Electrical and Computer Engineering The Historical and Contemporary Contributions of Electrical and Computer Engineering to Society How do I make ECE interesting to others? Ian Ferguson University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Charlotte, NC 28223 Email: [email protected] α Ian Ferguson ([email protected])

Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 1)

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Electrical and Computer Engineering

A brief history of lighting infrastructure

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 2)

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Does it pay to listen to Edison?

“I start where the last man left off.” Thomas Alva Edison

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 3)

Who invented the light bulb?

• • • • • • • • • • • • •

Sir Humphrey Day – 1809 (electric arc lamp) James Bowman Lindsey – 1835 J. B. A. M. Jobard – 1838 Warren de la Rue – 1840 (platinum filament in a vacuum) Frederick de Moleyns – 1841 (first incandescent lamp patent) John Wellington Starr – 1845 (carbon filament – US patent) Robert Houdin – 1851 Henricq Gobel – 1854 (carbonized bamboo filament in vacuum) C. de Changey – 1856 Joseph Wilson Swan – 1860 Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin – 1872 Joseph Wilson Swan – 1878 William Sawyer and Alan Mann – 1878

22 previous inventors

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 4)

Dear God

Dear God, We read Thomas Edison made light. But in Sunday school, we learned that you did it. So I bet he stole your idea. Sincerely, Donna

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 5)

Columbian Exposition Chicago, 1893

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 6)

Columbian Exposition

The Court of Honor; the world’s first large scale street lighting installation Ian Ferguson ([email protected])

Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 7)

Electric Lighting Circa 1880 • Gaslight – Residential and commercial – Established and profitable industry – Installations in most urban centers

San Diego Gas Works, 1880s

• Electric arc lights – Street and factory lighting – High mast area lighting – High voltage DC generators Ian Ferguson ([email protected])

Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 8)

San Diego Carbon Arc Street Lighting 1888

DC or AC generation and distribution

or Tell Westinghouse to stick to air brakes. He knows all about them. -Thomas Edison

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George Westinghouse formed an alliance with Tesla

Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 9)

Does it pay to listen to Edison?

Tesla, you don’t understand our American humor. -Thomas Edison

What I had left was beautiful, artistic and fascinating in every way; what I found was machined, rough and unattractive. Is this America? It is a century behind Europe in civilization. Personally inscribed photograph given to Tesla

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-Nikola Tesla, 1884

Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 10)

AC polyphase system

…the idea came like a flash of lightning and in an instant the truth was revealed. I drew with a stick on the sand the diagram shown six years later in my address before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. -Nikola Tesla

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 11)

Columbian Exposition

Just as certain as death, Westinghouse will kill a customer within six months after he puts in a system of any size…It will never be free of danger. Thomas Edison

Building of Electricity

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 12)

Does it pay to listen to Edison?

“Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration” Thomas Alva Edison “If Edison had a needle to find in a haystack, he would proceed at once with the diligence of the bee to examine straw after straw until he found the object of his search. I was a sorry witness of such doings, knowing that a little theory and calculation would have saved him ninety per cent of his labor.” Nikola Tesla Ian Ferguson ([email protected])

Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 13)

Does it pay to listen to Edison? The “death current” an experiment by Thomas Alva Edison

TOPSY THE ELEPHANT was electrocuted by Edison to prove that Tesla’s AC current was dangerous Ian Ferguson ([email protected])

“If Edison had a needle to find in a haystack, he would proceed at once with the diligence of the bee to examine straw after straw until he found the object of his search. I was a sorry witness of such doings, knowing that a little theory and calculation would have saved him ninety per cent of his labor.”

Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 14)

Nikola Tesla

Whatever happened to Tesla?

After Westinghouse died in 1913, the company forgot about its chief benefactor and Tesla fell victim to hard times. Tesla died January 7, 1943, alone, poor, and all but forgotten, in his only home, a New York hotel room. TESLA'S FIRST VIABLE RADIO CIRCUIT IN 1893 Tesla's four-tuned circuits (two on the receiving side and two on the transmitting side, secured by U.S. patents #645,576 and #649,621) were the basis of the U.S. Supreme Court decision (Case #369 decided June 21, 1943) to overturn Marconi's basic patent on the invention of radio.

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 15)

State-Of-The-Art in Electric Lighting (1890)

Images copyright Edisonian LLC

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 16)

Electrical and Computer Engineering

A brief history of LED or solid state lighting

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 17)

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Timeline of Visible LEDs • • • • • • •

1907 Electroluminescence observed in Carborundum (SiC) – H.J. Round 1923-1930 Comprehensive study of SiC electroluminescence and discussion of application for communications - O.V. Losev 1947 Discovery of transistor – Bardeen and Brattain 1951 Explanation of SiC electroluminescence as carrier injection across a p/n junction – K. Lechovec, et al. 1955 Visible electroluminescence in GaP – G.A. Wolff, et al. 1962 Demonstration of coherent visible light emission from direct bandgap GaAsP alloy semiconductors – N. Holonyak and S.F. Bevacgua 1962-Present Continuing development and optimization of various direct bandgap ternary (GaAsP, AlGaAs) and quarternary (AlInGaP, AlInGaN) material systems for high performance LEDs – RCA Monsanto, Hewlett Packard, Stanley, Toshiba, Toyoda Gosei, Nichia, and others

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 18)

Round – Apply 110 volts to SiC

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 19)

Losev’s loss

From 1928 Losev paper in the Philosophical Magazine

Lechovec, et al. repeated this work

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 20)

A History of LEDs: Prof JFAllen "Advances in Light Emitting Materials" Materials Science Forum vol. 590 pp1-16 (2008).

New Scientist for 5th July 1962

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Instrument Practice for December 1962

Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 21)

Holonyak and Bardeen do the same in the US

Holonyak and Bardeen with LEDs, Visible Laser, and GaAsP Single Crystal

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 22)

Historical Development of Lighting and LEDs

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 23)

Solid State Lighting: Nothing new THE WALL STREET JOURNAL MAY 4, 1971

Will anyone living, live to see our little lightburn out? After 100 years of constant use, it may lose only half its brightness. That’s because we don’t use a bulb, a filament or a vacuum. We use a tiny crystal chip called a light emitting diode.

How about a flat head-light as wide as your car, to evenly light the road?

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 24)

Traffic Signal Comparison LED Signal Evolution

LED signalhead

Incandescent

Lamp power: 15W

135 W

Life Cycle: Month

6 Months

700 5nm LED’s

200 5nm LED’s

12-18 High Flux LED’s

120

9x higher energy use 20 x higher maintenance rate

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 25)

Rear Lighting

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 26)

Fig. 1-1

Forward Lighting

Unit A Unit B Unit C Unit D

Source: US Patent AP 2008/0007961

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 27)

Everyone can adopt solid state lighting…

Nothing new…

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 28)

Solid State Lighting Clyde Bridge, Glasgow •

• •

•

100 years after the discovery of electroluminescence in a semiconductor, solid state illumination is enabled by advances in high power LED technology during the past 10 years Early history of the visible LED Development of high-power LEDs at Philips Lumileds – Light extraction – Packaging – Materials technology Emerging applications and new figures of merit

Palace in Nancy, France Ian Ferguson ([email protected])

Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 29)

Non-standard Lighting

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 30)

Taiwan

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 31)

Parking Lots • Toronto – Streetlights, signs and displays, parking lots

• Austin – Austin Energy offering rebates – Municipal garage is now 30% below Energy Code

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 32)

Street Lighting • Ann Arbor – Replacing 1,500 streetlights – Payback 4 years – Using $100K less energy/yr

• Welland, Ontario – Retrofitted streetlights

• Tianjin, China – 1,500 streetlights – Energy savings and economic driver

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 33)

SSL Accent Lighting

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 34)

SSL for Ambient Lighting • Down lighting • Need high output • Less Dramatic/Less Shadows

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Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 35)

Electrical and Computer Engineering The Historical and Contemporary Contributions of Electrical and Computer Engineering to Society How do I make ECE interesting to others? Ian Ferguson University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Charlotte, NC 28223 Email: [email protected] Ω Ian Ferguson ([email protected])

Engr. 1202 E01: ECE Interesting? (Slide 36)

Electrical and Computer Engineering