4.91
Table S3 Complete linear modelling results for species richness. r2, F-Ratio, degree of significance, and parameter estimates are given for each fine resolution model. DK-DEM Salt meadow location
r2
DDH F-ratio
Intercept
Age 0.351 21.57*** 7.50 Ast -0.030 0.09 10.08 Bal 0.460 35.91*** -2.05 Bar 0.046 2.50 4.99 Bog 0.530 44.89*** 9.34 Dok 0.162 12.19*** 10.33 Egh 0.300 16.87*** 5.42 Emt 0.125 6.28* 13.81 End 0.112 8.55** 10.80 Esk 0.184 9.82** 11.77 Fan 0.204 8.42** 8.36 Glu 0.012 1.34 18.94 Hoe 0.162 8.14** 0.44 Man 0.332 18.91*** 2.07 Mar 0.013 1.30 12.46 Mon 0.294 24.79*** 17.15 Mun 0.275 22.20*** 8.17 Ned 0.596 39.39*** 1.14 Nyk 0.032 2.30 10.45 Oer 0.004 1.17 17.11 Ree 0.162 12.19*** 10.33 Sdr -0.016 0.52 12.98 Ska 0.560 63.32*** -1.97 Sod 0.281 14.30*** 7.63 Sva 0.140 7.32* 8.97 Ves 0.427 17.42*** 0.10 Vin -0.018 0.42 8.92 ***: P < 0.001, **: P < 0.01, *: P < 0.05
Slope (βRich)
r2
F-ratio
Intercept
Slope (βRich)
11.63 1.48 11.06 9.21 31.31 8.96 12.99 8.91 11.81 20.23 4.43 -6.64 14.75 10.30 2.51 12.79 9.34 48.01 3.65 -4.15 8.96 -2.94 14.13 6.00 18.50 29.71 2.75
0.316 0.076 0.458 -0.025 0.445 0.172 0.237 -0.011 0.115 -0.013 0.115 -0.036 0.023 0.380 0.012 0.293 0.216 0.599 0.025 0.003 0.172 -0.023 0.450 0.234 -0.019 0.420 0.055
18.55*** 3.54 35.67*** 0.24 32.24*** 13.03*** 12.48** 0.61 8.82** 0.52 4.75* 0.04 1.86 23.07*** 1.27 24.64*** 16.43*** 39.86*** 2.03 1.13 13.03*** 0.31 41.13*** 11.38** 0.29 16.94*** 2.94
8.52 15.71 -4.42 7.88 0.07 10.80 6.27 17.79 12.37 26.83 8.94 14.93 5.42 0.92 12.36 16.67 8.50 2.12 10.39 16.95 10.80 12.33 0.15 8.33 26.70 2.87 13.39
9.40 -5.91 11.79 2.97 42.99 8.36 12.63 2.97 12.31 -3.01 3.94 -1.22 8.79 11.63 2.66 12.86 8.71 47.4 3.41 -4.17 8.36 -2.10 12.21 5.50 -10.66 30.14 -3.86
Table S4 Differences between linear and quadratic modelling of the dominance of average salt tolerance for both fine resolution Digital Elevation Models. 1
DK-DEM 1.6 m
2
DDM 2 m
Average Δr2 (Std. dev.)
0.03 (0.08)
0.04 (0.06)
Median Δr2
-0.003
0.180
No. of models with insignificant quadratic terms
19
18
No. of models with significant quadratic terms but unexpected curvature
5
7
No. of models with significant quadratic terms and expected curvature
3
2
1
Danmarks Højdemodel (Denmark’s elevation model) in 1.6 m resolution. 2Danmarks Digitale Højdemodel
(Denmark’s digital elevation model) in 2 m resolution.
Table S5 Danish vascular plant species found predominantly on salt-meadows (Vestergaard, 2000). Species are divided up into those associated with the lower (1), middle (2), upper (3) and coastal grassland (4) zones based on Vestergaard (2000) and Ellenberg et al. (2001). Species Salicornia europaea L. Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard Spartina x townsendii Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl. Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. Tripolium vulgare Besler ex Nees Triglochin maritimum L. Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult. Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen Halimione pedunculata (L.) Aellen Juncus maritimus Lam. Limonium vulgare Mill. Limonium humile Mill. Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. Puccinellia capillaris (Lilj.) Jansen Carex extensa Gooden. Parapholis strigosa (Dumort.) C. E. Hubb. Tetragonolobus maritimus (L.) Roth. Blysmus rufus (Huds.) Link Elytrigia atherica (Link) Kerguélen ex Carreras Mart. Trifolium fragiferum L. Lotus tenuis Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd. Carex distans L. Melilotus dentatus (Waldst. & Kit.) Pers. Juncus gerardii Loisel. Chenopodium glaucum L. Chenopodium rubrum L. Apium graveolens L. Centaurium littorale (Turner) Gilmour Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce Bupleurum tenuissimum L. Hordeum secalinum Schreb. Lepidium latifolium L. Carex otrubae Podp. Inula britannica L. Iris spuria L. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla Total
Salt-meadow zone 1 2 3 4 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 7 15 18 16