Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Electric Circuits Lecture 1 - Introduction Instructor: Dr. Pingqiang Zhou Fall 2015

Lecture 1

1

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Course Overview •

First core course of SIST (EECS)  Introduces “hardware” side of EECS

•

Prerequisite for all subsequent EE courses

•

Involves (per week) at least  4 hours of lecture  2 hours of discussion  3 hours of lab

Lecture 1

2

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Instructor •

Dr. Pingqiang Zhou

•

Lecture  Tuesday, 10:15AM – 11:55AM  Thursday, 13:00PM – 14:40PM  Venue: Teaching building 306

•

Office hours  TBD

Lecture 1

3

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

GSI - Graduate Student Instructors

GSIs - Discussion •

Pingqiang Zhou

Class 1, Mon. 8:15AM - 9:55AM  GSI: 曹阳阳

•

Class 2, Wed. 8:15AM - 9:55AM  GSI: 商德佳

•

Class 3, Fri. 8:15AM - 9:55AM  GSI: 赵晖

•

Class 4, Fri. 10:15AM - 11:55AM  GSI: 张久鑫

Lecture 1

4

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

GSIs - Lab •

Class 1, Mon. 1PM - 3:45PM  GSI: 刘圣波

•

Class 2, Mon. 5:45PM - 8:20PM  GSI: 黄景林

•

Class 3, Fri. 1PM - 3:45PM  GSI: 陈晨

•

Class 4, Fri. 5:45PM - 8:20PM  GSI: 孙天宇 Lecture 1

5

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Workload •

•

12 homeworks 12 labs  NO late HW or Lab reports accepted!

•

2 midterms + 1 final exam  Midterm 1: week 6 (tentative)  Midterm 2: week 12 (tentative)  Notify the instructor immediately if you miss an exam due to an unforeseeable event, and submit a note from your physician in case of illness.

 NO make-up exams! •

Quizzes  Quizzes are held in-class and will not be announced. There won’t be any makeup quizzes. Lecture 1

6

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Grading Policy •

• • •

•

•

Homeworks: 12 x 2% = 24% Labs: 12 x 2% = 24% Midterms: 2 x 16% = 32% Final: 20% Quiz scores may be used for rounding to the nearest letter grade. A typical GPA for courses in the lower division is 2.7. This GPA would result, for example, from 17% A's, 50% B's, 20% C's, 10% D's, and 3% F's.

Lecture 1

7

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Classroom Rules •

Please come to class on time.

•

Turn off cell phones, radio, CD, etc.

•

No food and no pets.

•

Do not move in and out of, or around the classroom.

Lecture 1

8

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Course Website •

http://sist.shanghaitech.edu.cn/faculty/zhoupq/Teaching/Fall15/Electric_Circuits.html

Lecture 1

9

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Outline •

Brief introduction to Electrical Engineering (EE)

•

EE courses in SIST

•

Topics covered in this course

Lecture 1

10

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

What is Electrical Engineering (EE)? •

“EE is the profession concerned with systems that produce, transmit, and measure electric signals. Electrical engineering combines the physicist’s models of natural phenomena with the mathematician’s tools for manipulating those models to produce systems that meet practical needs.” 

•

James W. Nilsson and Susan Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10th edition, Prentice Hall, 2014.

“Electrical engineers design systems that have two main objectives: 1. To gather, store, process, transport, and present information. 2. To distribute, store, and convert energy between various forms.”  Allan R. Hambley, Electrical Engineering – Principles and Applications, 5th edition, Prentice Hall, 2011. Lecture 1

11

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Major Areas of Electrical Engineering (EE)

Lecture 1

12

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Communication Systems •

Transport information in electrical form.

[Source: Google Image]

Lecture 1

13

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Signal Processing •

Concerned with information-bearing electrical signals  Objective: extract useful information from electrical signals derived from sensors.

[Source: Google Image]

Lecture 1

14

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Computer Systems •

Process and store information using electrical signals.

[Source: Google Image]

Lecture 1

15

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Control Systems •

Use electric signals to regulate processes.

[Source: Google Image]

Lecture 1

16

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Electromagnetics •

Study and application of electric and magnetic fields.

[Source: Google Image]

Lecture 1

17

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Electronics •

Study and application of materials, devices and circuits used in amplifying and switching electrical signals.

[Source: Google Image]

Lecture 1

18

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Photonics •

An exciting new field that manipulates photons, instead of manipulating electrons in conventional computing, signal processing, sensing and communication.

[Source: Google Image]

Lecture 1

19

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Power Systems •

Convert energy to and from electrical form and transmit energy over long distances.

[Source: Google Image]

Lecture 1

20

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

The “Smart” Grid

[Source: Google Image]

Lecture 1

21

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Electrical Engineering

Communicati ons

Signal Processing

Control Systems

Computer Systems

Power Systems

Photonics

Electromagn etics

Electronics

EE = Electrical Engineering? Lecture 1

22

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Some History of Electrical Engineering

Lecture 1

23

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Back to the Early 17th Century •

William Gilbert (1544 - 1603), English  First (?) electrical engineer - Designed versorium, a device to detect the presence of static electric charge.  Established the term electricity.

[Source: Wikipedia]

Lecture 1

24

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

•

Pingqiang Zhou

Alessandro Volta (1745 – 1827), Italian  In 1775, devised electrophorus, a device that can produce static electric charge.  In 1796, developed voltaic pile, the first electrical battery.

[Source: Wikipedia]

Lecture 1

25

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

•

Pingqiang Zhou

Andre-Marie Ampere (1775 - 1836), French  The father of electrodynamics (classical electromagnetism)  In the1820s, defined the electric current and developed a way to measure it.

Lecture 1

26

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

•

Pingqiang Zhou

Georg Simon Ohm (1789 - 1854), German  In 1827, quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor, i.e., the “Ohm’s law”.

[Source: Wikipedia]

Lecture 1

27

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

•

Pingqiang Zhou

Michael Faraday (1791 - 1867), English  In 1831, discovered electromagnetic induction.

One of Faraday's 1831 experiments demonstrating induction. The liquid battery (right) sends an electric current through the small coil (A). When it is moved in or out of the large coil (B), its magnetic field induces a momentary voltage in the coil, which is detected by the galvanometer (G). [Source: Wikipedia]

Lecture 1

28

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Alternating Current (AC) •

Hippolyte Pixii (French, 1808 - 1835)  In 1832, built an early form of AC electrical generator, based on the principle of magnetic induction discovered by Faraday.

[Source: Wikipedia]

Lecture 1

29

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

•

Pingqiang Zhou

James Clerk Maxwell (1831 - 1879), Scottish  Formulated the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation (Maxwell’s equations)

The electromagnetic waves that compose electromagnetic radiation can be imagined as a self-propagating transverse oscillating wave of electric and magnetic fields. This diagram shows a plane linearly polarized EMR wave propagating from left to right. The electric field is in a vertical plane and the magnetic field in a horizontal plane. The electric and magnetic fields in EMR waves are always in phase and at 90 degrees to each other. [Source: Wikipedia]

Lecture 1

30

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

In 1830s, Electricity for Practical Use •

•

Cooke and Wheatstone’s first commercial telegraph in the world (1838), installed on the Great Western Railway (London, 21km).

A Morse key

Morse and Vail’s system  Patented in the US in 1837.  West coast connected by 1861.

Major telegraph lines across the Earth in 1891 [Source: Wikipedia]

Lecture 1

31

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Bell (Scottish, 1847 - 1922) •

Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be awarded a patent for the electric telephone by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in March 1876.

•

10 March 1876 — The first successful telephone transmission of clear speech using a liquid transmitter when Bell spoke into his device, “Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you.” and Watson heard each word distinctly. [Source: Wikipedia]

Lecture 1

32

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Tesla (Croatia, 1856 - 1885) •

•

Best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system. In 1891 Nikola Tesla demonstrate wireless transmission of signals and he suggested wireless telegraphy as an application.

AC electric generator [Source: Wikipedia]

Artificial lighting

Lecture 1

Wireless transmission

33

Wireless /Radio

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Wireless /Radio Wireless/Radio

Pingqiang Zhou

arted as wireless telegraphy. The history • Started as wireless telegraphy. the invention of the radio is very ! Started as wireless telegraphy. The history The history of the invention of sputed. of the the invention the disputed. radio is very radio is of very arconi widely recognized as an early disputed. ventor although he recognized played a more ! Marconi widely as an early • Guglielmo Marconi (Italian, mportant rolealthough in commercializing the inventor he played a more 1874 1937) widely in commercializing dio. important In 1895-role he sent signals recognized 1.5 km.the as an inventor although radio. Ininearly 1895 he sent signals 1.5 km. ransatlantic 1902. he playedina1902. more important Transatlantic role in commercializing the radio.  In 1895, he sent signals 1.5km.  Transatlantic in 1902. © Prof. Ali M Niknejad

Copyright © Prof. Ali M Niknejad [Source: Wikipedia]

Lecture 1

34

Titanic Boost in Radio Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Titanic Boost in Radio •

•

•

In! 1912, thethe RMS Titanic sank In 1912, RMS Titanic sank in the northern Atlantic Ocean. in the northern Atlantic Ocean. Wireless radio transmissions ! Wireless radio transmissions (telegraph) were used (telegraph) were usedtotoreport report the the ship’s location. ship’s location. Britain's postmaster-general ! Britain's postmaster-general summed up,up, referring summed referringtotothe the Titanic disaster, “Those Titanic disaster, “Thosewho who have been saved, have been saved,have have been been saved through one saved through oneman, man, Mr. Mr. Marconi...and hishis marvelous Marconi...and marvellous invention.” invention.” [Source: Wikipedia]

Lecture 1

35

First Audio Transmissions Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Reginald Fessenden: Invented Firstamplitude-modulated Audio Transmissions (AM) radio, so that more thanInvented one station can • Reginald Fessenden: amplitude-modulated (AM) radio, so send signals (as opposed to sparkthat more than one station can send gap radio, where one transmitter signals (as opposed spark-gapof radio, covers the entiretobandwidth the where one transmitter covers the entire spectrum). bandwidth of the spectrum). ! On Christmas Eve 1906, Reginald Fessenden made the first radio • On Christmas Eve 1906, Reginald audio broadcast, Brantaudio Rock, Fessenden made the from first radio MA. Ships sea Rock, heard MA. a broadcast, from at Brant broadcast that included Fessenden • Ships at sea heard a broadcast that playing O Holy playing Night onOthe included Fessenden Holy and reading a passage Nightviolin on the violin and reading a from passage from the Bible. the Bible. !

Copyright © Prof. Ali M Niknejad

[Source: Wikipedia]

Lecture 1

36

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

AM/FM Wireless Radio The dominant telegraph company of the time was Western Union. They hadRadio a monopoly on telegraphy and AM/FM Wireless they dismissed telephony and radio. ! The dominant telegraph company of the time was Western They hadgave a monopoly telegraphy they • Union. Telegraph wayonto audioandtransmission, mainly phone dismissed telephony and radio. lines and broadcast radio. ! Telegraph gave way to audio transmission, mainly phone • lines Frequency (FM) was invented by Armstrong in and broadcastmodulation radio. ! Frequency modulation (FM) was invented Armstrong in than AM but 1935. FM has greater noisebyimmunity 1935. FM has greater noise immunity than AM but requires bandwidth. requires more more bandwidth. •

Copyright © Prof. Ali M Niknejad

[Source: Berkeley]

Lecture 1

37

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Digital Communications •

•

•

By sampling a signal and quantizing it (turning it into finite precision numbers), we can easily store it using digital technology and we can also transmit it digitally. Audio signals, for example, need to be sampled at about 20,000 times per second and with a resolution of around 18 bits to completely retain the fidelity of the signal (for the human ear) Today information is still transmitted with AM and FM, but the amplitude and phase of the signal are mapped into a finite alphabet. These digital signals are more noise immune and can be coded (guarded) to prevent, correct, and detect errors in transmission. Lecture 1

38

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

The The Transistor

Pingqiang Zhou

Transistor

• Invented at Bell Laboratories on December 16, 1947 by William Shockley ! Invented at Bell Laboratories on December 16, 1947 by (seated at Brattain's laboratory bench), John Bardeen (left) and Walter William Brattain (right). Shockley (seated at Brattain's laboratory bench), ▪ Inventors awarded Nobel Prize. John Bardeen (left) and Walter Brattain (right) !

Inventors awarded Nobel Prize Probably the most important even in EE history

• Probably the most important event in Electronic Engineering history. !

Berkeley] Copyright[Source: © Prof. Ali M Niknejad

Lecture 1

39

Early Transistors Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Early Transistors Bell labs was the research lab of a company. Belltelephone labs was the research As lab such of a the importance of the telephone company. Astransistor such the was not importance of the recognized bytransistor many ofwas the not business recognized many of the business folks folks at by AT&T. at AT&T. ! Device was flaky and low power Device was flaky and low power compared to vacuum tubes, compared to vacuum tubes, the the workhorse device the(for time (for signal workhorse device of theoftime signal amplification) amplification) In 1952 first transistorized radios appear. ! In 1952 first transistorized radios appear. Compared to vacuum tube, transistors Compared were compact. to vacuum tube, transistors were compact. Transistor radio was a revolutionary battery operated device. ! Transistor radio was a revolutionary battery operated device. !

•

•

•

•

[Source: Berkeley] Copyright © Prof. Ali M Niknejad

Lecture 1

40

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

The Integrated Circuit (IC) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kilby_solid_circuit.jpg!

The Integrated Circuit

! First IC is invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and • First IC is invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor Fairchild Semiconductor (later founded Intel). (later founded Intel)

In his patent application of February 6, 1959, Kilby described • In his his patent February 6, 1959, Kilby described his new device newapplication device as “aofbody of semiconductor material ... wherein as “a all body semiconductor ... wherein all completely the components of the theofcomponents of thematerial electronic circuit are electronic circuit are completely integrated.” (2000 Nobel Prize in Physics) integrated.” (2000 Nobel Prize in Physics) !

Copyright © Prof. Ali M Niknejad [Source: Berkeley]

Lecture 1

41

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Why IC’s were revolutionary:

Why IC’s were Revolutionary? When building a complex !

•

When building a complex circuit, most of the failures occur in the wiring and connections of wires. !

•

circuit, most of the failures occur in the wiring and connections " spaghetti of wires Printed circuit boards help improve reliability but they are physically large and discrete components are fairly expensive ICs: Low cost mass production, monolithic, includes transistors and interconnect.

Printed circuit boards help improve reliability but they are physically large and discrete components are fairly expensive. !

Copyright © Prof. Ali M Niknejad

•

ICs: Low cost mass production, monolithic, includes transistors and interconnect. [Source: Berkeley]

Lecture 1

42

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Outline •

Brief introduction to Electrical Engineering (EE)

•

EE courses in SIST

•

Topics covered in this course

Lecture 1

43

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

EE Trichotomy •

Devices  You can “touch and feel” devices  Semiconductors are materials of choice  Information is ultimately represented by electrons (and ‘holes’) and/or photons

•

Circuits  Interconnection of devices that performs a useful function  Digital circuits, analog circuits, “RF” and microwave

•

Systems  The theory behind EE systems. A model for the system that includes noise, non-linearity, feedback and dynamics.  Most often digital signal processing algorithms used. [Source: Berkeley]

Lecture 1

44

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Devices •

Devices: Physical stuff you can “touch and feel”  Manufacturing driven largely by integrated circuit (IC) fabrication.  The building block of ICs: Transistors.

•

Devices include electronic devices and optical devices  Electron (and “hole”) transport through metals and semiconductors  Semiconductors can be engineered to have specific properties. (conductivity). The junction between two semiconducting materials is where the magic happens.  Photons (light) used to carry information through waveguides (fiber optics) or through electromagnetic radiation (radios, wireless).  Semiconductor junctions can generate photos or detect photons (optical receivers, solar cells). [Source: Berkeley]

Lecture 1

45

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

How does a Transistor Work?

How does a transistor work? gate body

source

drain diffusion regions

p+

n+

n+

p-type substrate

sandwich. Usual structure is actually ! Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor sandwich. Usual structure is polysilicon, • Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor silicon dioxide, silicon. (Note that the original transistor fabricated was not an

actually polysilicon, silicon dioxide, silicon. (Note that the original transistor fabricated was not an MOS device.) A “channel” for current flow be between setup between the source. drain/ A!“channel” for current flow can becan setup the drain/ source. The conduction (between drain drain and source) is controlled by the gate ! channel The channel conduction (between and source) is controlled by the gate voltage. voltage. MOS device.)

• •

Copyright © Prof. Ali M Niknejad

[Source: Berkeley]

Lecture 1

46

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanic Systems) Use the same technology for building chips but now build mechanical structures! •

 Often older process nodes can be used which brings the cost down. •

Common MEMS devices include accelerometers for automobile airbags and for devices such as the cell phone.  iPhone popularized the tilt function using an accelerometer.

•

Active research on building high Q resonators with MEMS technology for radio applications.

[Source: Wikipedia]

Lecture 1

47

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Circuits •

When devices are interconnected to perform some useful function, we say that thing is a circuit.

•

Examples:  A light bulb/switch, spark generator in internal combustion engine, a radio, a cell phone, a computer

•

A typical “circuit” may contain millions of devices. How do we deal with this level of complexity?  Hierarchy: Divide and conquer  A large circuit is broken up into my sub-blocks  Sub-blocks are broken up into sub-blocks ... [Source: Berkeley]

Lecture 1

48

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Analog Circuits •

•

Analog circuit represents the signal as an electrical current/ voltage. Typical analog circuits:  Amplify signals (weak signal picked up by microphone)  Filter signals (remove unwanted components, interference, noise)  Perform mathematical operations on waveform –Multiplication, differentiation, integration.

• • •

Circuits very susceptible to noise and distortion. Analog circuits are “hand crafted” by analog “designers” Attempts to automate analog design (Computer Aided Design or CAD) have largely failed. [Source: Berkeley]

Lecture 1

49

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

An ECG Front-End An ECG

Copyright © Prof. Ali M Niknejad [Source: Berkeley]

Pingqiang Zhou

Front-End

Lecture 1

50

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Digital Circuits •

•

•

•

•

•

Represent quantities by discrete voltages, “1” and “0” (e.g. 1V and 0V) – “bits” Digital circuits perform “logic” operations on the signals (AND, OR, XOR) – “combinatorial logic”. Mathematical operations can be performed using logic operations (XOR is a 1-bit adder). Digital memory created using capacitors (dynamic memory) or through latches/flip-flops (regenerative circuits) Digital circuits are robust against noise (signal levels are regenerated to “0” and “1” after digital functions). Digital circuits often “clocked” to simplify design.

[Source: Berkeley]

Lecture 1

51

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Ripple Carry Adder Carry Ripple

Pingqiang Zhou

Adder

• The above ! The abovecircuit circuitisisaa full fulladder. adder.

•

The input bits bitsare areA,A,B,B, The input andand CinCin (carry in). The output S and andCout Cout (carry (carry in). The outputisisthe thesum sum S out). (carry out). By chaining together elements, ! By chaining togethermany many of these these elements, wewe cancan produce desiredprecision. precision. produceananadder adder of of any any desired [Source: Berkeley]

Lecture 1

52

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Systems •

There is a strong theoretical foundation in EE that helps engineers understand and improve electronic systems  What is the correct stochastic representation of signals?  How fast do you need to sample a signal in order to preserve its content so you can process it digitally (Nyquist Sampling Theorem)?  How much information can be transmitted (without error) in a given bandwidth (say your telephone cables) when we assume the channel is corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise? -> Shannon’s Famous Capacity Theorem – Modems: 300-9600 baud, 28.8k, 56k – Today: 1-10 Mbps+

 How do you design a wireless system to contend with multi-path propagation? What are the performance limits?

[Source: Berkeley]

Lecture 1

53

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Digital Signal Processing •

•

A continuous time band-limited signal (audio, video, radio signal) can be sampled at a rate of twice the highest frequency of interest without any information loss. The discrete time representation of the signal can be quantized (information loss) and stored in a computer.  These signals can be manipulated using Digital Signal Processors (DSP) or custom IC’s to perform complex mathematical operations.  Examples include echo cancellation, channel equalization, compression, filtering.

•

DSP allows extremely complex communication systems to be realized using low cost hardware. [Source: Berkeley]

Lecture 1

54

Image ImageCompression Compression Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

! ! AA digital image digital imagecontain containredundancy. redundancy. Image Compression

•

•

•

Simple lossless Simple losslesscompression compressionschemes schemes A digital image contain redundancy. Simple include run-length coding. More include run-length coding. More lossless compression schemes include sophisticated compression schemes tryto to runsophisticated compression schemes try only a few bitsfor forsignals signalsthat thatoccur occur length coding. More sophisticated useuse only a few bits often and many bitsfor for signals that occur compression schemes try to use only a few often and many bits signals that occur rarely. Thisprocess process automatically bitsrarely. for signals that occur often and many This isisautomatically done usingHoffman Hoffman coding. using coding. bitsdone for signals that occur rarely. This ! Lossy throws away process iscompression automatically done using Hoffman ! Lossy compression throws away information,but butinina away waysosoasastoto coding. information, minimize impactononthe the qualityof ofthe the minimize thetheimpact Lossy compression throws quality away information, signal. butsignal. in a way so as to minimize the impact on ! Images contain a lot of high frquency the qualitycontain of theasignal. ! Images lot of high frquency spatial data that can be discarded (JPEG spatialcontain data that can be discarded (JPEG Images compression).a lot of high frquency spatial compression). data that can be discarded (JPEG Copyright © Prof. Ali M Niknejad Copyright © Prof. Ali M Niknejad compression). [Source: Berkeley]

Lecture 1

55

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

MP3 Audio Files •

MP3 files take advantage of the psychoacoustic properties of the human ear/mind to compress audio files by an order of magnitude (An entire uncompressed CD contains 700MB of data, or about 80 minutes of music. You can get about 800 minutes after compression).  The signal is chopped up in the frequency domain into bins. Each bin is coded with the number of bits commensurate with the required resolution based on our hearing ability.  Examples: A strong tone can “jam” nearby tones. You can’t hear a weak tone next to a strong tone.

•

Early computers could not decompress MP3 in real time!

[Source: Berkeley]

Lecture 1

56

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

EE Courses offered in SIST EE543 Digital communications EE540 Information theory

EE544 Wireless communications

EE143 Communication systems

EE144 Communication networks

EE545 Channel coding theory

EE161 Electric power systems

EE162 Control theory

EE552 Stochastic control

EE141 Signals and systems

EE550 Linear systems

EE141/541 Digital signal processing

EE551 Nonlinear systems

EE546 Signal detection and parameter estimation

CS130/131/530 Computer architecture

EE131/531 Analog IC EE121 Analog Circuits

EE122 Digital Circuits

EE131 Semiconductor devices

EE132/532 Digital IC EE113 Microwave Circuits

EE112 Electromagnetics

EE534 VLSI design automation EE520 RF electronics

EE133 Power electronics

EE133/533 Optoelectronic devices

EE111 Electric Circuits

Lecture 1

57

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

In a field as diverse as electrical engineering, does all its branches have anything in common?

Electric Circuit! - an actual electrical system, as well as the model that represents it.

Lecture 1

58

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Lecture 1

Pingqiang Zhou

59

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Electrical Engineering Design Need

Design specification

Physical insight

Circuit which meets design specifications

Concept Circuit analysis

Circuit Model (ideal compon ents)

Refinement based on analysis Laboratory measurements

Physical Prototype (actual electrical system)

• An ideal circuit component: mathematical model of an actual electrical component.

• Circuit analysis plays a very important role in the design process.

Refinement based on measurements [Nilsson: Electric Circuits]

Lecture 1

60

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Outline •

Brief introduction to Electrical Engineering (EE)

•

EE courses in SIST

•

Topics covered in this course

Lecture 1

61

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

What will You Learn from “Electric Circuits”? •

An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.

•

Theory: You will learn various analysis methods in lectures to analyze the behavior of such electric circuits.  How does the circuit respond to a given input?  How do the elements and devices in the circuit interact?

•

Practice: You will also learn how to build and test basic electric circuits through labs and projects! Lecture 1

62

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Textbook •

Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 5th edition, McGraw Hill, 2012.

Lecture 1

6

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

References •

•

•

James W. Nilsson and Susan Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10th edition, Prentice Hall, 2014. Allan R. Hambley, Electrical Engineering – Principles and Applications, 5th edition, Prentice Hall, 2011. Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits, Morgan Kaufmann, 2005.

Lecture 1

6

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Topics Covered in This Course (Tentative) •

•

Intro to circuits: currents, voltages; power/energy; circuit elements DC circuits    

Basic circuit laws (Ohm, Kirchhoff, Wye-Delta etc.) Circuit analysis: nodal analysis and mesh analysis Circuit theorems: Thevenin, Norton, Superposition Operational amplifiers: ideal, inverting/non-inverting, summing and difference)  Inductance, capacitance and mutual inductance  First-order and second-order circuits •

AC circuits  Sinusoidal steady-state analysis and power calculations  Three-phase circuits; magnetically coupled circuits  Frequency response: transfer function; resonance; filters

• •

Laplace transform, Fourier transform Two-port networks Lecture 1

65

Electric Circuits (Fall 2015)

Pingqiang Zhou

Next Lecture and Reminders •

Next lecture  Thursday

•

Reading assignment  Ch. 1 (of text)

•

Reminders  HW1 will be out by this weekend –due Oct. 8

 Lab1 is on going  Lab2 will be posted by this weekend

Lecture 1

66